Pub Date : 2023-09-10DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.261
Michael James Curran
Experiments confirmed Einstein’s proposal that gravitational fields bend light. We propose that in order to understand the mechanism of the red shift of light, the intimate connection between gravity and light must first be made apparent. The structure/behavior of the internal workings of photons, including gravity photons, g ps , which make up space, points to another mechanism that is both simple and intuitive. Our approach is to establish the steps that lead to our proposed connection between gravity and light.
{"title":"A hypothetical mechanism for the red shift of light in respect to the expansion of the universe","authors":"Michael James Curran","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.261","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments confirmed Einstein’s proposal that gravitational fields bend light. We propose that in order to understand the mechanism of the red shift of light, the intimate connection between gravity and light must first be made apparent. The structure/behavior of the internal workings of photons, including gravity photons, g ps , which make up space, points to another mechanism that is both simple and intuitive. Our approach is to establish the steps that lead to our proposed connection between gravity and light.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136073241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.259
Jack G. Liu
Special relativity is a half-baked theory in which Lorentz transformation only considers the outbound or departing motion where speed and distance change in the same direction. This paper considers the inbound or approaching motion where speed and distance change in the opposite direction. This paper derived a new form of transformation along with the new Lorentz factor, according to which, in addition to well-known time dilation caused by outbound motion, there would be time contraction caused by inbound motion.
{"title":"Lorentz transformation for motion in the opposite direction","authors":"Jack G. Liu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.259","url":null,"abstract":"Special relativity is a half-baked theory in which Lorentz transformation only considers the outbound or departing motion where speed and distance change in the same direction. This paper considers the inbound or approaching motion where speed and distance change in the opposite direction. This paper derived a new form of transformation along with the new Lorentz factor, according to which, in addition to well-known time dilation caused by outbound motion, there would be time contraction caused by inbound motion.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135096831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.287
Andreas Trupp
When applying what is called Kelvin’s principle to the elementary currents of two permanent magnets that attract each other, an apparent energy paradox appears. For Kelvin’s principle says that when constant electric currents are displaced with respect to one another, the mechanical work yielded as a result of the action of magnetic forces is equal in amount to the increase (not decrease) in the energy of the total magnetic field. The energy provided by the power supply in order to keep the currents constant is thus twice as large as the mechanical work yielded during the displacement of the current-carrying wires. But when dealing with permanent magnets and their polarization currents, there is still the yield of mechanical work and also the increase in energy of the total magnetic field, but no such thing as a visible power supply. In this article, things are analyzed by using the Poynting vector as an instrument. As a result, the topological assumption of a hidden reservoir of energy sitting in the direction of a fourth spatial dimension turns out to be indispensable in order to save the principle of local conservation of energy and of action by contact. A recognition of this kind was foreshadowed by Mie 100 years ago, who postulated that, in certain, but nevertheless common situations, energy flowed into ambient space out of the particles themselves both in the gravitational and the electromagnetic case.
{"title":"A ubiquitous, nearby reservoir of electromagnetic energy hidden in the fourth spatial dimension as a consequence of Kelvin’s rule (for constant electric currents) and of the Poynting vector","authors":"Andreas Trupp","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.287","url":null,"abstract":"When applying what is called Kelvin’s principle to the elementary currents of two permanent magnets that attract each other, an apparent energy paradox appears. For Kelvin’s principle says that when constant electric currents are displaced with respect to one another, the mechanical work yielded as a result of the action of magnetic forces is equal in amount to the increase (not decrease) in the energy of the total magnetic field. The energy provided by the power supply in order to keep the currents constant is thus twice as large as the mechanical work yielded during the displacement of the current-carrying wires. But when dealing with permanent magnets and their polarization currents, there is still the yield of mechanical work and also the increase in energy of the total magnetic field, but no such thing as a visible power supply. In this article, things are analyzed by using the Poynting vector as an instrument. As a result, the topological assumption of a hidden reservoir of energy sitting in the direction of a fourth spatial dimension turns out to be indispensable in order to save the principle of local conservation of energy and of action by contact. A recognition of this kind was foreshadowed by Mie 100 years ago, who postulated that, in certain, but nevertheless common situations, energy flowed into ambient space out of the particles themselves both in the gravitational and the electromagnetic case.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"2017 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135096830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.256
Noboru Kohiyama
The pressure distribution in the Earth’s interior is expressed using the Adams‐ Williamson equation. The elastic energy is stored inside the Earth by the pressure. The Newtonian gravitation is derived by this energy. The Newtonian gravitation refracts light at the surface of the Sun. When light is an electromagnetic wave, this refraction is expressed by the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability in the Newtonian gravitational field. The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a black hole is discussed using the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability.
{"title":"Dielectric constant and magnetic permeability in the Newtonian gravitational field derived by the elastic energy","authors":"Noboru Kohiyama","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.256","url":null,"abstract":"The pressure distribution in the Earth’s interior is expressed using the Adams‐ Williamson equation. The elastic energy is stored inside the Earth by the pressure. The Newtonian gravitation is derived by this energy. The Newtonian gravitation refracts light at the surface of the Sun. When light is an electromagnetic wave, this refraction is expressed by the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability in the Newtonian gravitational field. The propagation of electromagnetic waves in a black hole is discussed using the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135204866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-03DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.250
Everett X. Wang, Zhong Lin Wang, Shudong Zhou, Zhanyong Hong, C. Wang
Recent research suggests that the human brain may possess quantum computing capabilities, but the implications for consciousness remain unclear. This study investigates the role of quantum computing in accounting for the nature of consciousness using teletransportation thought experiments to transfer a person from one location to another. Two versions of the experiment are proposed using the brain as an apparatus, and the results are analyzed using classical and quantum computing principles. The findings suggest that classical computing principles alone cannot account for consciousness, and that quantum computing capabilities in the brain are necessary. Furthermore, the no-cloning theorem guarantees a unique copy of quantum states in the brain, resolving a teletransportation paradox proposed by Derek Parfit. These results suggest that quantum computing in the brain is crucial to understanding the nature of consciousness.
{"title":"Teletransportation paradox and quantum consciousness","authors":"Everett X. Wang, Zhong Lin Wang, Shudong Zhou, Zhanyong Hong, C. Wang","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.3.250","url":null,"abstract":"Recent research suggests that the human brain may possess quantum computing capabilities, but the implications for consciousness remain unclear. This study investigates the role of quantum computing in accounting for the nature of consciousness using teletransportation thought experiments to transfer a person from one location to another. Two versions of the experiment are proposed using the brain as an apparatus, and the results are analyzed using classical and quantum computing principles. The findings suggest that classical computing principles alone cannot account for consciousness, and that quantum computing capabilities in the brain are necessary. Furthermore, the no-cloning theorem guarantees a unique copy of quantum states in the brain, resolving a teletransportation paradox proposed by Derek Parfit. These results suggest that quantum computing in the brain is crucial to understanding the nature of consciousness.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134949715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-27DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.149
Huailong Wang
In this paper, a theory of dark energy is proposed that matches dark matter. The relativistic quantum mechanics equations reveal that free particles can have negative energies. We think that the negative energy is the dark energy, which behaves as dark photons with negative energies. In this work, the photon number states are extended to the cases where the photon number can be negative integers, called negative integer photon states, the physical meaning of which are that the photons in such a state are of negative energy, i.e., dark photons. The dark photons constitute dark radiation, also called negative radiation. The formalism of the statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of the dark radiation is presented. This version of dark energy is of negative temperature and negative pressure, the latter regarded as responsible for the accelerate expansion of the universe. It is believed that there is a symmetry of energy-dark energy in the universe. In our previous work, the theory of the motion of the matters with negative kinetic energy was presented. In our opinion, the negative kinetic energy matter is dark matter. In the present work, we demonstrate that the dark substances absorb and release dark energy. In this view, the dark matter and dark energy match. Therefore, there is a symmetry of matter-energy match and dark matter-dark energy match in the universe. We present the reasons why the negative kinetic energy systems and negative radiation are dark to us.
{"title":"A theory of dark energy that matches dark matter","authors":"Huailong Wang","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.149","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a theory of dark energy is proposed that matches dark matter. The relativistic quantum mechanics equations reveal that free particles can have negative energies. We think that the negative energy is the dark energy, which behaves as dark photons with negative energies.\u0000 In this work, the photon number states are extended to the cases where the photon number can be negative integers, called negative integer photon states, the physical meaning of which are that the photons in such a state are of negative energy, i.e., dark photons. The dark photons constitute\u0000 dark radiation, also called negative radiation. The formalism of the statistical mechanics and thermodynamics of the dark radiation is presented. This version of dark energy is of negative temperature and negative pressure, the latter regarded as responsible for the accelerate expansion of\u0000 the universe. It is believed that there is a symmetry of energy-dark energy in the universe. In our previous work, the theory of the motion of the matters with negative kinetic energy was presented. In our opinion, the negative kinetic energy matter is dark matter. In the present work, we\u0000 demonstrate that the dark substances absorb and release dark energy. In this view, the dark matter and dark energy match. Therefore, there is a symmetry of matter-energy match and dark matter-dark energy match in the universe. We present the reasons why the negative kinetic energy systems\u0000 and negative radiation are dark to us.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49074524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-26DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.230
Reiner Georg Ziefle
Considering that an Einstein clock can travel at a speed no greater than c, from the principle of relativity, a kinematic time dilation factor can be derived whose value cannot be greater than 2 . In fact, however, the kinematic time dilation factor γ can approach an infinite value. This discrepancy demonstrates that the derivation of the kinematic time dilation factor γ in Einstein's special relativity (SR) cannot be physically justified by the principle of relativity, and that it is not physically possible that the speed of light is constant in any frame of reference. The mathematical method of Einstein's SR, which I refer to as the “mathematical method of relativity,” allows the calculation of constant physical values from different quantities of any physical unit and is thus scientifically worthless. Accordingly, it is not surprising that it is possible to predict so-called general relativistic phenomena, e.g., the phenomena observed at the binary pulsar PSR B1913 + 16, just by applying Kepler's second law and simple quantum physical considerations [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 33, 99 (2020)]. A careful interpretation of interferometer experiments on Earth clearly shows that there is in fact no need for artificial time acceleration by length contraction. However, today's physicists seem to be lost in mathematics. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a physical theory of relativity that does not require mathematical tricks, such as time acceleration (length contraction), space-time curvature, and other mathematical tricks that follow from Einstein's mathematical methods and uphold the illusion that the belief in a constant speed of light c in any frame of reference is physically justified.
{"title":"Einstein's relativity falsified: I. The factor γ can take values larger than √2, which requires a speed of light < c in moving inertial frames","authors":"Reiner Georg Ziefle","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.230","url":null,"abstract":"Considering that an Einstein clock can travel at a speed no greater than c, from the principle of relativity, a kinematic time dilation factor can be derived whose value cannot be greater than 2\u0000 . In fact, however, the kinematic time dilation factor γ can approach an infinite value. This discrepancy demonstrates that the derivation of the kinematic time dilation factor γ in Einstein's special relativity (SR) cannot be\u0000 physically justified by the principle of relativity, and that it is not physically possible that the speed of light is constant in any frame of reference. The mathematical method of Einstein's SR, which I refer to as the “mathematical method of relativity,” allows the calculation\u0000 of constant physical values from different quantities of any physical unit and is thus scientifically worthless. Accordingly, it is not surprising that it is possible to predict so-called general relativistic phenomena, e.g., the phenomena observed at the binary pulsar PSR B1913 + 16,\u0000 just by applying Kepler's second law and simple quantum physical considerations [R. G. Ziefle, Phys. Essays 33, 99 (2020)]. A careful interpretation of interferometer experiments on Earth clearly shows that there is in fact no need for artificial time acceleration by length contraction.\u0000 However, today's physicists seem to be lost in mathematics. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a physical theory of relativity that does not require mathematical tricks, such as time acceleration (length contraction), space-time curvature, and other mathematical tricks that follow from\u0000 Einstein's mathematical methods and uphold the illusion that the belief in a constant speed of light c in any frame of reference is physically justified.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43508075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-24DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.140
Huailong Wang
According to relativistic quantum mechanics, particles can be of negative kinetic energies (NKE). The author asserts in his previous works that the NKE substances are dark matters. Some NKE particles, say a pair of NKE electrons, can constitute a stable system by means of the repulsive interaction between them. In the present work, two simplest three-particle systems are investigated. One consists of two NKE positrons and one NKE proton, called dark hydrogen anion. The other is composed of two NKE protons and one NKE positron, called dark hydrogen molecule cation. They are so named because the Hamiltonians of them can correspond to those of the hydrogen anion and hydrogen molecule cation. In evaluating the dark hydrogen molecule cation, the famous Born‐Oppenheimer approximation does not apply, i.e., the NKE of the protons cannot be neglected. Without the NKE, the system cannot be stable. Our study reveals that in a NKE system, the particles with the same kind of electric charge combine tightly. This is to enhance the repulsive Coulomb potential so as to raise the total energy as far as possible. A great amount of NKE particles can compose a dense and dark macroscopic NKE body. Thus, it is conjectured that some remote dark celestial bodies may be NKE ones other than the well-known black holes. The discrepancies between the black holes and macroscopic NKE bodies are pointed out.
{"title":"The behaviors of the wave functions of small molecules with negative kinetic energies","authors":"Huailong Wang","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.140","url":null,"abstract":"According to relativistic quantum mechanics, particles can be of negative kinetic energies (NKE). The author asserts in his previous works that the NKE substances are dark matters. Some NKE particles, say a pair of NKE electrons, can constitute a stable system by means of the repulsive\u0000 interaction between them. In the present work, two simplest three-particle systems are investigated. One consists of two NKE positrons and one NKE proton, called dark hydrogen anion. The other is composed of two NKE protons and one NKE positron, called dark hydrogen molecule cation. They are\u0000 so named because the Hamiltonians of them can correspond to those of the hydrogen anion and hydrogen molecule cation. In evaluating the dark hydrogen molecule cation, the famous Born‐Oppenheimer approximation does not apply, i.e., the NKE of the protons cannot be neglected. Without\u0000 the NKE, the system cannot be stable. Our study reveals that in a NKE system, the particles with the same kind of electric charge combine tightly. This is to enhance the repulsive Coulomb potential so as to raise the total energy as far as possible. A great amount of NKE particles can compose\u0000 a dense and dark macroscopic NKE body. Thus, it is conjectured that some remote dark celestial bodies may be NKE ones other than the well-known black holes. The discrepancies between the black holes and macroscopic NKE bodies are pointed out.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48367349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.223
Filip Dambi Filipescu
Emission, propagation, and reflection of light are mechanical phenomena; therefore, these phenomena are observed in an inertial frame as in the frame at absolute rest. At Cleveland Laboratory in 1924, Miller performed experiments with a Michelson interferometer employing local sources and sunlight. The fringe shift is zero in experiments such as the Michelson‐Morley, where the source and mirrors are at rest in Earth's inertial frame, which explains Miller's experiments with local sources. When the source or/and mirrors are in motion in an inertial frame, there is a fringe shift. The Sun is an inertial frame at relative rest in which its light travels at the speed c in any direction, and Earth travels at the orbital speed v . This is the case of Miller's experiments with sunlight for which this article predicts an unobservable fringe shift in the range of 10−8 . Thus, the Cleveland Laboratory experiments involving sunlight and local sources are explained. Miller's observed fringe shift of 0.08 in 1921 and 0.088 in 1925 at Mount Wilson remains unclear, leaving this subject open to theoretical and experimental challenges.
{"title":"Reflection of light as a mechanical phenomenon applied to the Michelson interferometer with sunlight as a source","authors":"Filip Dambi Filipescu","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.223","url":null,"abstract":"Emission, propagation, and reflection of light are mechanical phenomena; therefore, these phenomena are observed in an inertial frame as in the frame at absolute rest. At Cleveland Laboratory in 1924, Miller performed experiments with a Michelson interferometer employing local sources\u0000 and sunlight. The fringe shift is zero in experiments such as the Michelson‐Morley, where the source and mirrors are at rest in Earth's inertial frame, which explains Miller's experiments with local sources. When the source or/and mirrors are in motion in an inertial frame, there is\u0000 a fringe shift. The Sun is an inertial frame at relative rest in which its light travels at the speed <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:math> in any direction, and Earth travels at the orbital speed <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mi>v</mml:mi>\u0000 </mml:math> . This is the case of Miller's experiments with sunlight for which this article predicts an unobservable fringe shift in the range of <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow>\u0000 <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>8</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Thus, the Cleveland Laboratory experiments involving sunlight and local sources are explained. Miller's observed fringe shift of <mml:math display=\"inline\">\u0000 <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.08</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in 1921 and <mml:math display=\"inline\"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0.088</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> in 1925 at Mount Wilson remains unclear, leaving this subject open to\u0000 theoretical and experimental challenges.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70104097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-23DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.129
Peter M. Atkinson, Samuel Nlend
In this paper, we propose that the density of the aether is a universal constant and is the same in all inertial frames of reference. We suggest that other physical phenomena, such as the speed of light, Maxwell's equations, and gravity, which are the same in all inertial frames of reference, behave in this manner, because they all depend on the density of the aether. We discuss the origin of mass in terms of aether displacement by subatomic particles with mass. Explanations of Newton's laws of motion, based on the aether, are given. The fundamental causes of kinetic energy and momentum are explained in relation to the aether. We offer an explanation for the constant speed of light. Einstein's special theory of relativity is explained in relation to the constancy of the aether density, and the famous equations in his theory are derived using basic aether dynamics. We suggest that aether particles are fundamental particles behaving like tiny springs as proposed by Hooke's law and be given the name aetheons. We propose the spring constant of the aetheon ultimately limits the speed of light to c . This paper offers a way to link classical Newtonian physics to quantum physics.
{"title":"Aether dynamics: Classical mechanics explained","authors":"Peter M. Atkinson, Samuel Nlend","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-36.2.129","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose that the density of the aether is a universal constant and is the same in all inertial frames of reference. We suggest that other physical phenomena, such as the speed of light, Maxwell's equations, and gravity, which are the same in all inertial frames of\u0000 reference, behave in this manner, because they all depend on the density of the aether. We discuss the origin of mass in terms of aether displacement by subatomic particles with mass. Explanations of Newton's laws of motion, based on the aether, are given. The fundamental causes of kinetic\u0000 energy and momentum are explained in relation to the aether. We offer an explanation for the constant speed of light. Einstein's special theory of relativity is explained in relation to the constancy of the aether density, and the famous equations in his theory are derived using basic aether\u0000 dynamics. We suggest that aether particles are fundamental particles behaving like tiny springs as proposed by Hooke's law and be given the name aetheons. We propose the spring constant of the aetheon ultimately limits the speed of light to c\u0000 . This paper offers a way to link classical Newtonian physics to quantum physics.","PeriodicalId":51274,"journal":{"name":"Physics Essays","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43405353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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