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Skewness in the literature on infectious livestock diseases in an emerging economy - the case of Vietnam. 新兴经济体关于传染性牲畜疾病文献的不对称性——以越南为例。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-05-10 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000013
Elisabeth Rajala, Hu Suk Lee, Nguyen Hoai Nam, Chu Thị Thanh Huong, Hoang Minh Son, Barbara Wieland, Ulf Magnusson

Livestock production has increased in many emerging economies, but productivity is often substantially impaired by infectious diseases. The first step towards improved livestock health and productivity is to map the presence of livestock diseases. The objective of this review was to summarize studies conducted on such diseases in an emerging economy, Vietnam, and thereby identifying knowledge gaps that may inform the design of surveillance and control programs. Few studies were found to evaluate the distribution of infectious livestock diseases other than avian influenza. Also, many regions with dense livestock populations had received little attention in terms of disease investigation. A large proportion of the studies dealt with zoonoses and food-borne infections which might be due to funding agencies priorities. On the contrary, studies targeting infections that affect livestock and their productivity were few. We think that this limitation in scientific reports on infectious diseases that only affect livestock productivity is a common phenomenon in low and lower middle income countries. More science-based data on such diseases would help policymakers to prioritize which livestock diseases should be subject to animal health programs aimed to support rural livelihoods and economic development.

许多新兴经济体的畜牧业生产有所增加,但生产力往往受到传染病的严重损害。改善牲畜健康和生产力的第一步是绘制牲畜疾病分布图。本综述的目的是总结在新兴经济体越南对此类疾病进行的研究,从而确定可能为监测和控制计划设计提供信息的知识差距。除了禽流感以外,很少有研究评价家畜传染性疾病的分布。此外,许多家畜密集的地区在疾病调查方面受到的关注较少。很大一部分研究涉及人畜共患病和食源性感染,这可能是由于资助机构的优先事项。相反,针对影响牲畜及其生产力的感染的研究很少。我们认为,关于仅影响牲畜生产力的传染病的科学报告的这种限制是低收入和中低收入国家的一种普遍现象。更多基于科学的这类疾病数据将有助于决策者确定哪些牲畜疾病应该纳入旨在支持农村生计和经济发展的动物卫生项目。
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引用次数: 1
Recent advances of vitamin D in immune, reproduction, performance for pig: a review. 维生素D在猪免疫、繁殖、生产性能方面的研究进展
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-06-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000049
Pan Yang, Yongxi Ma

Vitamin D (VD) has been reported to play multiple and significant roles in improving pig health via modulating calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, skeletal muscle development and the immune system. Apart from food, photochemical action of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin is the main source of this molecule for pigs. The VD from dietary intake or photosynthesized via skin can be absorbed into the liver for hydroxylation, and further hydroxylated into the hormone form of VD (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3) in the kidney. As a sterol hormone, 1,25(OH)2D3 is able to bind with the VD receptor (VDR), and this ligand-receptor complex (VDR/retinoic X receptor) translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus to regulate gene expression, thus modulating metabolism. In this review, we summarized the recent studies regarding the non-skeletal health benefits of VD for pigs, and focused on the recent advances in the cellular and molecular mechanisms of VD that affects the immune system and reproductive health. This review provides a reference for future research and application of VD in pigs.

据报道,维生素D (VD)通过调节钙和磷稳态、骨骼肌发育和免疫系统,在改善猪健康方面发挥了多种重要作用。除食物外,7-脱氢胆固醇在猪皮肤中的光化学作用是这种分子的主要来源。从饮食摄入或通过皮肤进行光合作用的VD可被肝脏吸收羟基化,并在肾脏中进一步羟基化成激素形式的VD(1,25-二羟基维生素D3或1,25(OH)2D3)。作为一种固醇激素,1,25(OH)2D3能够与VD受体(VDR)结合,这种配体-受体复合物(VDR/retinoic X受体)从细胞质转运到细胞核,调节基因表达,从而调节代谢。本文综述了近年来VD对猪非骨骼健康益处的研究进展,重点介绍了VD影响免疫系统和生殖健康的细胞和分子机制的最新进展。为今后VD在猪体内的研究和应用提供参考。
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引用次数: 7
The olfactory system: the remote-sensing arm of the immune system. 嗅觉系统:免疫系统的遥感臂。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-06-01 Epub Date: 2021-04-30 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000262
Ian Tizard, Loren Skow

Odors may be pleasant or unpleasant and in practice, pleasant odors are attractive while unpleasant odors are repellent. However, an odor that is noxious to one species may be attractive to another. Plants, predators, and pathogens may enhance their transmission by manipulating these signals. This may be especially significant when odors attract arthropod disease vectors. Odor detection may also be important in small prey species for evasion of macropredators such as large carnivores. Conversely, pleasant odors may identify family members, parents, or sexual partners. They may also generate signals of good health or fitness and contribute to the process of mate selection. In this review, we seek to integrate these odor-driven processes into a coherent pattern of behaviors that serve to complement the innate and adaptive immune systems. It may be considered the 'behavioral immune system'.

气味可能是令人愉快的,也可能是令人不快的,实际上,令人愉快的气味是吸引人的,而令人不快的气味是令人反感的。然而,对一个物种有害的气味可能对另一个物种有吸引力。植物、捕食者和病原体可能通过操纵这些信号来增强它们的传播。当气味吸引节肢动物疾病媒介时,这一点尤为重要。对于小型猎物来说,气味探测对于躲避大型食肉动物等大型捕食者也很重要。相反,令人愉悦的气味可以识别家庭成员、父母或性伴侣。它们也可能产生健康或适合的信号,并有助于择偶过程。在这篇综述中,我们试图将这些气味驱动的过程整合到一个连贯的行为模式中,以补充先天和适应性免疫系统。它可以被认为是“行为免疫系统”。
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引用次数: 5
Antimicrobial resistance in Mannheimia haemolytica: prevalence and impact. 溶血性曼海姆病的抗菌素耐药性:患病率和影响。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000109
Brent Credille

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in North American beef cattle. In recent years, isolation of strains of Mannheimia haemolytica that are resistant to multiple different classes of antimicrobials has become commonplace. New research would suggest that the routine use of antimicrobials by some cattle operations might be driving emerging resistance patterns, with the majority of the spread observed due to propagation of strains of M. haemolytica that have acquired integrative conjugative elements. To date, there is little information evaluating the impact of antimicrobial resistance on clinical outcome in cattle with BRD.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是北美肉牛发病和死亡的最常见原因。近年来,对多种不同种类的抗菌素具有耐药性的溶血性曼海姆病菌株的分离已经变得司空见惯。新的研究表明,某些养牛场常规使用抗菌剂可能正在推动出现耐药性模式,所观察到的大部分传播是由于已获得整合共轭因子的溶血支原体菌株的传播。迄今为止,评估抗微生物药物耐药性对BRD牛临床结果影响的信息很少。
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引用次数: 1
Pneumonia in endangered aquatic mammals and the need for developing low-coverage vaccination for their management and conservation. 濒危水生哺乳动物中的肺炎以及为其管理和保护开发低覆盖率疫苗的必要性。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-09 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000158
Ghulam Nabi, Richard W McLaughlin, Suliman Khan, Yujiang Hao, Ming Xian Chang

Anthropogenic activities can lead to several devastating effects on the environment. The pollutants, which include the discharge of effluents, runoffs in the form of different lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of pesticides, heavy metals, and other contaminants, can harm exposed fauna and flora. The aquatic environment is the ultimate destination for many pollutants which negatively affect aquatic biodiversity and even can cause a species to become extinct. A pollutant can directly affect the behavior of an animal, disrupt cellular systems, and impair the immune system. This harm can be reduced and even mitigated by adopting proper approaches for the conservation of the target biota. Among aquatic organisms, cetaceans, such as the Yangtze finless porpoise, Irrawaddy dolphin, Ganges River dolphin, Amazon River dolphin, and Indus River dolphin, are at a higher risk of extinction because of lack of knowledge and research, and thus insufficient information with respect to their conservation status, management, and policies. Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of mass mortalities of cetaceans. This article reviews the limited research reported on stress and pneumonia induced by pollution, stress-induced pneumonia and immunosuppression, pneumonia-caused mass mortalities of aquatic mammals, and vaccination in wildlife with a specific focus on aquatic mammals, the role of genomics in vaccine development and vaccination, and the major challenges in vaccine development for biodiversity conservation.

人为活动会对环境造成几种毁灭性的影响。这些污染物,包括以不同致死和亚致死浓度的农药、重金属和其他污染物形式排放的污水、径流,可以伤害暴露的动植物。水生环境是许多污染物的最终归宿,这些污染物对水生生物多样性产生负面影响,甚至可能导致一个物种灭绝。污染物可以直接影响动物的行为,破坏细胞系统,损害免疫系统。通过采取适当的方法来保护目标生物群,可以减少甚至减轻这种危害。在水生生物中,长江江豚、伊洛瓦底江豚、恒河豚、亚马逊河豚和印度河豚等鲸目动物由于缺乏相关知识和研究,以及对其保护状况、管理和政策的信息不足,面临着更高的灭绝风险。肺炎是鲸类动物大量死亡的主要原因之一。本文综述了污染引起的应激和肺炎、应激性肺炎和免疫抑制、水生哺乳动物肺炎引起的大规模死亡、野生动物疫苗接种等方面的有限研究报道,重点介绍了水生哺乳动物、基因组学在疫苗开发和疫苗接种中的作用,以及生物多样性保护疫苗开发面临的主要挑战。
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引用次数: 4
Economics of respiratory disease in dairy replacement heifers. 奶牛替代小母牛呼吸系统疾病的经济学。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000250
Michael W Overton

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a frequent disease concern in dairy cattle and is most commonly diagnosed in young dairy heifers. The impact of BRD is highly variable, depending on the accuracy and completeness of detection, effectiveness of treatment, and on-farm culling practices. Consequences include decreased rate of weight gain, a higher culling risk either as heifers or as cows, delayed age at first service, delayed age at first calving, and in some cases, lower future milk production. In this data set of 104,100 dairy replacement heifers from across the USA, 36.6% had one or more cases diagnosed within the first 120 days of age with the highest risk of new cases occurring prior to weaning. Comparison of the raising cost for heifers with BRD and those without a recorded history of BRD resulted in an estimated cost per incident case occurring in the first 120 days of age of $252 or $282, depending upon whether anticipated future milk production differences were considered or not. Current market conditions contributed to a cost estimate that is significantly higher than previously published estimates, driven in part by the losses associated with selective culling of a subset of heifers that experienced BRD.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是奶牛中一种常见的疾病,最常见于乳牛幼崽。BRD的影响变化很大,取决于检测的准确性和完整性、治疗的有效性以及农场的扑杀做法。其后果包括体重增加速度下降,无论是作为小母牛还是作为奶牛,被淘汰的风险更高,首次服务年龄延迟,首次产犊年龄延迟,在某些情况下,未来产奶量降低。在来自美国各地的104,100头奶牛替代小牛的数据集中,36.6%的母牛在头120天内诊断出一个或多个病例,在断奶前发生新病例的风险最高。将患有BRD的小母牛与没有BRD病史的小母牛的饲养成本进行比较,得出的结果是,根据是否考虑到预期的未来产奶量差异,在出生后120天内发生的每例事件的成本估计为252美元或282美元。目前的市场状况导致成本估算值大大高于之前公布的估算值,部分原因是选择性扑杀一小部分经历过BRD的小母牛造成了损失。
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引用次数: 8
Risk factors for bovine respiratory disease in beef cattle. 肉牛呼吸道疾病的危险因素。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000110
David R Smith

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading cause of death in beef calves 3 weeks of age to weaning and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in beef feeding and finishing systems. Each outbreak of respiratory disease is the result of the completion of a sufficient cause, which might have also included components of viral and bacterial pathogens, a certain state of immunity, or other component causes of respiratory disease in cattle that we fail to understand. Disease is expressed when a sufficient cause is completed. Disease events we observe, such as the occurrence of BRD, usually have relationships with risk factors that are commonly the subject of epidemiologic research and the primary subject of this paper. However, it is important to understand that underlying systems produce those relationships and, ultimately, the occurrence of disease. The risk factors for BRD include a complex set of component causes that include bacterial and viral pathogens, level of host immunity, and environmental conditions that favor pathogen transmission and stress-induced susceptibility. During the post-weaning phase, these factors are superimposed on a system of marketing, transportation, and decisions made to support economic opportunity that further increase the risk for BRD.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是3周龄至断奶的牛肉犊牛死亡的主要原因,也是牛肉饲养和育肥系统中发病率和死亡率的主要原因。每次呼吸道疾病的爆发都是一个充分原因完成的结果,其中也可能包括病毒和细菌病原体的成分,某种免疫状态,或其他我们不了解的牛呼吸道疾病的成分原因。当有充分的原因时,疾病才会表现出来。我们观察到的疾病事件,如BRD的发生,通常与危险因素有关,这些因素通常是流行病学研究的主题,也是本文的主要主题。然而,重要的是要明白,潜在的系统产生了这些关系,并最终导致了疾病的发生。BRD的危险因素包括一系列复杂的组成原因,包括细菌和病毒病原体、宿主免疫水平以及有利于病原体传播和应激诱导易感性的环境条件。在断奶后阶段,这些因素叠加在营销、运输和决策系统上,以支持进一步增加复兴开发银行风险的经济机会。
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引用次数: 7
Behavior assessment and applications for BRD diagnosis: preweaned dairy calves. 未断奶犊牛的行为评估及其BRD诊断应用。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000213
Catie Cramer, Theresa L Ollivett

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important disease in dairy calves due to its long-lasting effects. Early identification results in better outcomes for the animal, but producers struggle to identify all calves with BRD. Sickness behavior, or the behavioral changes that accompany illness, has been investigated for its usefulness as a disease detection tool. Behavioral changes associated with BRD include decreased milk intake and drinking speed, depressed attitude, and less likelihood of approaching a novel object or stationary human. Behavioral measurements are useful, as they can be collected automatically or with little financial input. However, one limitation of many BRD behavioral studies includes the use of either lung auscultation or clinical signs as reference methods, which are imperfect. Additionally, external factors may influence the expression of sickness behavior, which can affect if and when behavior can be used to identify calves with BRD. Behavioral measures available to detect BRD lack adequate sensitivity and specificity to be the sole means of disease detection, especially when detection tools, such as calf lung ultrasound, have better test characteristics. However, using behavioral assessments in addition to other detection methods can allow for a robust BRD detection program that can ameliorate the consequences of BRD.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是犊牛中一种重要的慢性疾病。早期识别可以为动物带来更好的结果,但生产者很难识别所有患有BRD的小牛。疾病行为,或伴随疾病的行为变化,已经被调查作为疾病检测工具的有用性。与BRD相关的行为变化包括牛奶摄入量和饮酒速度减少,态度抑郁,接近新物体或静止的人的可能性降低。行为测量是有用的,因为它们可以自动收集,或者只需要很少的资金投入。然而,许多BRD行为研究的一个局限性包括使用肺听诊或临床体征作为参考方法,这是不完善的。此外,外部因素可能会影响疾病行为的表达,这可能会影响行为是否以及何时可以用于识别患有BRD的小牛。可用于检测BRD的行为措施缺乏足够的敏感性和特异性,无法成为疾病检测的唯一手段,特别是当检测工具(如小牛肺超声)具有更好的检测特征时。然而,除了使用其他检测方法外,还使用行为评估可以实现稳健的BRD检测程序,从而改善BRD的后果。
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引用次数: 9
The role of the veterinary diagnostic lab in the management of BRD. 兽医诊断实验室在BRD管理中的作用。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-09 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000225
R G Helman

Veterinary diagnostic labs (VDLs) are important service agencies providing essential diagnostic testing for a wide variety of domestic animal species as well as wildlife. They serve key roles in disease monitoring and diagnosis as well as surveillance for diseases of consequence. Of the many roles VDLs serve, one is being a member of the larger team of professionals dealing with the management of the bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. VDLs provide a number of services related to the management of BRD. These include disease outbreak investigation, abnormal morbidity characterization, routine monitoring, and biosecurity screening for a variety of infectious agents via methods such as necropsy and histopathology, bacterial culture, antimicrobial sensitivity testing, virus isolation, and serological assays. VDLs continue to look for better methods and assays as instrumentation technology also grows and improves. This is reflected in the growing proliferation of molecular-based assays that provide a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Professional staff in VDLs work in collaboration with those in academia and private industry to conduct basic research focusing on a different aspect of the BRD complex. VDLs remain a primary source of the varied field-origin infectious agents associated with BRD that are used for research purposes.

兽医诊断实验室(vdl)是重要的服务机构,为各种家畜和野生动物提供必要的诊断测试。它们在疾病监测和诊断以及重大疾病监测中发挥关键作用。在vdl服务的许多角色中,其中一个角色是处理牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)复杂管理的更大专业团队的成员。vdl提供一些与复兴开发银行管理有关的服务。这些包括疾病暴发调查、异常发病率表征、常规监测以及通过尸检和组织病理学、细菌培养、抗菌药物敏感性测试、病毒分离和血清学分析等方法对各种感染因子进行生物安全筛查。随着仪器技术的发展和改进,vdl继续寻找更好的方法和分析方法。这反映在提供高度敏感性和特异性的基于分子的检测方法的日益普及上。vdl的专业人员与学术界和私营企业的人员合作开展基础研究,重点关注复兴开发银行综合体的另一个方面。vdl仍然是用于研究目的的与BRD相关的各种田间感染原的主要来源。
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引用次数: 0
Economic considerations of enhanced BRD control. 加强复兴开发银行控制的经济考虑。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000304
Derrell S Peel

Cattle producers and animal health professionals are increasingly frustrated by the inability to reduce the impacts of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Improved BRD control is difficult due to the complex nature of the disease; the complexity of cattle industry structure and function; and the imbalance of economic incentives for enhanced BRD control. Success in improving BRD control will depend on an industry-wide comprehensive effort to address lifetime animal health issues as well as correcting or offsetting imbalances in economic benefits and costs for enhanced animal health management across cattle production sectors.

由于无法减少牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)的影响,牛生产者和动物卫生专业人员越来越感到沮丧。由于该疾病的复杂性,改进BRD控制是困难的;养牛业结构与功能的复杂性;加强对复兴开发银行控制的经济激励不平衡。成功地改善BRD控制将取决于全行业的全面努力,以解决动物终身健康问题,并纠正或抵消经济效益和成本方面的不平衡,以加强牛生产部门的动物健康管理。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Animal Health Research Reviews
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