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Recent advances in the use of bacterial probiotics in animal production 在动物生产中使用细菌益生菌的最新进展
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252323000063
Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista, Jessica Audrey Feijó Corrêa, Anne Caroline Marques Schoch Pinto, Francieli Dalvana Ribeiro Gonçalves, Fernando Bittencourt Luciano

Animal husbandry is increasingly under pressure to meet world food demand. Thus, strategies are sought to ensure this productivity increment. The objective of this review was to gather advances in the use of bacterial probiotics in animal production. Lactobacilli correspond to the most used bacterial group, with several beneficial effects already reported and described, as well as the Enterococcus and Pediococcus genera – being the latter expressively used in aquaculture. Research on the Bifidobacterium genus is mostly focused on human health, which demonstrates great effects on blood biochemical parameters. Such results sustain the possibility of expanding its use in veterinary medicine. Other groups commonly assessed for human medicine but with prospective expansion to animal health are the genera Leuconostoc and Streptococcus, which have been demonstrating interesting effects on the prevention of viral diseases, and in dentistry, respectively. Although bacteria from the genera Bacillus and Lactococcus also have great potential for use in animal production, a complete characterization of the candidate strain must be previously made, due to the existence of pathogenic and/or spoilage variants. It is noteworthy that a growing number of studies have investigated the genus Propionibacterium, but still in very early stages. However, the hitherto excellent results endorse its application. In this way, in addition to the fact that bacterial probiotics represent a promising approach to promote productivity increase in animal production, the application of other strains than the traditionally employed genera may allow the exploitation of novel mechanisms and enlighten unexplored possibilities.

为满足世界粮食需求,畜牧业面临着越来越大的压力。因此,人们寻求各种策略来确保生产率的提高。本综述旨在收集在动物生产中使用细菌益生菌的进展情况。乳酸菌是使用最多的细菌群,已经报道和描述了它的一些有益作用,此外还有肠球菌属和木薯球菌属--后者在水产养殖中得到了广泛应用。对双歧杆菌属的研究主要集中在人类健康方面,研究表明它们对血液生化指标有很大影响。这些结果为扩大其在兽医学中的应用提供了可能。其他通常用于人类医学评估但有望扩展到动物健康领域的菌群有亮菌属和链球菌属,它们分别在预防病毒性疾病和牙科方面显示出有趣的效果。虽然芽孢杆菌属和乳球菌属的细菌在动物生产中也有很大的应用潜力,但由于存在致病和/或腐败变种,因此必须事先对候选菌株进行全面鉴定。值得注意的是,越来越多的研究对丙酸杆菌属进行了调查,但仍处于非常早期的阶段。不过,迄今为止取得的优异成绩证明了其应用价值。因此,除了细菌益生菌是提高畜牧业生产率的一种有前途的方法外,应用传统菌属以外的其他菌株还可以开发新的机制,启迪尚未开发的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Evidence that ectoparasites influence the hematological parameters of the host: a systematic review. 体外寄生虫影响宿主血液学参数的证据:系统综述。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252323000051
Bárbara Cristina Félix Nogueira, Elaine da Silva Soares, Andrés Mauricio Ortega Orozco, Leandro Abreu da Fonseca, Artur Kanadani Campos

Ectoparasites are important to the one health concept because their parasitism can result in the transmission of pathogens, allergic reactions, the release of toxins, morbidity, and even death of the host. Ectoparasites can affect host physiology, as reflected in immune defenses and body condition as well as hematological and biochemical parameters. Thus, evidence that ectoparasites influence host hematological parameters was systematically reviewed, and the methodological quality of these studies was analyzed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed, and the studies included were limited to those that evaluated changes in hematological tests in ectoparasite-infested and non-infested animals, and bias and methodological quality were evaluated using the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments guideline. Thirty-four studies were selected and information about the host, ectoparasite infestation, blood collection, and analysis was collected and compared whenever possible. In this review, the presence of ectoparasites influenced both the red series and the white series of hematological parameters. Among the main parameters analyzed, hematocrit, red blood cells, hemoglobin, and lymphocytes showed reductions, probably due to ectoparasite blood-feeding, while including eosinophils, neutrophils, and basophils increased in infested animals due to the host immune response. However, methodologic improvements are needed to reduce the risk of bias, enhance the reproducibility of such studies, and ensure results aligned with the mechanisms that act in the ectoparasite-host relationship.

外寄生虫对一个健康概念很重要,因为它们的寄生会导致病原体的传播、过敏反应、毒素的释放、发病甚至宿主的死亡。外寄生虫可以影响宿主的生理机能,这反映在免疫防御和身体状况以及血液学和生化参数中。因此,系统地回顾了体外寄生虫影响宿主血液学参数的证据,并分析了这些研究的方法学质量。遵循系统评价的首选报告项目和荟萃分析指南,所包括的研究仅限于评估体外寄生虫感染和未感染动物血液学测试变化的研究,并使用动物研究:体内实验报告指南评估偏倚和方法学质量。选择了34项研究,尽可能收集并比较了有关宿主、体外寄生虫感染、血液采集和分析的信息。在这篇综述中,体外寄生虫的存在影响了血液学参数的红色系列和白色系列。在分析的主要参数中,红细胞压积、红细胞、血红蛋白和淋巴细胞显示减少,可能是由于外寄生虫的血液喂养,而包括嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞在内的受感染动物由于宿主免疫反应而增加。然而,需要对方法进行改进,以降低偏倚的风险,提高此类研究的可重复性,并确保结果与体外寄生虫-宿主关系中的机制一致。
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引用次数: 0
Essential oils and essential oil compounds in animal production as antimicrobials and anthelmintics: an updated review. 动物生产中用作抗菌剂和驱虫剂的精油和精油化合物:最新综述。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252322000093
Eduardo Henrique Custódio Matté, Fernando Bittencourt Luciano, Alberto Gonçalves Evangelista

Several countries have shown an increased prevalence of drug resistance in animal production due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and antiparasitics in human and veterinary medicine. This article aims to review existing methods using naturally occurring essential oils (EOs) and their isolated compounds (EOCs) as alternatives to antimicrobials and antiparasitic compounds in animal production and, consequently, to avoid resistance. The most-reported mechanism of action of EOs and EOCs was cell membrane damage, which leads to the leakage of cytoplasmic content, increased membrane permeability, inhibition of metabolic and genetic pathways, morphologic changes, antibiofilm effects, and damage to the genetic material of infections. In parasites, anticoccidial effects, reduced motility, growth inhibition, and morphologic changes have been reported. Although these compounds regularly show a similar effect to those promoted by traditional drugs, the elucidation of their mechanisms of action is still scarce. The use of EOs and EOCs can also positively influence crucial parameters in animal production, such as body weight gain, feed conversion rate, and cholesterol reduction, which also positively impact meat quality. The application of EOs and EOCs is enhanced by their association with other natural compounds or even by the association with synthetic chemicals, which has been found to cause synergism in their antimicrobial effect. By reducing the effective therapeutical/prophylactic dose, the chances of off-flavors – the most common issue in EO and EOC application – is greatly mitigated. However, there is very little work on the combination of EOs and EOCs in large in vivo studies. In addition, research must apply the correct methodology to properly understand the observed effects; for example, the use of only high concentrations may mask potential results obtained at lower dosages. Such corrections will also allow the elucidation of finer mechanisms and promote better biotechnologic use of EOs and EOCs. This manuscript presents several information gaps to be filled before the use of EOs and EOCs are fully applicable in animal production.

由于在人类和兽医中滥用抗生素和抗寄生虫药物,一些国家的动物生产中耐药性的流行率有所上升。本文旨在综述在动物生产中使用天然精油及其分离化合物作为抗菌剂和抗寄生虫化合物的替代品的现有方法,从而避免耐药性。EOs和EOCs的作用机制最为报道的是细胞膜损伤,它导致细胞质内容物的渗漏、膜通透性的增加、代谢和遗传途径的抑制、形态学变化、抗生物膜作用以及对感染遗传物质的损伤。据报道,寄生虫具有抗球虫作用、运动能力下降、生长抑制和形态学变化。尽管这些化合物经常表现出与传统药物类似的效果,但对其作用机制的阐明仍然很少。EOs和EOCs的使用也会对动物生产中的关键参数产生积极影响,如体重增加、饲料转化率和胆固醇降低,这也会对肉质产生积极影响。EOs和EOCs与其他天然化合物的结合,甚至与合成化学物质的结合,增强了它们的应用,已经发现它们的抗菌作用具有协同作用。通过减少有效的治疗/预防剂量,可以大大降低EO和EOC应用中最常见的问题——异味的几率。然而,在大型体内研究中,关于EOs和EOCs组合的工作很少。此外,研究必须采用正确的方法来正确理解观察到的效果;例如,仅使用高浓度可能掩盖在较低剂量下获得的潜在结果。这种校正也将有助于阐明更精细的机制,并促进EOs和EOCs在生物技术上的更好应用。在EOs和EOC完全适用于动物生产之前,这份手稿提出了几个需要填补的信息空白。
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引用次数: 1
Alternatives to antibiotics in veterinary medicine: considerations for the management of Johne's disease. 兽医中抗生素的替代品:对Johne病管理的考虑。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1017/S146625232300004X
Laura M O'Connell, Aidan Coffey, Jim M O'Mahony

Antibiotic resistance has become a major health concern globally, with current predictions expecting deaths related to resistant infections to surpass those of cancer by 2050. Major efforts are being undertaken to develop derivative and novel alternatives to current antibiotic therapies in human medicine. What appears to be lacking however, are similar efforts into researching the application of those alternatives, such as (bacterio)phage therapy, in veterinary contexts. Agriculture is still undoubtedly the most prominent consumer of antibiotics, with up to 70% of annual antibiotic usage attributed to this sector, despite policies to reduce their use in food animals. This not only increases the risk of resistant infections spreading from farm to community but also the risk that animals may acquire species-specific infections that subvert treatment. While these diseases may not directly affect human welfare, they greatly affect the profit margin of industries reliant on livestock due to the cost of treatments and (more frequently) the losses associated with animal death. This means actively combatting animal infection not only benefits animal welfare but also global economies. In particular, targeting recurring or chronic conditions associated with certain livestock has the potential to greatly reduce financial losses. This can be achieved by developing novel diagnostics to quickly identify ill animals alongside the design of novel therapies. To explore this concept further, this review employs Johne's disease, a chronic gastroenteritis condition that affects ruminants, as a case study to exemplify the benefits of rapid diagnostics and effective treatment of chronic disease, with particular regard to the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of phage.

抗生素耐药性已成为全球主要的健康问题,目前的预测预计,到2050年,与耐药性感染相关的死亡人数将超过癌症。目前正在大力开发人类医学中现有抗生素疗法的衍生物和新替代品。然而,似乎缺乏的是研究这些替代品在兽医领域的应用的类似努力,如(噬菌体)噬菌体疗法。毫无疑问,农业仍然是抗生素最主要的消费者,尽管有政策减少抗生素在食用动物中的使用,但每年高达70%的抗生素使用量都属于该行业。这不仅增加了耐药性感染从农场传播到社区的风险,还增加了动物可能获得破坏治疗的物种特异性感染的风险。虽然这些疾病可能不会直接影响人类福利,但由于治疗成本和(更常见的)与动物死亡相关的损失,它们极大地影响了依赖牲畜的行业的利润率。这意味着积极抗击动物感染不仅有利于动物福利,也有利于全球经济。特别是,针对与某些牲畜相关的复发或慢性疾病,有可能大大减少经济损失。这可以通过开发新的诊断方法来实现,在设计新疗法的同时快速识别患病动物。为了进一步探索这一概念,本综述以影响反刍动物的慢性胃肠炎Johne病为例,举例说明快速诊断和有效治疗慢性病的好处,特别是噬菌体的诊断和治疗潜力。
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引用次数: 1
Applications of butyric acid in poultry production: the dynamics of gut health, performance, nutrient utilization, egg quality, and osteoporosis - CORRIGENDUM. 丁酸在家禽生产中的应用:肠道健康、性能、营养利用、鸡蛋质量和骨质疏松症的动力学-CORRIGENDUM。
IF 4.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252323000038
Mohamed T El-Saadony, Muhammad Umar Yaqoob, Faiz-Ul Hassan, Mahmoud Alagawany, Muhammad Arif, Ayman E Taha, Shaaban S Elnesr, Khaled A El-Tarabily, Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
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引用次数: 0
AHR volume 24 issue 1 Cover and Front matter AHR第24卷第1期封面和封面问题
2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252323000026
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引用次数: 0
Internal reference genes with the potential for normalizing quantitative PCR results for oral fluid specimens. 内参基因具有使口腔液标本定量PCR结果正常化的潜力。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252322000044
Ting-Yu Cheng, Jeffrey J Zimmerman, Luis G Giménez-Lirola

In basic research, testing of oral fluid specimens by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been used to evaluate changes in gene expression levels following experimental treatments. In diagnostic medicine, qPCR has been used to detect DNA/RNA transcripts indicative of bacterial or viral infections. Normalization of qPCR using endogenous and exogenous reference genes is a well-established strategy for ensuring result comparability by controlling sample-to-sample variation introduced during sampling, storage, and qPCR testing. In this review, the majority of recent publications in human (n = 136) and veterinary (n = 179) medicine did not describe the use of internal reference genes in qPCRs for oral fluid specimens (52.9% animal studies; 57.0% human studies). However, the use of endogenous reference genes has not been fully explored or validated for oral fluid specimens. The lack of valid internal reference genes inherent to the oral fluid matrix will continue to hamper the reliability, reproducibility, and generalizability of oral fluid qPCR assays until this issue is addressed.

在基础研究中,通过实时定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)检测口腔液标本已被用于评估实验治疗后基因表达水平的变化。在诊断医学中,qPCR已被用于检测指示细菌或病毒感染的DNA/RNA转录物。使用内源和外源内参基因的qPCR归一化是一种行之有效的策略,通过控制采样、储存和qPCR检测过程中引入的样本间差异来确保结果的可比性。在本综述中,大多数人类医学(n = 136)和兽医学(n = 179)的最新出版物没有描述在口腔液标本的qpcr中使用内参基因(52.9%的动物研究;57.0%人体研究)。然而,内源性内参基因在口腔液体标本中的应用尚未得到充分探索或验证。在这个问题得到解决之前,口服液基质中缺乏有效的内参基因将继续阻碍口服液qPCR检测的可靠性、可重复性和普遍性。
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引用次数: 4
Dietary fiber and its role in performance, welfare, and health of pigs. 饲粮纤维及其对猪生产性能、福利和健康的作用。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252322000081
Ł Grześkowiak, E-M Saliu, B Martínez-Vallespín, J R Aschenbach, G A Brockmann, M Fulde, S Hartmann, B Kuhla, R Lucius, C C Metges, H J Rothkötter, W Vahjen, A G Wessels, J Zentek

Dietary fiber (DF) is receiving increasing attention, and its importance in pig nutrition is now acknowledged. Although DF for pigs was frowned upon for a long time because of reductions in energy intake and digestibility of other nutrients, it has become clear that feeding DF to pigs can affect their well-being and health. This review aims to summarize the state of knowledge of studies on DF in pigs, with an emphasis on the underlying mode of action, by considering research using DF in sows as well as suckling and weaned piglets, and fattening pigs. These studies indicate that DF can benefit the digestive tracts and the health of pigs, if certain conditions or restrictions are considered, such as concentration in the feed and fermentability. Besides the chemical composition and the impact on energy and nutrient digestibility, it is also necessary to evaluate the possible physical and physiologic effects on intestinal function and intestinal microbiota, to better understand the relation of DF to animal health and welfare. Future research should be designed to provide a better mechanistic understanding of the physiologic effects of DF in pigs.

膳食纤维(DF)正受到越来越多的关注,其在猪营养中的重要性现已得到承认。虽然长期以来,由于能量摄入减少和其他营养物质的消化率降低,猪不喜欢吃DF,但很明显,给猪喂DF会影响它们的健康。本文旨在通过对DF在母猪、哺乳仔猪、断奶仔猪和育肥猪中的研究,总结DF在猪体内的研究现状,重点介绍其潜在的作用模式。这些研究表明,如果考虑一定的条件或限制,如饲料中的浓度和发酵性,DF有益于猪的消化道和健康。除了化学成分和对能量和营养物质消化率的影响外,还需要评估对肠道功能和肠道微生物群可能产生的生理和生理影响,以更好地了解DF与动物健康和福利的关系。未来的研究应旨在更好地了解DF对猪的生理影响的机制。
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引用次数: 4
Applications of butyric acid in poultry production: the dynamics of gut health, performance, nutrient utilization, egg quality, and osteoporosis. 丁酸在家禽生产中的应用:肠道健康、性能、营养利用、鸡蛋质量和骨质疏松症的动力学。
IF 4.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000220
Mohamed T El-Saadony, Muhammad Umar Yaqoob, Faiz-Ul Hassan, Mahmoud Alagawany, Muhammad Arif, Ayman E Taha, Shaaban S Elnesr, Khaled A El-Tarabily, Mohamed E Abd El-Hack

Due to the increasing demand for antibiotic-free livestock products from the consumer side and the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters, the poultry feed industry is increasingly interested in developing more alternatives to cope with this problem. Organic acids (butyric acid) have many beneficial effects on poultry health, performance, and egg quality when used in their diet, thus they can be considered for the replacement of antibiotics in livestock production systems. Butyric acid is most efficacious against pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli, and stimulates the population of beneficial gut bacteria. It is a primary energy source for colonocytes and augments the differentiation and maturation of the intestinal cells. Collectively, butyric acid should be considered as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, because it reduces pathogenic bacteria and their toxins, enhancing gut health thereby increasing nutrient digestibility, thus leading to improved growth performance and immunity among birds. The possible pathways and mechanisms through which butyric acid enhances gut health and production performance are discussed in this review. Detailed information about the use of butyric acid in poultry and its possible benefits under different conditions are also provided, and the impacts of butyric acid on egg quality and osteoporosis are noted.

由于消费者对无抗生素畜产品的需求不断增加,以及禁止使用抗生素生长促进剂,家禽饲料行业越来越有兴趣开发更多的替代品来应对这一问题。有机酸(丁酸)在其饮食中使用时对家禽的健康、性能和鸡蛋质量有许多有益影响,因此可以考虑在牲畜生产系统中取代抗生素。丁酸对沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌等致病菌最有效,并能刺激肠道有益细菌的数量。它是结肠细胞的主要能量来源,并促进肠道细胞的分化和成熟。总的来说,丁酸应该被视为抗生素生长促进剂的替代品,因为它可以减少致病菌及其毒素,增强肠道健康,从而提高营养物质的消化率,从而提高鸟类的生长性能和免疫力。本文讨论了丁酸增强肠道健康和生产性能的可能途径和机制。还提供了丁酸在家禽中的使用及其在不同条件下可能的益处的详细信息,并注意到丁酸对鸡蛋质量和骨质疏松症的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Use of antimicrobials in the treatment of calf diarrhea: a systematic review. 使用抗菌剂治疗小牛腹泻:系统综述。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252322000032
C Bernal-Córdoba, R Branco-Lopes, L Latorre-Segura, M de Barros-Abreu, E D Fausak, N Silva-Del-Río

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature evaluating the efficacy and comparative efficacy of antimicrobials (AMs) for the treatment of diarrhea in calves. Eligible studies were non- and randomized controlled trials evaluating an AM intervention against a positive and negative control, with at least one of the following outcomes: fecal consistency score, fever, dehydration, appetite, attitude, weight gain, and mortality. Four electronic databases were searched. Titles and abstracts (three reviewers) and full texts (two reviewers) were screened. A total of 2899 studies were retrieved; 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was assessed. Most studies had incomplete reporting of trial design and results. Eight studies compared AMs to a negative control (placebo or no treatment). Among eligible studies, the most common outcomes reported were diarrhea severity (n = 6) and mortality (n = 6). Eligible studies evaluated very different interventions and outcomes; thus, a meta-analysis was not performed. The risk of bias assessment revealed concerns with reporting of key trial features, including disease and outcome definitions. Insufficient evidence is available in the scientific literature to assess the efficacy of AMs in treating calf diarrhea.

本研究的目的是对科学文献进行系统综述,评估抗菌剂(AMs)治疗犊牛腹泻的疗效和比较疗效。符合条件的研究是评估AM干预对阳性和阴性对照的非随机对照试验,至少具有以下结果之一:粪便一致性评分、发烧、脱水、食欲、态度、体重增加和死亡率。检索了四个电子数据库。筛选题目、摘要(3名审稿人)和全文(2名审稿人)。共检索2899项研究;11项研究符合纳入标准。评估偏倚风险。大多数研究对试验设计和结果的报告不完整。8项研究将AMs与阴性对照(安慰剂或未治疗)进行了比较。在符合条件的研究中,最常见的结果报告是腹泻严重程度(n = 6)和死亡率(n = 6)。符合条件的研究评估了非常不同的干预措施和结果;因此,没有进行meta分析。偏倚风险评估揭示了对关键试验特征(包括疾病和结果定义)报告的关注。科学文献中没有足够的证据来评估AMs治疗小牛腹泻的疗效。
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引用次数: 0
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Animal Health Research Reviews
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