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AHR volume 23 issue 2 Cover and Front matter AHR第23卷第2期封面和封面
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252323000014
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引用次数: 0
Definition of low birth weight in domestic mammals: a scoping review. 家畜低出生体重的定义:范围综述。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S146625232200007X
Amélie Mugnier, Sylvie Chastant, Faouzi Lyazrhi, Claude Saegerman, Aurélien Grellet

In people and animals, low birth weight (LBW) is recognized as highly predictive of health trajectory from the neonatal period to elderly ages. Regarding the neonatal period, although LBW is recognized as a major risk factor for neonatal mortality, there does not appear to be a clear definition of 'when a birth weight should be considered low' in all species. The aim of this work was to use the scientific literature available to map the various thresholds proposed to define LBW in domestic mammals. Using a standardized methodology, a scoping review was conducted through a literature search in three different bibliographic databases. After a two-step screening of 1729 abstracts and full-text publications by two independent reviewers, eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Selected publications represented six mammalian species (rat, mouse, dog, pig, cow, and rabbit). Birth weight thresholds were identified through six different methods. In addition to the scarcity of scientific literature about the definition of LBW, this scoping review revealed the lack of standardization for the description, evaluation or the pertinence these definitions. Because the health consequences of LBW could be preventable, providing early identification of at-risk neonates, a consensus for the standardized definition of LBW is required.

在人和动物中,低出生体重(LBW)被认为是从新生儿期到老年健康轨迹的高度预测指标。关于新生儿期,虽然体重过轻被认为是新生儿死亡的一个主要危险因素,但对于所有物种的“何时出生体重应被认为是低的”似乎并没有一个明确的定义。这项工作的目的是利用现有的科学文献来绘制各种阈值,以定义家养哺乳动物的LBW。使用标准化的方法,通过在三个不同的书目数据库中进行文献检索来进行范围审查。经过两名独立审稿人对1729篇摘要和全文出版物的两步筛选,有11项研究符合纳入标准。所选出版物代表六种哺乳动物(大鼠、小鼠、狗、猪、牛和兔)。通过六种不同的方法确定了出生体重阈值。除了缺乏关于LBW定义的科学文献外,本次范围审查还揭示了这些定义的描述、评估或针对性缺乏标准化。由于低出生体重对健康的影响是可以预防的,只要及早发现有风险的新生儿,就需要就低出生体重的标准化定义达成共识。
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引用次数: 3
Biotherapeutic microbial supplementation for ameliorating fish health: developing trends in probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics use in finfish aquaculture. 用于改善鱼类健康的生物治疗微生物补充:在鱼类养殖中使用益生菌、益生元和合成菌的发展趋势。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000165
Parul Puri, Jai Gopal Sharma, Ram Singh

Nutrition demands in aquaculture can be realized through quality aquafeeds as compounded diets that contribute to the growth and health of aquaculture species. Functional additives in feed, notably probiotics, prebiotics, and their admixture synbiotics, have been recently recognized for their biotherapeutic role as immunostimulants capable of conferring disease resistance, stress tolerance, and gastrointestinal health; counteracting the negative effects of anti-nutrients, pathogenic prevalence, and antimicrobials in finfish aquaculture. Formulated diets based on probiotics, prebiotics, and as a supplemental combination for synbiotics can significantly influence fish gut microbiomes, establishing the modalities of microbial dynamics to maximize host-associated benefits. These microbial functional-feed supplements are acclaimed to be biocompatible, biodegradable, and safe for dietary consumption as well as the environment. In fed fish aquaculture, prebiotic appended probiotic diet 'synbiotic' has propounded larger attention for its additional health and nutritional benefits. Synbiotic, prebiotic, and probiotic usage as functional feeds for finfish aquaculture thus provides promising prospects. Developing trends in their intended application are reviewed here forth.

水产养殖的营养需求可以通过优质水产饲料作为复合饲料来实现,这些饲料有助于水产养殖物种的生长和健康。饲料中的功能性添加剂,特别是益生菌、益生元及其混合合成制剂,最近被认为具有生物治疗作用,可以作为免疫刺激剂,赋予疾病抵抗力、应激耐受性和胃肠道健康;对抗鱼类养殖中抗营养物质、致病性流行和抗菌剂的负面影响。以益生菌、益生元和合成菌为基础的配方饲料可以显著影响鱼类肠道微生物群,建立微生物动力学模式,最大限度地提高宿主相关利益。这些微生物功能饲料添加剂被认为具有生物相容性,可生物降解性,并且对饮食消费和环境安全。在喂鱼养殖中,益生元附加益生菌饲料“合成”因其额外的健康和营养效益而受到更大的关注。因此,合成菌、益生元和益生菌作为功能性饲料在鱼类养殖中具有广阔的应用前景。本文对其预期应用的发展趋势进行了评述。
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引用次数: 0
Use of cannabis in the treatment of animals: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials 使用大麻治疗动物:随机临床试验的系统回顾
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000189
T. Lima, N. R. Santiago, Elaine Cristina Ramos Alves, D. S. A. Chaves, M. B. Visacri
Abstract Cannabis is used in the treatment of several human conditions; however, its use is still less explored in veterinary medicine. This systematic review aims to summarize the evidence of efficacy and safety of the use of cannabis for the treatment of animal disease. A literature search was performed for studies published until 16 March 2021 in five databases. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that reported the efficacy or safety of cannabis in the treatment of animal disease were included. The RoB 2 Tool was used to assess the risk of bias. A total of 2427 records were identified, of which six studies fully met the eligibility criteria. RCTs were conducted in dogs with osteoarthritis (n = 4), with epilepsy (n = 1), and with behavioral disorders (n = 1). All studies used cannabidiol (CBD) oil in monotherapy or in combination with other drugs. Studies used CBD at 2 or 2.5 mg kg−1 twice daily (n = 4), orally (n = 5), during 4 or 6 weeks (n = 3), and compared CBD with placebo (n = 5). CBD significantly reduced pain and increased activity in dogs with osteoarthritis (n = 3). Moreover, CBD significantly reduced the frequency of seizures in dogs with epilepsy (n = 1) and the aggressive behavior of dogs (n = 1). Although promising results were identified, studies were heterogeneous and presented risks of bias that required caution in the interpretation of findings. Therefore, there was some evidence to support the use of CBD in dogs with osteoarthritis to reduce pain and increased activity, but limited evidence against epilepsy and behavioral problems. In addition, CBD was well tolerated with mild adverse effects. More RCTs with high quality of evidence are needed, including greater numbers of animal subjects, additional species, and clear readout measures to confirm these findings.
摘要大麻用于治疗多种人类疾病;然而,它在兽医学中的应用仍然很少被探索。本系统综述旨在总结使用大麻治疗动物疾病的有效性和安全性证据。对截至2021年3月16日在五个数据库中发表的研究进行了文献检索。随机临床试验报告了大麻治疗动物疾病的疗效或安全性。RoB2工具用于评估偏倚的风险。共确定了2427项记录,其中6项研究完全符合资格标准。随机对照试验在患有骨关节炎(n=4)、癫痫(n=1)和行为障碍(n=1。所有研究都使用大麻二酚油进行单一治疗或与其他药物联合治疗。研究使用2或2.5 mg kg−1的CBD,每天两次(n=4),口服(n=5),在4或6周内(n=3),并将CBD与安慰剂进行比较(n=5。CBD显著减轻了患有骨关节炎的狗的疼痛并增加了活动(n=3)。此外,CBD显著降低了患有癫痫的狗的癫痫发作频率(n=1)和狗的攻击性行为(n=1。尽管已经确定了有希望的结果,但研究是异质的,并且存在偏见的风险,在解释研究结果时需要谨慎。因此,有一些证据支持在患有骨关节炎的狗身上使用CBD来减轻疼痛和增加活动,但针对癫痫和行为问题的证据有限。此外,CBD耐受性良好,不良反应轻微。需要更多具有高质量证据的随机对照试验,包括更多的动物受试者、更多的物种和明确的读出措施来证实这些发现。
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引用次数: 5
A systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature on prevalence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) and virulence genes in feces, hides, and carcasses of pre- and peri-harvest cattle worldwide 对非o157产志贺毒素大肠杆菌血清群(O26、O45、O103、O111、O121和O145)和毒力基因在全球收获前和收获后牛的粪便、兽皮和尸体中的流行情况进行系统回顾和荟萃分析
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000153
Diana M. A. Dewsbury, N. Cernicchiaro, M. Sanderson, A. Dixon, P. Ekong
Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to summarize peer-reviewed literature on the prevalence and concentration of non-O157 STEC (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145) serogroups and virulence genes (stx and eae) in fecal, hide, and carcass samples in pre- and peri-harvest cattle worldwide, using a systematic review of the literature and meta-analyses. Data synthesis Seventy articles were eligible for meta-analysis inclusion; data from 65 articles were subjected to random-effects meta-analysis models to yield fecal prevalence estimates. Meta-regression models were built to explore variables contributing to the between-study heterogeneity. Results Worldwide pooled non-O157 serogroup, STEC, and EHEC fecal prevalence estimates (95% confidence interval) were 4.7% (3.4–6.3%), 0.7% (0.5–0.8%), and 1.0% (0.8–1.1%), respectively. Fecal prevalence estimates significantly differed by geographic region (P < 0.01) for each outcome classification. Meta-regression analyses identified region, cattle type, and specimen type as factors that contribute to heterogeneity for worldwide fecal prevalence estimates. Conclusions The prevalence of these global foodborne pathogens in the cattle reservoir is widespread and highly variable by region. The scarcity of prevalence and concentration data for hide and carcass matrices identifies a large data gap in the literature as these are the closest proxies for potential beef contamination at harvest.
摘要目的本研究的目的是通过对文献和荟萃分析的系统回顾,总结世界范围内采前和围采期牛粪便、皮和胴体样本中非O157 STEC(O26、O45、O103、O111、O121和O145)血清群和毒力基因(stx和eae)的流行率和浓度的同行评审文献。数据综合70篇文章符合纳入荟萃分析的条件;对65篇文章的数据进行随机效应荟萃分析模型,得出粪便流行率估计值。建立了元回归模型来探索导致研究之间异质性的变量。结果全球非O157血清群、STEC和肠出血性大肠杆菌粪便流行率估计值(95%置信区间)分别为4.7%(3.4-6.3%)、0.7%(0.5-0.8%)和1.0%(0.8-1.1%)。每个结果分类的粪便患病率估计值因地理区域而异(P<0.01)。荟萃回归分析确定,区域、牛类型和标本类型是导致全球粪便流行率估计异质性的因素。结论这些全球食源性病原体在牛库中的流行率是广泛的,并且因地区而异。由于缺乏皮和胴体基质的流行率和浓度数据,文献中存在很大的数据差距,因为这些数据最接近于牛肉收获时潜在污染的指标。
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引用次数: 2
The livestock farming digital transformation: implementation of new and emerging technologies using artificial intelligence 畜牧业数字化转型:利用人工智能实施新兴技术
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000177
S. Fuentes, Claudia Gonzalez Viejo, E. Tongson, F. Dunshea
Abstract Livestock welfare assessment helps monitor animal health status to maintain productivity, identify injuries and stress, and avoid deterioration. It has also become an important marketing strategy since it increases consumer pressure for a more humane transformation in animal treatment. Common visual welfare practices by professionals and veterinarians may be subjective and cost-prohibitive, requiring trained personnel. Recent advances in remote sensing, computer vision, and artificial intelligence (AI) have helped developing new and emerging technologies for livestock biometrics to extract key physiological parameters associated with animal welfare. This review discusses the livestock farming digital transformation by describing (i) biometric techniques for health and welfare assessment, (ii) livestock identification for traceability and (iii) machine and deep learning application in livestock to address complex problems. This review also includes a critical assessment of these topics and research done so far, proposing future steps for the deployment of AI models in commercial farms. Most studies focused on model development without applications or deployment for the industry. Furthermore, reported biometric methods, accuracy, and machine learning approaches presented some inconsistencies that hinder validation. Therefore, it is required to develop more efficient, non-contact and reliable methods based on AI to assess livestock health, welfare, and productivity.
摘要牲畜福利评估有助于监测动物健康状况,以保持生产力,识别伤害和压力,避免恶化。它也成为一种重要的营销策略,因为它增加了消费者对动物治疗进行更人性化转变的压力。专业人员和兽医的常见视觉福利做法可能是主观的,成本高昂,需要训练有素的人员。遥感、计算机视觉和人工智能(AI)的最新进展有助于开发牲畜生物识别的新兴技术,以提取与动物福利相关的关键生理参数。这篇综述通过描述(i)用于健康和福利评估的生物识别技术,(ii)用于可追溯性的牲畜识别,以及(iii)机器和深度学习在牲畜中的应用来解决复杂问题,从而讨论畜牧业的数字化转型。这篇综述还包括对这些主题和迄今为止所做研究的批判性评估,提出了在商业农场部署人工智能模型的未来步骤。大多数研究都集中在没有应用程序或行业部署的模型开发上。此外,报告的生物特征方法、准确性和机器学习方法存在一些不一致性,阻碍了验证。因此,需要开发基于人工智能的更高效、非接触和可靠的方法来评估牲畜的健康、福利和生产力。
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引用次数: 13
AHR volume 23 issue 1 Cover and Front matter AHR第23卷第1期封面和封面
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252322000056
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引用次数: 0
Proposed multidimensional pain outcome methodology to demonstrate analgesic drug efficacy and facilitate future drug approval for piglet castration. 提出多维疼痛结果方法学,以证明镇痛药物的疗效和促进未来的药物批准仔猪阉割。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-12-01 Epub Date: 2021-12-03 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000141
Angela Baysinger, Sherrie R Webb, Jennifer Brown, Johann F Coetzee, Sara Crawford, Ashley DeDecker, Locke A Karriker, Monique Pairis-Garcia, Mhairi A Sutherland, Abbie V Viscardi

Castration of male piglets in the United States is conducted without analgesics because no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved products are labeled for pain control in swine. The absence of approved products is primarily due to a wide variation in how pain is measured in suckling piglets and the lack of validated pain-specific outcomes individually indistinct from other biological responses, such as general stress or inflammation responses with cortisol. Simply put, to measure pain mitigation, measurement of pain must be specific, quantifiable, and defined. Therefore, given the need for mitigating castration pain, a consortium of researchers, veterinarians, industry, and regulatory agencies was formed to identify potential animal-based outcomes and develop a methodology, based on the known scientific research, to measure pain and the efficacy of mitigation strategies. The outcome-based measures included physiological, neuroendocrine, behavioral, and production parameters. Ultimately, this consortium aims to provide a validated multimodal methodology to demonstrate analgesic drug efficacy for piglet castration.Measurable outcomes were selected based on published studies suggesting their validity, reliability, and sensitivity for the direct or indirect measurement of pain associated with surgical castration in piglets. Outcomes to be considered are observation of pain behaviors (i.e. ethogram defined behaviors and piglet grimace scale), gait parameters measured with a pressure mat, infrared thermography of skin temperature of the cranium and periphery of the eye, and blood biomarkers. Other measures include body weight and mortality rate.This standardized measurement of the outcome variable's primary goal is to facilitate consistency and rigor by developing a research methodology utilizing endpoints that are well-defined and reliably measure pain in piglets. The resulting methodology will facilitate and guide the evaluation of the effectiveness of comprehensive analgesic interventions for 3- to 5-day-old piglets following surgical castration.

在美国,雄性仔猪的阉割是在没有止痛药的情况下进行的,因为没有食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准的产品被标记为猪的疼痛控制。缺乏批准的产品主要是由于在哺乳仔猪中测量疼痛的方法存在很大差异,并且缺乏与其他生物反应(如一般应激或皮质醇的炎症反应)不同的经过验证的疼痛特异性结果。简单地说,为了测量疼痛缓解,疼痛的测量必须是具体的、可量化的和明确的。因此,考虑到减轻阉割疼痛的必要性,一个由研究人员、兽医、工业界和监管机构组成的联盟成立了,以确定潜在的动物基础结果,并根据已知的科学研究制定一种方法,以衡量疼痛和缓解策略的有效性。基于结果的测量包括生理、神经内分泌、行为和生产参数。最终,该联盟旨在提供一种有效的多模式方法来证明镇痛药物对仔猪阉割的疗效。可测量的结果是根据已发表的研究结果来选择的,这些研究表明它们的有效性、可靠性和敏感性,可以直接或间接测量仔猪手术阉割相关的疼痛。要考虑的结果是观察疼痛行为(即心电图定义的行为和仔猪鬼脸量表),用压力垫测量的步态参数,头盖骨和眼睛周围皮肤温度的红外热像仪,以及血液生物标志物。其他指标包括体重和死亡率。这种结果变量的标准化测量的主要目标是通过开发一种利用定义明确且可靠地测量仔猪疼痛的终点的研究方法来促进一致性和严密性。由此产生的方法将有助于和指导评估手术阉割后3- 5日龄仔猪综合镇痛干预措施的有效性。
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引用次数: 10
Control programs for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in European countries: an overview. 传染性牛鼻气管炎(IBR)在欧洲国家的控制方案:概述。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252321000116
Carmen Iscaro, Valentina Cambiotti, Stefano Petrini, Francesco Feliziani

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), is a disease of cattle responsible for significant economic losses worldwide. IBR is under certain communitarian regulations. Every member state can approve its own national IBR control program for the entire territory - or part of it - and can demand additional guarantees for bovids destined to its territory; therefore, every member state can be officially declared as entirely or partly IBR-free. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of IBR control and eradication programs in European countries. BoHV-1 control schemes were first introduced in the late 1970s, mainly in Northern and Central Europe. Depending on the seroprevalence rate, control strategies rely on identification and removal of seropositive animals or the use of glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted marker vaccines in infected herds. The implementation of a novel law for disease eradication at the EU level and of a European IBR data flow could make the goal of IBR eradication in all European countries easier to achieve.

由牛甲疱疹病毒1型(BoHV-1)引起的传染性牛鼻气管炎(IBR)是一种在世界范围内造成重大经济损失的牛病。IBR在一定的社区规则下。每个成员国都可以批准本国整个领土或部分领土的IBR控制计划,并可以要求对运往其领土的牲畜提供额外保证;因此,每个成员国都可以正式宣布完全或部分不存在国际复兴开发银行。本综述的目的是提供欧洲国家IBR控制和根除计划的概述。BoHV-1控制方案在1970年代末首次引入,主要在北欧和中欧。根据血清阳性率,控制策略依赖于鉴定和去除血清阳性动物或在感染畜群中使用糖蛋白E (gE)缺失标记疫苗。在欧盟一级实施一项新的消灭疾病法和欧洲IBR数据流,可使在所有欧洲国家消灭IBR的目标更容易实现。
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引用次数: 12
Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review of pathogenesis, immune responses and prevention, focusing on probiotics and vaccination. 鸡坏死性肠炎:发病机制、免疫反应和预防的综述,重点是益生菌和疫苗接种。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S146625232100013X
Mohammadali Alizadeh, Bahram Shojadoost, Nitish Boodhoo, Jake Astill, Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz, Douglas C Hodgins, Raveendra R Kulkarni, Shayan Sharif

Necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is one of the most common of poultry diseases, causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of NE in chickens and of the interaction of CP with the host immune system. The roles of management, nutrition, probiotics, and vaccination in reducing the incidence and severity of NE in poultry flocks are also discussed.

由产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens, CP)引起的坏死性肠炎(Necrotic enteritis, NE)是最常见的家禽疾病之一,给家禽业造成了巨大的经济损失。本文综述了NE在鸡中的发病机制以及CP与宿主免疫系统的相互作用。本文还讨论了管理、营养、益生菌和疫苗接种在降低禽群NE发病率和严重程度方面的作用。
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引用次数: 17
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Animal Health Research Reviews
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