Pub Date : 2023-12-05DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.358
E. Taylor, Rajan Iyer
In a previous paper, it was explained that the absorption and emission process (AE-process) of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom must involve an electric charge (i.e., electron) transiting between atomic energy levels instead of quantum jumping; otherwise, there is no way to use the AE-process to predict the fine structure constant. In this paper, it is shown that (1) a complete oscillation of the atomic electron (i.e., an electric charge) and of the induced magnetic field must occur for Bohr’s hydrogen atom to emit electromagnetic radiation, and (2) an atomic electron (i.e., electric charge) of Bohr’s hydrogen atom can transit between energy levels without the atom emitting electromagnetic radiation.
{"title":"Electronic transitions between energy levels without the emission of electromagnetic radiation","authors":"E. Taylor, Rajan Iyer","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.358","url":null,"abstract":"In a previous paper, it was explained that the absorption and emission process (AE-process) of Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom must involve an electric charge (i.e., electron) transiting between atomic energy levels instead of quantum jumping; otherwise, there is no way to use\u0000 the AE-process to predict the fine structure constant. In this paper, it is shown that (1) a complete oscillation of the atomic electron (i.e., an electric charge) and of the induced magnetic field must occur for Bohr’s hydrogen atom to emit electromagnetic radiation, and (2) an atomic\u0000 electron (i.e., electric charge) of Bohr’s hydrogen atom can transit between energy levels without the atom emitting electromagnetic radiation.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138984779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-03DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.434
John-Erik Persson
Gravity is explained here as a not moving phenomenon, that instead is emerging inside matter, since ether particles are assumed to be absorbed by matter (not colliding with matter). Therefore, no aberration in gravity. So, it was a great mistake to abolish Fatio’s great idea [M. R. Edwards, Perspectives on Le Sage’s theory of gravitation, (C Roy Keys, Montreal 2002)] due to the lack of aberration in gravity. This mistake is the reason to the fact that we do not understand gravity today.
引力在这里被解释为一种不动现象，而是在物质内部产生的，因为以太粒子被假定为被物质吸收（而不是与物质碰撞）。因此，万有引力不会出现偏差。因此，废除法蒂奥的伟大构想是一个巨大的错误[M.R. 爱德华兹，《关于勒萨奇引力理论的展望》，（C Roy Keys，蒙特利尔，2002 年）]。这个错误导致了我们今天对万有引力的不理解。
{"title":"Emergent gravity without aberration","authors":"John-Erik Persson","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.434","url":null,"abstract":"Gravity is explained here as a not moving phenomenon, that instead is emerging inside matter, since ether particles are assumed to be absorbed by matter (not colliding with matter). Therefore, no aberration in gravity. So, it was a great mistake to abolish Fatio’s great idea [M.\u0000 R. Edwards, Perspectives on Le Sage’s theory of gravitation, (C Roy Keys, Montreal 2002)] due to the lack of aberration in gravity. This mistake is the reason to the fact that we do not understand gravity today.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"24 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139012674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.352
Lane R. Miller
General relativistic gravity in freely falling frames is formulated using undergraduate calculus and matrix algebra. The key to the formulation involves retaining Newton’s first law of motion in the local spacetime of freely falling frames. The formulation shows that the relative acceleration of two particles in the freely falling frame does not depend directly on their relative velocity. Also, the 4 × 4 matrix relating the relative acceleration of two particles to their relative spacetime displacement closely resembles the physics of Newtonian gravity, implying that the local gravitational field obeys Laplace’s equation. The results of this paper and a previous publication [L. R. Miller, Phys. Essays 35, 202 (2022)] provide an intuitive approach that enables the use of lower-level mathematics to arrive at Einstein’s theory of gravity in empty space.
{"title":"An intuitive and simplified formulation of general relativistic gravity in freely falling frames","authors":"Lane R. Miller","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.4.352","url":null,"abstract":"General relativistic gravity in freely falling frames is formulated using undergraduate calculus and matrix algebra. The key to the formulation involves retaining Newton’s first law of motion in the local spacetime of freely falling frames. The formulation shows that the relative\u0000 acceleration of two particles in the freely falling frame does not depend directly on their relative velocity. Also, the 4 × 4 matrix relating the relative acceleration of two particles to their relative spacetime displacement closely resembles the physics of Newtonian\u0000 gravity, implying that the local gravitational field obeys Laplace’s equation. The results of this paper and a previous publication [L. R. Miller, Phys. Essays 35, 202 (2022)] provide an intuitive approach that enables the use of lower-level mathematics to arrive at Einstein’s\u0000 theory of gravity in empty space.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139023641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-30DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.277
Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu
It is well known that simultaneity within an inertial frame is defined in relativity theory by a convention or definition. This definition leads to different simultaneities across inertial frames and the well-known principle of relativity of simultaneity. The lack of a universal present implies the existence of past, present, and future as a collection of events on a four-dimensional manifold or continuum wherein three dimensions are space like and one dimension is time like. However, such a continuum precludes the possibility of evolution of future from the present as all events exist “forever” so to speak on the continuum with the tenses past, present, and future merely being perceptions of different inertial frames. Such a far-reaching ontological concept, created by a mere convention, is yet to gain full acceptance. In this paper, we present arguments in favor of an absolute present, which means simultaneous events are simultaneous in all inertial frames, and subscribe to evolution of future from the present.
{"title":"Time dilation and the equivalence of inertial frames","authors":"Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.277","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known that simultaneity within an inertial frame is defined in relativity theory by a convention or definition. This definition leads to different simultaneities across inertial frames and the well-known principle of relativity of simultaneity. The lack of a universal present implies the existence of past, present, and future as a collection of events on a four-dimensional manifold or continuum wherein three dimensions are space like and one dimension is time like. However, such a continuum precludes the possibility of evolution of future from the present as all events exist “forever” so to speak on the continuum with the tenses past, present, and future merely being perceptions of different inertial frames. Such a far-reaching ontological concept, created by a mere convention, is yet to gain full acceptance. In this paper, we present arguments in favor of an absolute present, which means simultaneous events are simultaneous in all inertial frames, and subscribe to evolution of future from the present.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"122 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135082747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.336
Olivier Pignard
The theory of the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) has already been presented in several articles, in particular, by Olivier Pignard [Phys. Essays 32 , 422 (2019)]. The objective of this article is to present a model of the photon within the framework of the DMR theory. A concept of elementary wave on the subatomic level is introduced. An elementary wave is always identical to itself while being constantly renewed by new gravitons (entities that make up the medium of propagation of the wave). This elementary wave propagates in its medium (DMR) at the speed of light whatever its trajectory. A possible model of the elementary wave called light-vortex is presented in Appendix B. Then the concept of line of vortices is introduced. The vortices constituting a line all have their axis parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation are separated by half a wavelength and rotate alternately in one direction and the other. The model of the proposed photon is then a set of lines of vortices parallel to each other (the number of lines of vortices as well as the length of the photon are constants whatever the frequency of the photon.) This model makes it possible to attribute to the photon, the speed c , a frequency ν , a period T = 1/ ν , a wavelength λ = c / ν , the energy E = hν , the momentum p = E / c = h · ν / c , and even a polarization (rectilinear, circular, or elliptical). It allows above all to explain that the photon has at the same time a wave aspect (because composed only of elementary waves) and a corpuscular aspect (since the elementary waves remain identical to themselves and the photon remains delimited by the same volume). It also explains the phenomenon of diffraction by emitting photons, even one by one, through a slit and that of interferences by emitting photons, even one by one, through two Young’s slits.
动态参考介质(DMR)理论已经在几篇文章中提出，特别是奥利维尔·皮纳德[物理学家]。论文32,422(2019)。本文的目的是在DMR理论的框架内提出一个光子模型。在亚原子水平上引入了基本波的概念。基本波在不断被新的引力子(构成波传播媒介的实体)更新时，总是与自身相同。这种基本波在其介质(DMR)中以光速传播，无论其轨迹如何。在附录b中提出了一种可能的基本波模型，称为光涡旋，然后引入了涡旋线的概念。构成一条线的涡的轴线彼此平行，垂直于传播方向，中间间隔半个波长，在一个方向和另一个方向交替旋转。所提出的光子的模型是一组彼此平行的漩涡线(无论光子的频率如何，漩涡线的数量以及光子的长度都是常数)。这个模型使得我们可以将速度c、频率ν、周期T = 1/ ν、波长λ = c / ν、能量E = hν、动量p = E / c = h·ν / c，甚至偏振(直线、圆形或椭圆)归为光子。首先，它允许解释光子同时具有波的方面(因为只由基本波组成)和微粒的方面(因为基本波与自身保持相同，光子仍然被相同的体积所限定)。它还解释了通过狭缝一个接一个地发射光子的衍射现象，以及通过两个杨氏狭缝一个接一个地发射光子的干涉现象。
{"title":"Model of the photon made up of lines of elementary waves. Realistic explanation of obtaining interferences by emitting photons one by one through two Young’s slits","authors":"Olivier Pignard","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.336","url":null,"abstract":"The theory of the dynamic medium of reference (DMR) has already been presented in several articles, in particular, by Olivier Pignard [Phys. Essays 32 , 422 (2019)]. The objective of this article is to present a model of the photon within the framework of the DMR theory. A concept of elementary wave on the subatomic level is introduced. An elementary wave is always identical to itself while being constantly renewed by new gravitons (entities that make up the medium of propagation of the wave). This elementary wave propagates in its medium (DMR) at the speed of light whatever its trajectory. A possible model of the elementary wave called light-vortex is presented in Appendix B. Then the concept of line of vortices is introduced. The vortices constituting a line all have their axis parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of propagation are separated by half a wavelength and rotate alternately in one direction and the other. The model of the proposed photon is then a set of lines of vortices parallel to each other (the number of lines of vortices as well as the length of the photon are constants whatever the frequency of the photon.) This model makes it possible to attribute to the photon, the speed c , a frequency ν , a period T = 1/ ν , a wavelength λ = c / ν , the energy E = hν , the momentum p = E / c = h · ν / c , and even a polarization (rectilinear, circular, or elliptical). It allows above all to explain that the photon has at the same time a wave aspect (because composed only of elementary waves) and a corpuscular aspect (since the elementary waves remain identical to themselves and the photon remains delimited by the same volume). It also explains the phenomenon of diffraction by emitting photons, even one by one, through a slit and that of interferences by emitting photons, even one by one, through two Young’s slits.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135131594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.299
Inés Urdaneta Santos
This work is an updated revision of semiclassical descriptions for the electron, including the fully relativistic QED-P model from H. J. Wilson based on the original Dirac equation (DE). The models presented hereafter go beyond the depiction of the electron as a structureless nondimensional point like charge with momentum and position determined by a probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction described in terms of an electronic density cloud. These models share features in common that provide useful insights concerning the nature of the electron; for instance, they all consider zitterbewegung , a light speed “trembling-along-the-way” electron motion, to be a real oscillatory motion of the electron. The last model presented in this review is the electron mass model from Val Baker et al . [Phys. Essays 32 , 255 (2019)], where the electron mass is defined in terms of a holographic surface-to-volume ratio Φ and the relationship of the electric charge at the Planck scale to that at the electron scale, obtaining a value in agreement with the latest CODATA value. We discuss the relationship between these models. The large number of correspondences between the models should not be taken lightly and indicate, in our view, that something very fundamental about the nature of the electron is being put forward by this study.
这项工作是对电子半经典描述的更新修订，包括H. J. Wilson基于原始狄拉克方程(DE)的完全相对论性QED-P模型。今后提出的模型超越了将电子描述为无结构的无维点状电荷的描述，其动量和位置由电子密度云描述的波函数的概率解释决定。这些模型具有共同的特征，提供有关电子性质的有用见解;例如，他们都认为ziterbewegung，一种光速的“沿途颤抖”电子运动，是一种真正的电子振荡运动。本文介绍的最后一个模型是Val Baker等人的电子质量模型。(理论物理。论文32,255(2019)]，其中电子质量用全息面体积比Φ以及普朗克尺度下电荷与电子尺度下电荷的关系来定义，得到了与最新CODATA值一致的值。我们讨论了这些模型之间的关系。在我们看来，这些模型之间的大量对应不应该被轻视，这表明，这项研究提出了一些关于电子本质的非常基本的东西。
{"title":"The <i>zitterbewegung</i> electron puzzle","authors":"Inés Urdaneta Santos","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.299","url":null,"abstract":"This work is an updated revision of semiclassical descriptions for the electron, including the fully relativistic QED-P model from H. J. Wilson based on the original Dirac equation (DE). The models presented hereafter go beyond the depiction of the electron as a structureless nondimensional point like charge with momentum and position determined by a probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction described in terms of an electronic density cloud. These models share features in common that provide useful insights concerning the nature of the electron; for instance, they all consider zitterbewegung , a light speed “trembling-along-the-way” electron motion, to be a real oscillatory motion of the electron. The last model presented in this review is the electron mass model from Val Baker et al . [Phys. Essays 32 , 255 (2019)], where the electron mass is defined in terms of a holographic surface-to-volume ratio Φ and the relationship of the electric charge at the Planck scale to that at the electron scale, obtaining a value in agreement with the latest CODATA value. We discuss the relationship between these models. The large number of correspondences between the models should not be taken lightly and indicate, in our view, that something very fundamental about the nature of the electron is being put forward by this study.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135342978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-19DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.274
Filip Dambi Filipescu
Airy observed the star γ Draconis with the telescope vertically. During observation, he introduced a tube with water in the telescope and expected to adjust the inclination of the telescope. The result was that the star's image was the same with or without water in the tube. With water in the tube and no dragging of light by the moving medium, this article indicates that the image captured by the telescope has a shift of 0.053 mm that may not be observable; therefore, there is no need to adjust the inclination of the telescope. Considering the dragging of light by the water in the tube, the derived formula of the drag coefficient in the framework of Newtonian physics based on Airy's experimental result is identical to that offered by Fresnel based on the ether theory.
{"title":"Airy's experiment and the dragging of light by a moving medium","authors":"Filip Dambi Filipescu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.274","url":null,"abstract":"Airy observed the star γ Draconis with the telescope vertically. During observation, he introduced a tube with water in the telescope and expected to adjust the inclination of the telescope. The result was that the star's image was the same with or without water in the tube. With water in the tube and no dragging of light by the moving medium, this article indicates that the image captured by the telescope has a shift of 0.053 mm that may not be observable; therefore, there is no need to adjust the inclination of the telescope. Considering the dragging of light by the water in the tube, the derived formula of the drag coefficient in the framework of Newtonian physics based on Airy's experimental result is identical to that offered by Fresnel based on the ether theory.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135108418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-17DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.269
Vu B Ho
In this work, we examine the possible existence of dark fields by showing that an energy‐momentum tensor associated with a dark field can be introduced into Einstein field equations of general relativity, in which the trace of the energy‐momentum of the dark field is identified with the cosmological constant. The introduction of dark fields into Einstein field equations is made possible by establishing field equations for the Ricci curvature tensor, which have similar mathematical structure to Maxwell field equations of electromagnetism. We also establish a system of field equations for the Riemann curvature tensor and investigate the possibility to represent physical systems consisting of dark fields and observable fields as spaces of constant scalar curvature, which are maximally symmetric spaces that admit the maximal number of Killing vectors. As an illustration, we show that if a dark field is considered as a dark fluid, then the pressure associated with the dark field can take negative values if the cosmological constant is assigned with positive values.
{"title":"On the mathematical structure of Einstein field equations and the existence of dark fields","authors":"Vu B Ho","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.269","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, we examine the possible existence of dark fields by showing that an energy‐momentum tensor associated with a dark field can be introduced into Einstein field equations of general relativity, in which the trace of the energy‐momentum of the dark field is identified with the cosmological constant. The introduction of dark fields into Einstein field equations is made possible by establishing field equations for the Ricci curvature tensor, which have similar mathematical structure to Maxwell field equations of electromagnetism. We also establish a system of field equations for the Riemann curvature tensor and investigate the possibility to represent physical systems consisting of dark fields and observable fields as spaces of constant scalar curvature, which are maximally symmetric spaces that admit the maximal number of Killing vectors. As an illustration, we show that if a dark field is considered as a dark fluid, then the pressure associated with the dark field can take negative values if the cosmological constant is assigned with positive values.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135260175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-14DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.242
José M. Frade
The special theory of relativity (STR) is based on two apparently contradictory postulates: The equality of all physical laws in all inertial reference systems and the invariance of the speed of light ( c ). This results in counterintuitive conclusions, including time dilation, object length contraction (i.e., Lorentz contraction), and mass increase at relativistic speeds as well as the unification of mass and energy. Although the STR has been empirically confirmed, the ultimate cause of special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of c and its actual value (2.99 × 10 8 m/s) remain unknown. We have recently postulated that a hypothetical displacement of the three-dimensional (3D) space where we live throughout a fourth spatial dimension, which would be the basis for time, is a requirement for the gravitational effects contemplated by the general theory of relativity. This tetra-dimensional model of the universe explains that the actual value of c equals the speed at which our 3D space displaces along the fourth dimension. It also explains time dilation, Lorentz contraction, Lorentz transformation, and mass increase at relativistic speeds, as well as the unification of mass and energy, as epiphenomena derived from the projection of the fourth dimension to our 3D space. We conclude that our universe model can intuitively explain special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of c and its actual value.
{"title":"Three-dimensional space displacement through a fourth spatial dimension explains both light speed value and special relativity","authors":"José M. Frade","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.242","url":null,"abstract":"The special theory of relativity (STR) is based on two apparently contradictory postulates: The equality of all physical laws in all inertial reference systems and the invariance of the speed of light ( <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> ). This results in counterintuitive conclusions, including time dilation, object length contraction (i.e., Lorentz contraction), and mass increase at relativistic speeds as well as the unification of mass and energy. Although the STR has been empirically confirmed, the ultimate cause of special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of c and its actual value (2.99 × 10 8 m/s) remain unknown. We have recently postulated that a hypothetical displacement of the three-dimensional (3D) space where we live throughout a fourth spatial dimension, which would be the basis for time, is a requirement for the gravitational effects contemplated by the general theory of relativity. This tetra-dimensional model of the universe explains that the actual value of <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> equals the speed at which our 3D space displaces along the fourth dimension. It also explains time dilation, Lorentz contraction, Lorentz transformation, and mass increase at relativistic speeds, as well as the unification of mass and energy, as epiphenomena derived from the projection of the fourth dimension to our 3D space. We conclude that our universe model can intuitively explain special relativity as well as the reason for the invariance of <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> and its actual value.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134971470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.265
Emory Taylor, Rajan Iyer
This paper uses a limited scope to present an explanation of how quantum jumps prevent quantum mechanics from being a fundamental theory, and this paper explains how Einstein's theory that radiation conveys inertia between the emitting and absorbing bodies plays a critical role in the presented explanation.
{"title":"How Einstein prevents Bohr's quantum mechanics from being a fundamental theory","authors":"Emory Taylor, Rajan Iyer","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.265","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a limited scope to present an explanation of how quantum jumps prevent quantum mechanics from being a fundamental theory, and this paper explains how Einstein's theory that radiation conveys inertia between the emitting and absorbing bodies plays a critical role in the presented explanation.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135786008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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