Pub Date : 2022-07-01Epub Date: 2022-02-07DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2036114
Mohamad El Haj, Frédérique Robin
Objective: We investigated intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's Disease (AD).
Method: We invited AD patients and control participants to construct real events as well as fabricated events describing fictitious personal events that occurred in the past.
Results: Results demonstrated slower retrieval time for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in both AD patients and control participants. The analysis also showed similar vividness for intentionally fabricated memories and real ones in AD patients but lower vividness for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in control participants.
Conclusions: The slow retrieval time of intentionally fabricated memories may be attributed to the cognitive effort required to retrieve elements from autobiographical memory and edit them to construct a new memory. We suggest that the vividness of intentionally fabricated memories observed in AD may induce confusion with real memories. In addition to the experimental approach of our study, we offer a theoretical rationale for intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories by situating them in the wider context of different facets of false memories in AD (e.g. confabulations, source monitoring errors).
{"title":"The fabricated past: intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Mohamad El Haj, Frédérique Robin","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2036114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2036114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>We investigated intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's Disease (AD).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>We invited AD patients and control participants to construct real events as well as fabricated events describing fictitious personal events that occurred in the past.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results demonstrated slower retrieval time for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in both AD patients and control participants. The analysis also showed similar vividness for intentionally fabricated memories and real ones in AD patients but lower vividness for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in control participants.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The slow retrieval time of intentionally fabricated memories may be attributed to the cognitive effort required to retrieve elements from autobiographical memory and edit them to construct a new memory. We suggest that the vividness of intentionally fabricated memories observed in AD may induce confusion with real memories. In addition to the experimental approach of our study, we offer a theoretical rationale for intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories by situating them in the wider context of different facets of false memories in AD (e.g. confabulations, source monitoring errors).</p>","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 4","pages":"273-288"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39893183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-17DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2075721
Rebekka Solvik Lisøy, R. Biegler, E. F. Haghish, R. Veckenstedt, S. Moritz, G. Pfuhl
ABSTRACT Introduction Diametrically aberrant mentalising biases, namely hypermentalising in psychosis and hypomentalising in autism, are postulated by some theoretical models. To test this hypothesis, we measured psychotic-like experiences, autistic traits and mentalising biases in a visual chasing paradigm. Methods Participants from the general population (N = 300) and psychotic patients (N=26) judged the absence or presence of a chase during five-second long displays of seemingly randomly moving dots. Hypermentalising is seeing a chase where there is none, whereas hypomentalising is missing to see a chase. Results Psychotic-like experiences were associated with hypermentalising. Autistic traits were not associated with hypomentalising, but with a reduced ability to discriminate chasing from non-chasing trials. Given the high correlation (τ = .41) between autistic traits and psychotic-like experiences, we controlled for concomitant symptom severity on agency detection. We found that all but those with many autistic and psychotic traits showed hypomentalising, suggesting an additive effect of traits on mentalising. In the second study, we found no hypermentalising in patients with psychosis, who performed also similarly to a matched control group. Conclusions The results suggest that hypermentalising is a cognitive bias restricted to subclinical psychotic-like experiences. There was no support for a diametrically opposite mentalising bias along the autism-psychosis continuum.
{"title":"Seeing minds – a signal detection study of agency attribution along the autism-psychosis continuum","authors":"Rebekka Solvik Lisøy, R. Biegler, E. F. Haghish, R. Veckenstedt, S. Moritz, G. Pfuhl","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2075721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2075721","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction Diametrically aberrant mentalising biases, namely hypermentalising in psychosis and hypomentalising in autism, are postulated by some theoretical models. To test this hypothesis, we measured psychotic-like experiences, autistic traits and mentalising biases in a visual chasing paradigm. Methods Participants from the general population (N = 300) and psychotic patients (N=26) judged the absence or presence of a chase during five-second long displays of seemingly randomly moving dots. Hypermentalising is seeing a chase where there is none, whereas hypomentalising is missing to see a chase. Results Psychotic-like experiences were associated with hypermentalising. Autistic traits were not associated with hypomentalising, but with a reduced ability to discriminate chasing from non-chasing trials. Given the high correlation (τ = .41) between autistic traits and psychotic-like experiences, we controlled for concomitant symptom severity on agency detection. We found that all but those with many autistic and psychotic traits showed hypomentalising, suggesting an additive effect of traits on mentalising. In the second study, we found no hypermentalising in patients with psychosis, who performed also similarly to a matched control group. Conclusions The results suggest that hypermentalising is a cognitive bias restricted to subclinical psychotic-like experiences. There was no support for a diametrically opposite mentalising bias along the autism-psychosis continuum.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"356 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43718097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2070464
Cameron D Harvey, Raeanne C Moore, C. Depp, R. Ackerman, A. Pinkham, Philip D. Harvey
ABSTRACT Background Previous weekly sampling studies found that persistent sad moods are associated with disability in bipolar illness. However, those data were collected retrospectively. We examined the momentary quality of activities (productive, unproductive, and passive recreation) in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study and related sadness at each survey to quality of momentary activities and overall everyday functioning. Methods Participants with bipolar illness (N = 91) were sampled three times per day for 30 days. Each survey queried participants as to where they were, with whom, what they were doing, and their mood state. Activities were characterised according to predetermined criteria and related to momentary sadness. Observer ratings of everyday functioning were related to daily reports of sadness and activities. Results Sadness was associated with the quality of activities. Momentary reports of unproductive activities were associated with the most sadness (p < .001), followed by passive recreation, and productive activities. Momentary sadness and momentary unproductive activities correlated with observer ratings of competence in work, everyday activities, and social outcomes (p < .001). Using both predictors led to the best model. Conclusions This study on the course of sad moods in people with bipolar illness to EMA found that momentary sadness correlatesdwith the quality of concurrent activities and that both sadness and the quality of everyday activities predicted observer ratings of everyday functioning. Although we cannot determine the causal direction, these findings support the hypothesis that momentary sadness leads to reductions in productive activities and impairments in everyday functioning.
{"title":"The association of momentary sad moods, concurrent productive behaviour, and global functional outcomes: a 30-day ecological momentary assessment study of people with bipolar illness","authors":"Cameron D Harvey, Raeanne C Moore, C. Depp, R. Ackerman, A. Pinkham, Philip D. Harvey","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2070464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2070464","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Background Previous weekly sampling studies found that persistent sad moods are associated with disability in bipolar illness. However, those data were collected retrospectively. We examined the momentary quality of activities (productive, unproductive, and passive recreation) in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study and related sadness at each survey to quality of momentary activities and overall everyday functioning. Methods Participants with bipolar illness (N = 91) were sampled three times per day for 30 days. Each survey queried participants as to where they were, with whom, what they were doing, and their mood state. Activities were characterised according to predetermined criteria and related to momentary sadness. Observer ratings of everyday functioning were related to daily reports of sadness and activities. Results Sadness was associated with the quality of activities. Momentary reports of unproductive activities were associated with the most sadness (p < .001), followed by passive recreation, and productive activities. Momentary sadness and momentary unproductive activities correlated with observer ratings of competence in work, everyday activities, and social outcomes (p < .001). Using both predictors led to the best model. Conclusions This study on the course of sad moods in people with bipolar illness to EMA found that momentary sadness correlatesdwith the quality of concurrent activities and that both sadness and the quality of everyday activities predicted observer ratings of everyday functioning. Although we cannot determine the causal direction, these findings support the hypothesis that momentary sadness leads to reductions in productive activities and impairments in everyday functioning.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"342 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42351559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-28DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2067472
M. Kopelman
ABSTRACT Introduction Alwyn Lishman was interested in how memory research could be applied to clinical psychiatry. After a brief review of his major contributions, this paper will focus on his research on the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. It will consider how his findings relate to contemporary debates, particularly on how the syndrome should be defined, and its relationship to broader alcohol-induced cognitive impairments. Methods A review of the contribution of Alwyn Lishman, Robin Jacobson and colleagues to our knowledge of Korsakoff’s syndrome, together with a review of the pertinent recent literature. Results Lishman and colleagues followed earlier authors in defining the Korsakoff syndrome in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, but they also noted a variable degree of IQ, frontal-executive, and timed visuo-spatial impairment in their cases. More recent authors have included such features in their definitions of the syndrome. Lishman also argued for a specific “alcoholic dementia”. The present paper argues that recent definitions of the Korsakoff syndrome confound its core and associated features, and also fail to recognise the multifactorial basis of alcohol-related brain damage. Conclusions Korsakoff’s syndrome is best defined in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, and more widespread cognitive impairment is best encompassed within “alcohol-related brain damage”.
{"title":"What is the Korsakoff syndrome? – a paper in tribute to Prof Alwyn Lishman","authors":"M. Kopelman","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2067472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2067472","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction Alwyn Lishman was interested in how memory research could be applied to clinical psychiatry. After a brief review of his major contributions, this paper will focus on his research on the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. It will consider how his findings relate to contemporary debates, particularly on how the syndrome should be defined, and its relationship to broader alcohol-induced cognitive impairments. Methods A review of the contribution of Alwyn Lishman, Robin Jacobson and colleagues to our knowledge of Korsakoff’s syndrome, together with a review of the pertinent recent literature. Results Lishman and colleagues followed earlier authors in defining the Korsakoff syndrome in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, but they also noted a variable degree of IQ, frontal-executive, and timed visuo-spatial impairment in their cases. More recent authors have included such features in their definitions of the syndrome. Lishman also argued for a specific “alcoholic dementia”. The present paper argues that recent definitions of the Korsakoff syndrome confound its core and associated features, and also fail to recognise the multifactorial basis of alcohol-related brain damage. Conclusions Korsakoff’s syndrome is best defined in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, and more widespread cognitive impairment is best encompassed within “alcohol-related brain damage”.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"296 - 313"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48145230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-10DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2057845
P. Urwyler, M. Begemann, V. Bell
Hallucinations are deeply intriguing phenomena but conducting research on them can be challenging. Ineffable experiences can test the limits of traditional research methods and can rely on individuals sharing deeply personal and sometimes deeply distressing experiences. In addition, research is now moving beyond the established psychiatric paradigm of “voices and visions as symptoms” to examine how alterations to experience across the range of human experience can inform models of perception, meaning and memory. This special issue of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry is focused on new directions in hallucination research – and who better to expand the horizons of hallucinations research than early career researchers with the vision and foresight to tackle this area anew. The articles in this special issue comprise nine papers from the early career network of the International Consortium on Hallucination Research. Each of these papers has been led by a working group of early career researchers – often attracting more established and senior researchers as the work gathered momentum. The papers are an exciting collection of new visions for hallucinations research. The special issue begins with research on groups who have intense hallucinatory experiences but have rarely been the focus of systematic research. Palmer-Cooper and colleagues (Palmer-Cooper et al., 2021) examine the role of metacognition in two groups of people. Firstly, in people with ASMR (Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response) – a perceptual condition in which low-level audio-visual stimuli triggers intense somatic sensations in the head and neck regions that can spread throughout the body; and second in Tulpamancers individuals who, through self-training, develop the experience of seemingly autonomous identities existing in their consciousness. The study found a complex relationship between these experiences and measures of meta-cognition that did not simply mirror what is typically found in studies on patients with psychosis, suggesting that these experiences are unlikely to be simply “mild” experiences on the clinical spectrum. The paper by Montagnese and colleagues (Montagnese et al., 2021) examines types of hallucinations that are well-known clinically but are drastically under-researched – namely, hallucinations associated with neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. One long-standing puzzle has been why hallucinations in these conditions relate so variably to insight, with some hallucinations associated with eye disease being visually spectacular but often clearly recognised as hallucinations. Montagnese and colleagues examined correlates of insight and found that it was predicted by better cognition and lower levels of distress, potentially suggesting a commonality with hallucinations in other domains, although the exact relationships varied across clinical conditions. Four studies focused on hallucinated voices, although took markedly different approaches. Using a simulation study
幻觉是一种非常有趣的现象，但对它们进行研究可能具有挑战性。难以言喻的经历可以测试传统研究方法的局限性，并且可以依靠个人分享深刻的个人经历，有时甚至是非常痛苦的经历。此外，研究现在正在超越“声音和视觉作为症状”的既定精神病学范式，以研究人类经验范围内的经验变化如何影响感知、意义和记忆模型。本期《认知神经精神病学》特刊聚焦于幻觉研究的新方向——谁能比具有远见卓识的早期职业研究者更好地拓展幻觉研究的视野呢?本期特刊的文章包括来自国际幻觉研究协会早期职业网络的九篇论文。这些论文中的每一篇都是由一个由早期职业研究人员组成的工作组领导的——随着工作的发展，往往会吸引更多的资深研究人员。这些论文为幻觉研究提供了令人兴奋的新视野。这期特刊从对有强烈幻觉经历但很少成为系统研究焦点的群体的研究开始。Palmer-Cooper及其同事(Palmer-Cooper et al.， 2021)研究了元认知在两组人群中的作用。首先，在ASMR(自主感觉经络反应)患者中，这是一种感知状态，低水平的视听刺激会在头部和颈部区域引发强烈的躯体感觉，这种感觉会扩散到全身;第二种是图尔帕曼人，他们通过自我训练，发展出存在于他们意识中的看似自主的身份体验。研究发现，这些经历与元认知测量之间存在复杂的关系，而这种关系并不简单地反映了在精神病患者研究中发现的典型情况，这表明这些经历不太可能是临床谱上简单的“轻度”经历。Montagnese及其同事的论文(Montagnese et al.， 2021)检查了临床上众所周知但研究严重不足的幻觉类型-即与神经退行性疾病和眼病相关的幻觉。一个长期存在的谜团是，为什么这些情况下的幻觉与洞察力的关系如此不同，一些与眼病相关的幻觉在视觉上很壮观，但通常被清楚地识别为幻觉。Montagnese及其同事研究了洞察力的相关性，发现它可以通过更好的认知和更低的痛苦水平来预测，这可能表明它与其他领域的幻觉有共同之处，尽管确切的关系因临床条件而异。四项研究聚焦于幻听，尽管采用了明显不同的方法。通过一项模拟研究，Bortolon及其同事(Bortolon et al.， 2021)发现，中性和消极的模拟声音在志愿者中引发的主观羞耻感水平相似，这表明声音的情绪影响可能部分归因于它们的侵入性
{"title":"Editorial: new directions in hallucination research","authors":"P. Urwyler, M. Begemann, V. Bell","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2057845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2057845","url":null,"abstract":"Hallucinations are deeply intriguing phenomena but conducting research on them can be challenging. Ineffable experiences can test the limits of traditional research methods and can rely on individuals sharing deeply personal and sometimes deeply distressing experiences. In addition, research is now moving beyond the established psychiatric paradigm of “voices and visions as symptoms” to examine how alterations to experience across the range of human experience can inform models of perception, meaning and memory. This special issue of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry is focused on new directions in hallucination research – and who better to expand the horizons of hallucinations research than early career researchers with the vision and foresight to tackle this area anew. The articles in this special issue comprise nine papers from the early career network of the International Consortium on Hallucination Research. Each of these papers has been led by a working group of early career researchers – often attracting more established and senior researchers as the work gathered momentum. The papers are an exciting collection of new visions for hallucinations research. The special issue begins with research on groups who have intense hallucinatory experiences but have rarely been the focus of systematic research. Palmer-Cooper and colleagues (Palmer-Cooper et al., 2021) examine the role of metacognition in two groups of people. Firstly, in people with ASMR (Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response) – a perceptual condition in which low-level audio-visual stimuli triggers intense somatic sensations in the head and neck regions that can spread throughout the body; and second in Tulpamancers individuals who, through self-training, develop the experience of seemingly autonomous identities existing in their consciousness. The study found a complex relationship between these experiences and measures of meta-cognition that did not simply mirror what is typically found in studies on patients with psychosis, suggesting that these experiences are unlikely to be simply “mild” experiences on the clinical spectrum. The paper by Montagnese and colleagues (Montagnese et al., 2021) examines types of hallucinations that are well-known clinically but are drastically under-researched – namely, hallucinations associated with neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease. One long-standing puzzle has been why hallucinations in these conditions relate so variably to insight, with some hallucinations associated with eye disease being visually spectacular but often clearly recognised as hallucinations. Montagnese and colleagues examined correlates of insight and found that it was predicted by better cognition and lower levels of distress, potentially suggesting a commonality with hallucinations in other domains, although the exact relationships varied across clinical conditions. Four studies focused on hallucinated voices, although took markedly different approaches. Using a simulation study","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"83 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41516961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-21DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2054694
A. Larner
ABSTRACT Introduction: Whilst the empirical understanding of functional cognitive disorders (FCD) has advanced in recent years, theoretical and conceptual models have evolved more slowly. Existing frameworks for FCD are based on models of other functional neurological disorders or of metacognitive processes and are recognised to lack mechanistic precision. Methods: In this article, a novel application to FCD of Hoel’s Overfitted Brain Hypothesis of the evolved function of dreaming is attempted. Results: This posits that the empirically observed sleep disturbance in FCD entails impaired dreaming which causes the brain to be overfitted and hence unable to generalise appropriately, producing mismatch between memory expectations and memory performance. Conclusions: This formulation of FCD is based on considerations derived from the study of neural networks and shares commonalities with Bayesian models of functional neurological disorders. Additionally, it has implications for future hypothesis-driven research in FCD and suggests a pragmatic basis for management strategies.
{"title":"Towards a neural network hypothesis for functional cognitive disorders: an extension of the Overfitted Brain Hypothesis","authors":"A. Larner","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2054694","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2054694","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction: Whilst the empirical understanding of functional cognitive disorders (FCD) has advanced in recent years, theoretical and conceptual models have evolved more slowly. Existing frameworks for FCD are based on models of other functional neurological disorders or of metacognitive processes and are recognised to lack mechanistic precision. Methods: In this article, a novel application to FCD of Hoel’s Overfitted Brain Hypothesis of the evolved function of dreaming is attempted. Results: This posits that the empirically observed sleep disturbance in FCD entails impaired dreaming which causes the brain to be overfitted and hence unable to generalise appropriately, producing mismatch between memory expectations and memory performance. Conclusions: This formulation of FCD is based on considerations derived from the study of neural networks and shares commonalities with Bayesian models of functional neurological disorders. Additionally, it has implications for future hypothesis-driven research in FCD and suggests a pragmatic basis for management strategies.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"314 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42699103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-12DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2051465
Michael David
{"title":"Being you: a new science of consciousness","authors":"Michael David","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2051465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2051465","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"322 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41802841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-06DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2022.2047631
V. Raymont, S. Fleminger
ABSTRACT Introduction Alwyn Lishman appreciated that if we are to understand the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder we must study the interaction between organic disease and psychological processes. Methods We have reviewed Lishman’s two major publications on the neuropsychiatry of head injury, published in 1968 and 1988, and considered their conclusions in the light of current knowledge. Results In his 1968 paper on the psychiatric sequelae of open head injuries sustained in World War II Lishman demonstrated associations between the type of psychiatric sequelae and the location of the injury. He also found that those with “somatic complaints”, such as fatigue or sensitivity to light, showed less evidence of organic injury. In his 1988 paper, he attempted to explain why a mild head injury may be followed by long-lasting symptoms. He suggested that in the absence of complications early, organic, symptoms (physiogenesis) should recover quickly. However, this healthy recovery could be jeopardised by psychological factors (psychogenesis), resulting in long-lasting symptoms. This model of physiogenesis and psychogenesis remains relevant today. Conclusions The ideas Lishman developed in these two papers were the basis for his huge contribution to the field of neuropsychiatry, and remain relevant today.
{"title":"Alwyn Lishman’s contribution to the neuropsychiatry of head injury (traumatic brain injury); two key papers","authors":"V. Raymont, S. Fleminger","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2022.2047631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2022.2047631","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Introduction Alwyn Lishman appreciated that if we are to understand the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder we must study the interaction between organic disease and psychological processes. Methods We have reviewed Lishman’s two major publications on the neuropsychiatry of head injury, published in 1968 and 1988, and considered their conclusions in the light of current knowledge. Results In his 1968 paper on the psychiatric sequelae of open head injuries sustained in World War II Lishman demonstrated associations between the type of psychiatric sequelae and the location of the injury. He also found that those with “somatic complaints”, such as fatigue or sensitivity to light, showed less evidence of organic injury. In his 1988 paper, he attempted to explain why a mild head injury may be followed by long-lasting symptoms. He suggested that in the absence of complications early, organic, symptoms (physiogenesis) should recover quickly. However, this healthy recovery could be jeopardised by psychological factors (psychogenesis), resulting in long-lasting symptoms. This model of physiogenesis and psychogenesis remains relevant today. Conclusions The ideas Lishman developed in these two papers were the basis for his huge contribution to the field of neuropsychiatry, and remain relevant today.","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 1","pages":"289 - 295"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43185725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01Epub Date: 2021-06-21DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2021.1941831
J N de Boer, H Corona Hernández, F Gerritse, S G Brederoo, F N K Wijnen, I E Sommer
Introduction: Negative content of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) is a strong predictor of distress and impairment. This paper quantifies emotional voice-content in order to explore both subjective (i.e. perceived) and objectively (i.e. linguistic sentiment) measured negativity and investigates associations with distress.
Methods: Clinical and non-clinical participants with frequent AVH (n = 40) repeated and recorded their AVH verbatim directly upon hearing. The AVH were analyzed for emotional valence using Pattern, a rule-based sentiment analyzer for Dutch. The AVH of the clinical individuals were compared to those of non-clinical voice-hearers on emotional valence and associated with experienced distress.
Results: The mean objective valence of AVH in patients was significantly more negative than those of non-clinical voice-hearers. In the clinical individuals a larger proportion of the voice-utterances was negative (34.7% versus 18.4%) in objective valence. The linguistic valence of the AVH showed a significant, strong association with the perceived negativity, amount of distress and disruption of life, but not with the intensity of distress.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that AVH of patients have a more negative linguistic content than those of non-clinical voice-hearers, which is associated with the experienced distress. Thus, patients not only perceive their voices as more negative, objective analyses confirm this.
{"title":"Negative content in auditory verbal hallucinations: a natural language processing approach.","authors":"J N de Boer, H Corona Hernández, F Gerritse, S G Brederoo, F N K Wijnen, I E Sommer","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2021.1941831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2021.1941831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Negative content of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) is a strong predictor of distress and impairment. This paper quantifies emotional voice-content in order to explore both subjective (i.e. perceived) and objectively (i.e. linguistic sentiment) measured negativity and investigates associations with distress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Clinical and non-clinical participants with frequent AVH (<i>n</i> = 40) repeated and recorded their AVH verbatim directly upon hearing. The AVH were analyzed for emotional valence using Pattern, a rule-based sentiment analyzer for Dutch. The AVH of the clinical individuals were compared to those of non-clinical voice-hearers on emotional valence and associated with experienced distress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean objective valence of AVH in patients was significantly more negative than those of non-clinical voice-hearers. In the clinical individuals a larger proportion of the voice-utterances was negative (34.7% versus 18.4%) in objective valence. The linguistic valence of the AVH showed a significant, strong association with the perceived negativity, amount of distress and disruption of life, but not with the intensity of distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our results indicate that AVH of patients have a more negative linguistic content than those of non-clinical voice-hearers, which is associated with the experienced distress. Thus, patients not only perceive their voices as more negative, objective analyses confirm this.</p>","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 2-3","pages":"139-149"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13546805.2021.1941831","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39092643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01Epub Date: 2021-11-08DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2021.1999798
Emma Palmer-Cooper, Nicola McGuire, Abigail Wright
Background: Unusual experiences in Tulpamancer and Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) communities are generally positive and sought after, unlike hallucinations and delusions in clinical populations. Metacognition, the ability to reflect on self-referential experiences, may aid sense-making around unusual experiences, reducing distress. This study investigated group differences in hallucination-proneness, delusion-proneness, and metacognition in these communities compared to controls, and whether metacognition predicted unusual experiences.
Methods: 243 participants reporting ASMR, Tulpamancy, or neither, with no history of psychosis, took part in an online observational study. Participants completed the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, and Brief Core Schema Scales to capture metacognition. A Tulpamancer+ (reporting ASMR) group was identified and included in analyses. ANCOVAs highlighted group differences in hallucination-proneness, with Tulpamancer+ scoring higher, and metacognitive beliefs, with Tulpamancers reporting lower metacognitive belief endorsement. There were no group differences in delusion-proneness, self-reflection, or self-schemas. Stepwise regression demonstrated metacognition does influence unusual experiences in the non-clinical population, and this influence varies across groups.
Conclusions: In non-clinical populations, unusual sensory experiences are not associated with increased metacognitive beliefs, but having multiple unusual experiences is associated with higher hallucination-proneness. Results suggest improving metacognition in clinical groups may help reduce distress related to unusual sensory experiences.
{"title":"Unusual experiences and their association with metacognition: investigating ASMR and Tulpamancy.","authors":"Emma Palmer-Cooper, Nicola McGuire, Abigail Wright","doi":"10.1080/13546805.2021.1999798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2021.1999798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Unusual experiences in Tulpamancer and Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) communities are generally positive and sought after, unlike hallucinations and delusions in clinical populations. Metacognition, the ability to reflect on self-referential experiences, may aid sense-making around unusual experiences, reducing distress. This study investigated group differences in hallucination-proneness, delusion-proneness, and metacognition in these communities compared to controls, and whether metacognition predicted unusual experiences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>243 participants reporting ASMR, Tulpamancy, or neither, with no history of psychosis, took part in an online observational study. Participants completed the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, and Brief Core Schema Scales to capture metacognition. A Tulpamancer+ (reporting ASMR) group was identified and included in analyses. ANCOVAs highlighted group differences in hallucination-proneness, with Tulpamancer+ scoring higher, and metacognitive beliefs, with Tulpamancers reporting lower metacognitive belief endorsement. There were no group differences in delusion-proneness, self-reflection, or self-schemas. Stepwise regression demonstrated metacognition does influence unusual experiences in the non-clinical population, and this influence varies across groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In non-clinical populations, unusual sensory experiences are not associated with increased metacognitive beliefs, but having multiple unusual experiences is associated with higher hallucination-proneness. Results suggest improving metacognition in clinical groups may help reduce distress related to unusual sensory experiences.</p>","PeriodicalId":51277,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Neuropsychiatry","volume":"27 2-3","pages":"86-104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39863231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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