Tree susceptibility to bark beetle-caused mortality has been linked to stand characteristics such as basal area (BA) and average tree size, factors that can be manipulated through partial cutting. There is no experimental evidence, however, demonstrating the efficacy of partial cutting in spruce type. Such experiments are very difficult to complete because of the inability to manipulate bark beetle populations needed to challenge treated stands. To circumvent this difficulty, we identified spruce stands that were partially cut (for nonexperimental reasons) in advance of beetle activity and compared beetle-caused mortality to that in nearby spruce stands that were not treated. Treated stands had fewer infested stems and less infested BA than untreated stands, as well as smaller proportions of infested stems and BA. Untreated stands, however, had more residual spruce stems and BA than treated stands. Most of this difference was among stems 3-11 in. dbh with little difference in survivorship among larger stems. Spruce regeneration was not significantly different among treated and untreated stands. Spruce stand density index, spruce BA, and the number of spruce stems 11 in. dbh were the stand variables most strongly correlated with host mortality measurements. Insect population pressure appears to influence the degree of protection to residual spruce following partial cutting.
{"title":"A Retrospective Assessment of Partial Cutting to Reduce Spruce Beetle-Caused Mortality in the Southern Rocky Mountains","authors":"E. Hansen, J. Negrón, A. Munson, J. Anhold","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.2.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.2.81","url":null,"abstract":"Tree susceptibility to bark beetle-caused mortality has been linked to stand characteristics such as basal area (BA) and average tree size, factors that can be manipulated through partial cutting. There is no experimental evidence, however, demonstrating the efficacy of partial cutting in spruce type. Such experiments are very difficult to complete because of the inability to manipulate bark beetle populations needed to challenge treated stands. To circumvent this difficulty, we identified spruce stands that were partially cut (for nonexperimental reasons) in advance of beetle activity and compared beetle-caused mortality to that in nearby spruce stands that were not treated. Treated stands had fewer infested stems and less infested BA than untreated stands, as well as smaller proportions of infested stems and BA. Untreated stands, however, had more residual spruce stems and BA than treated stands. Most of this difference was among stems 3-11 in. dbh with little difference in survivorship among larger stems. Spruce regeneration was not significantly different among treated and untreated stands. Spruce stand density index, spruce BA, and the number of spruce stems 11 in. dbh were the stand variables most strongly correlated with host mortality measurements. Insect population pressure appears to influence the degree of protection to residual spruce following partial cutting.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"81-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.2.81","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Four size classes (8-12, 12.1-16, 16.1-20, and 20.1 + in. dbh) of fire-killed western larch (Larix o(cidentalis) were monitored and dissected over a 5-year period to assess causes and rates of postfire wood changes. Defect and merchantable volume were assessed by a certified scaler during the first 3 years. A greater proportion of wood volume in small trees was affected by decay, wood borers, and checks than in the large trees. Half of the 8-12 in. dbh size (lass wood volume was lost to postfire defects, whereas less than 15% of the 20.1 + in. dbh size (lass wood volume was lost to postf ire defects after 3 years.
{"title":"Wood changes in four size classes of fire-killed western larch.","authors":"M. Jackson, Beverly M. Bulaon, M. Marsden","doi":"10.1093/wjaf/25.2.62","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/25.2.62","url":null,"abstract":"Four size classes (8-12, 12.1-16, 16.1-20, and 20.1 + in. dbh) of fire-killed western larch (Larix o(cidentalis) were monitored and dissected over a 5-year period to assess causes and rates of postfire wood changes. Defect and merchantable volume were assessed by a certified scaler during the first 3 years. A greater proportion of wood volume in small trees was affected by decay, wood borers, and checks than in the large trees. Half of the 8-12 in. dbh size (lass wood volume was lost to postfire defects, whereas less than 15% of the 20.1 + in. dbh size (lass wood volume was lost to postf ire defects after 3 years.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"62-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/wjaf/25.2.62","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Density and size of snags, tree cavities, and spruce rust brooms in Alaska boreal forest.","authors":"T. Paragi","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.2.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.2.88","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"19 1","pages":"88-95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.2.88","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bear activily resulting in injury to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) trees has been documented as early as the mid-1850s in the Pacific Northwest. The study reported in this article was designed to help managers decide whether the common practice of removing the damaged but potentially valuable butt section of the bottom log and leaving it in the woods is warranted. Thirty-four damaged and 28 undamaged trees were selected from three sites in western Washington where bear damage has been a persistent problem. Trees were felled and bucked into 16-ft lengths. The damaged trees in the sample had been injured at ages between 10 and 15 years at two sites and between 10 and 65 years at the third site. The primary scaling deductions were for ring and scar defects.
{"title":"Effects of bear damage on Douglas-fir lumber recovery.","authors":"E. Lowell, D. Dykstra, G. Mcfadden","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.2.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.2.73","url":null,"abstract":"Bear activily resulting in injury to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) trees has been documented as early as the mid-1850s in the Pacific Northwest. The study reported in this article was designed to help managers decide whether the common practice of removing the damaged but potentially valuable butt section of the bottom log and leaving it in the woods is warranted. Thirty-four damaged and 28 undamaged trees were selected from three sites in western Washington where bear damage has been a persistent problem. Trees were felled and bucked into 16-ft lengths. The damaged trees in the sample had been injured at ages between 10 and 15 years at two sites and between 10 and 65 years at the third site. The primary scaling deductions were for ring and scar defects.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"73-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.2.73","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Fuels for Schools and Beyond initiative partners have gained experience assisting with installation and fuel supply planning for woody biomass heating systems in six western states. In attempting to use forest management waste or slash that would otherwise be piled and burned, the partners are promoting changes in currently available biomass systems technology and current forest practices. The many benefits of forest biomass heat can be realized today with careful communication about fuel supply specifications. Guidance based on the partners' experience in fuel supply planning and defining fuel specifications is presented. F uels for Schools and Beyond (FFSB) partners promote and facilitate the use of forest biomass for heat, electricity, and cooling in small- to medium-scale facilities. Our goats include replacing fossil Fuels with renewable biomass, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, fostering local economic activity, lowering energy costs, reducing dependence on Foreign fuels, reducing emissions from open burning, and using material that is often wasted. in Montana alone, about 1.5-2 million green to of slash front management is burned in open piles annually (Brian Long, pers. comm., Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conserva- tion (DNRC), 2007). Although proven technology exists for woody biomass heat and energy systems, they are uncommon in the United States, outside the industrial wood products sector. Most of the small-scale systems that are in place have historically relied on bole- wood waste from wood products manufacturers for fuel (Sherman 2007). The use of forest slash and other underutilized wood as fuel thus typically requires building a new energy sector, including local fuel production and distribution infrastructure. This article de- scribes our approach toward that endeavor and provides guidance on fuel supply planning for woody biomass burning facilities. Background FFSB is a partnership between State and Private Forestry (S&PF) in the Northern and Intermountain Regions of the US Forest Ser- vice and six state foresters from Montana, Idaho, North Dakota, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. Another primary partner is the Bitter Root Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) Area in Hamilton, Montana. Other RC&Ds, private businesses, and non- profit organizations have assisted with projects also. After the fire season of 2000, in which over 350,000 ac in the Bitterroot Valley burned, the US Forest Service began delivering funding under the National Fire Plan for hazardous fuels reduction,
{"title":"Fuel supply planning for small-scale biomass heating systems.","authors":"Angelica Farr, D. Atkins","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"The Fuels for Schools and Beyond initiative partners have gained experience assisting with installation and fuel supply planning for woody biomass heating systems in six western states. In attempting to use forest management waste or slash that would otherwise be piled and burned, the partners are promoting changes in currently available biomass systems technology and current forest practices. The many benefits of forest biomass heat can be realized today with careful communication about fuel supply specifications. Guidance based on the partners' experience in fuel supply planning and defining fuel specifications is presented. F uels for Schools and Beyond (FFSB) partners promote and facilitate the use of forest biomass for heat, electricity, and cooling in small- to medium-scale facilities. Our goats include replacing fossil Fuels with renewable biomass, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, fostering local economic activity, lowering energy costs, reducing dependence on Foreign fuels, reducing emissions from open burning, and using material that is often wasted. in Montana alone, about 1.5-2 million green to of slash front management is burned in open piles annually (Brian Long, pers. comm., Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conserva- tion (DNRC), 2007). Although proven technology exists for woody biomass heat and energy systems, they are uncommon in the United States, outside the industrial wood products sector. Most of the small-scale systems that are in place have historically relied on bole- wood waste from wood products manufacturers for fuel (Sherman 2007). The use of forest slash and other underutilized wood as fuel thus typically requires building a new energy sector, including local fuel production and distribution infrastructure. This article de- scribes our approach toward that endeavor and provides guidance on fuel supply planning for woody biomass burning facilities. Background FFSB is a partnership between State and Private Forestry (S&PF) in the Northern and Intermountain Regions of the US Forest Ser- vice and six state foresters from Montana, Idaho, North Dakota, Nevada, Utah, and Wyoming. Another primary partner is the Bitter Root Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) Area in Hamilton, Montana. Other RC&Ds, private businesses, and non- profit organizations have assisted with projects also. After the fire season of 2000, in which over 350,000 ac in the Bitterroot Valley burned, the US Forest Service began delivering funding under the National Fire Plan for hazardous fuels reduction,","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"18-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Removal of dead and live biomass from forested stands affects subsequent fuel dynamics and fire potential. The amount of material left onsite after biomass removal operations can influence the intensity and severity of subsequent unplanned wildfires or prescribed burns. We developed a set of biomass removal treatment scenarios and simulated their effects on a number of stands that represent two major forests types of the northern Rocky Mountains: lodgepole and ponderosa pine. The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator was used to simulate effects including stand development, fire behavior, and fire effects prior to the biomass removal treatment and 1, 10, 30, and 60 years after the treatment. Analysis of variance was used to determine whether these changes in fuel dynamics and Fire potential differed significantly from each other. Results indicated that fire and fuel characteristics varied within and between forest types and depended on the nature of the treatment as well as time since treatment. Biomass removal decreased fire potential in the short term, but results were mixed over the long term.
从林分中去除死的和活的生物质会影响随后的燃料动态和火灾潜力。生物质去除操作后留在现场的材料数量会影响随后计划外野火或规定燃烧的强度和严重程度。我们开发了一套生物质去除处理方案，并模拟了它们在代表落基山脉北部两种主要森林类型的林分上的效果:黑松和黄松。利用森林植被模拟系统(Fire and Fuels Extension to The Forest Vegetation Simulator)模拟了去除生物质处理前、处理后1年、10年、30年和60年的林分发育、火灾行为和火灾效应。方差分析用于确定燃料动力学和火势的这些变化是否彼此有显著差异。结果表明，森林类型内部和不同类型之间的火灾和燃料特性存在差异，并取决于处理的性质和处理后的时间。生物质去除在短期内降低了火灾潜力，但从长期来看结果好坏参半。
{"title":"Effects of biomass removal treatments on stand-level fire characteristics in major forest types of the Northern Rocky Mountains.","authors":"E. Reinhardt, Lisa M. Holsinger, R. Keane","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.1.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.34","url":null,"abstract":"Removal of dead and live biomass from forested stands affects subsequent fuel dynamics and fire potential. The amount of material left onsite after biomass removal operations can influence the intensity and severity of subsequent unplanned wildfires or prescribed burns. We developed a set of biomass removal treatment scenarios and simulated their effects on a number of stands that represent two major forests types of the northern Rocky Mountains: lodgepole and ponderosa pine. The Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator was used to simulate effects including stand development, fire behavior, and fire effects prior to the biomass removal treatment and 1, 10, 30, and 60 years after the treatment. Analysis of variance was used to determine whether these changes in fuel dynamics and Fire potential differed significantly from each other. Results indicated that fire and fuel characteristics varied within and between forest types and depended on the nature of the treatment as well as time since treatment. Biomass removal decreased fire potential in the short term, but results were mixed over the long term.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"5 1","pages":"34-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A case for increasing forest biomass utilization research in Colorado.","authors":"Mike Eckhoff, K. Mackes","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.1.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.22","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"22-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Forest biomass utilization: the impact on forest resources. Papers presented from the conference held in Spokane, Washington, USA, 13-14 May 2008.","authors":"R. Zabel","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forest biomass thinnings, to promote forest health or for energy production, can potentially impact the soil resource by altering soil physical, chemical, and/or biological properties. The extent and degree of impacts within a harvest unit or across a watershed will subsequently determine if site or soil productivity is affected. Although the impacts of stand removal on soil properties in the western United States have been documented, much less is known on periodic removals of biomass by thinnings or other partial cutting practices. However, basic recommendations and findings derived from stand-removal studies are also applicable to guide biomass thinnings for forest health, fuel reduction, or energy production. These are summarized as follows: (1) thinning operations are less likely to cause significant soil compaction than a stand-removal harvest, (2) risk-rating systems that evaluate soil susceptibility to compaction or nutrient losses from organic or mineral topsoil removal can help guide management practices, (3) using designated or existing harvesting traffic lanes and leaving some thinning residue in high traffic areas can reduce soil compaction on a stand basis, and (4) coarse-textured low fertility soils have greater risk of nutrient limitations resulting from whole-tree thinning removals than finer textured soils with higher fertility levels.
{"title":"Maintaining soil productivity during forest or biomass-to-energy thinning harvests in the Western United States.","authors":"D. Page-Dumroese, M. Jurgensen, T. Terry","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"Forest biomass thinnings, to promote forest health or for energy production, can potentially impact the soil resource by altering soil physical, chemical, and/or biological properties. The extent and degree of impacts within a harvest unit or across a watershed will subsequently determine if site or soil productivity is affected. Although the impacts of stand removal on soil properties in the western United States have been documented, much less is known on periodic removals of biomass by thinnings or other partial cutting practices. However, basic recommendations and findings derived from stand-removal studies are also applicable to guide biomass thinnings for forest health, fuel reduction, or energy production. These are summarized as follows: (1) thinning operations are less likely to cause significant soil compaction than a stand-removal harvest, (2) risk-rating systems that evaluate soil susceptibility to compaction or nutrient losses from organic or mineral topsoil removal can help guide management practices, (3) using designated or existing harvesting traffic lanes and leaving some thinning residue in high traffic areas can reduce soil compaction on a stand basis, and (4) coarse-textured low fertility soils have greater risk of nutrient limitations resulting from whole-tree thinning removals than finer textured soils with higher fertility levels.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Invasion by nonnative plants can result in substantial adverse effects on the functions of native forest ecosystems, including nutrient cycling and fire regimes. Thus, forest managers need to be aware of the potential impacts of management activities, including silvicultural treatments, on nonnative vegetation. To aid in that effort, we created a conceptual model of potential responses of nonnative plants to silvicultural treatments, used the model to make a general set of predictions, and tested our predictions against observed responses published in the scientific literature. Of a total of 42 studies that addressed the effects of silvicultural treatments on nonnative plants, 90% found a posttreatment increase in at least one nonnative plant species. All of the studies that assessed the effect of disturbance intensity on nonnative plants found that invasion success increased with increasing disturbance intensity or number of management entries. As predicted by the model, there was substantial among-species and among-site variation in nonnative plant responses to silvicultural treatments; variation in responses were probably driven by local conditions including propagule pressure, condition of the forest community, or characteristics of the local flora (native and nonnative species). Because species- and location-specific changes in nonnative plants are dependent on local conditions, local knowledge is important for predicting invasion potential. In addition, monitoring is essential for early detection of postharvest invasions and/or expansions of nonnative plants.
{"title":"Nonnative plant response to silvicultural treatments: a model based on disturbance, propagule pressure, and competitive abilities.","authors":"S. Sutherland, Cara R. Nelson","doi":"10.1093/WJAF/25.1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Invasion by nonnative plants can result in substantial adverse effects on the functions of native forest ecosystems, including nutrient cycling and fire regimes. Thus, forest managers need to be aware of the potential impacts of management activities, including silvicultural treatments, on nonnative vegetation. To aid in that effort, we created a conceptual model of potential responses of nonnative plants to silvicultural treatments, used the model to make a general set of predictions, and tested our predictions against observed responses published in the scientific literature. Of a total of 42 studies that addressed the effects of silvicultural treatments on nonnative plants, 90% found a posttreatment increase in at least one nonnative plant species. All of the studies that assessed the effect of disturbance intensity on nonnative plants found that invasion success increased with increasing disturbance intensity or number of management entries. As predicted by the model, there was substantial among-species and among-site variation in nonnative plant responses to silvicultural treatments; variation in responses were probably driven by local conditions including propagule pressure, condition of the forest community, or characteristics of the local flora (native and nonnative species). Because species- and location-specific changes in nonnative plants are dependent on local conditions, local knowledge is important for predicting invasion potential. In addition, monitoring is essential for early detection of postharvest invasions and/or expansions of nonnative plants.","PeriodicalId":51220,"journal":{"name":"Western Journal of Applied Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"27-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/WJAF/25.1.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61108230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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