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Development and application of molecular diagnostics and proteomics to bovine respiratory disease (BRD). 牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)分子诊断和蛋白质组学研究进展及应用
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000092
John Dustin Loy

Advances in molecular and proteomic technologies and methods have enabled new diagnostic tools for bovine respiratory pathogens that are high-throughput, rapid, and extremely sensitive. Classically, diagnostic testing for these pathogens required culture-based approaches that required days to weeks and highly trained technical staff to conduct. However, new advances such as multiplex hydrolysis probe-based real-time PCR technology have enabled enhanced and rapid detection of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) pathogens in a variety of clinical specimens. These tools provide many advantages and have shown superiority over culture for co-infections/co-detections where multiple pathogens are present. Additionally, the integration of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MS) into veterinary diagnostic labs has revolutionized the ability to rapidly identify bacterial pathogens associated with BRD. Recent applications of this technology include the ability to type these opportunistic pathogens to the sub-species level (specifically Mannheimia haemolytica) using MS-based biomarkers, to allow for the identification of bacterial genotypes associated with BRD versus genotypes that are more likely to be commensal in nature.

分子和蛋白质组学技术和方法的进步使新的高通量、快速和极其敏感的牛呼吸道病原体诊断工具成为可能。通常,对这些病原体的诊断测试需要基于培养的方法,需要几天到几周的时间和训练有素的技术人员来进行。然而,新的进展,如基于多重水解探针的实时PCR技术,使得在各种临床标本中增强和快速检测牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)病原体成为可能。这些工具提供了许多优点,并且在存在多种病原体的共同感染/共同检测中显示出优于培养的优势。此外,将基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MS)整合到兽医诊断实验室,已经彻底改变了快速识别与BRD相关的细菌病原体的能力。该技术最近的应用包括使用基于质谱的生物标记物将这些机会性病原体分型到亚种水平(特别是溶血性曼海姆氏病),从而允许鉴定与BRD相关的细菌基因型与更可能在本质上共生的基因型。
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引用次数: 0
The role of the bovine respiratory bacterial microbiota in health and disease. 牛呼吸道细菌微生物群在健康和疾病中的作用。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000316
Trevor W Alexander, Edouard Timsit, Samat Amat

Increased antimicrobial resistance in bovine respiratory bacterial pathogens poses a threat to the effective control and prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). As part of continued efforts to develop antimicrobial alternatives to mitigate BRD, the microbial community residing within the respiratory tract of feedlot cattle has been increasingly studied using next-generation sequencing technologies. The mucosal surfaces of upper and lower respiratory tracts of cattle are colonized by a diverse and dynamic microbiota encompassing commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic bacteria. While a direct causal relationship between respiratory microbiota and the development of BRD in feedlot cattle has not been fully elucidated, increasing evidence suggests that the microbiota contributes to respiratory health by providing colonization resistance against pathogens and maintaining homeostasis. Certain management practices such as weaning, transportation, feed transition, and antibiotic application can disrupt the respiratory microbiota, potentially altering pathogen colonization. Microbiota-based approaches, including bacterial therapeutics that target restoring the normal respiratory microbiota, may provide new methods for mitigating BRD in feedlot cattle in place of antibiotics. In addition, the distinct bacterial respiratory microbial communities observed in BRD-affected and healthy feedlot cattle may allow for future application of microbiota-based techniques used in the diagnosis of BRD.

牛呼吸道细菌病原体耐药性的增加对牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)的有效控制和预防构成威胁。作为开发抗微生物替代品以减轻BRD的持续努力的一部分,使用下一代测序技术对饲养场牛呼吸道内的微生物群落进行了越来越多的研究。牛的上呼吸道和下呼吸道的粘膜表面是由多种多样和动态的微生物群定植的,包括共生菌、共生菌和致病菌。虽然饲养场牛的呼吸微生物群与BRD发展之间的直接因果关系尚未完全阐明,但越来越多的证据表明,微生物群通过提供对病原体的定植抗性和维持体内平衡来促进呼吸健康。某些管理措施,如断奶、运输、饲料转换和抗生素应用,可能会破坏呼吸道微生物群,潜在地改变病原体的定植。基于微生物群的方法,包括以恢复正常呼吸道微生物群为目标的细菌疗法,可能为减轻饲养场牛的BRD提供替代抗生素的新方法。此外,在受BRD影响的和健康的饲养场牛中观察到的不同的细菌呼吸微生物群落可能允许在未来应用基于微生物群的技术来诊断BRD。
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引用次数: 6
Pharmacological considerations of antibiotic failures in bovine respiratory disease cases. 牛呼吸道疾病病例中抗生素失效的药理学考虑。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000122
Brian V Lubbers

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most common indications for antimicrobial therapy in beef cattle production and research trials demonstrate that antibiotic therapy greatly improves clinical outcome for BRD. These trials also show that BRD treatment success rates are less than 100% and that there are opportunities to optimize antimicrobial prescribing and improve clinical outcomes if the underlying cause(s) of BRD treatment failures can be identified and addressed. As the etiology of BRD in an individual animal is frequently multi-factorial in nature; it is likely that BRD treatment failures also result from complex interactions between the drug, drug administrator, animal host, pathogens, and the environment. This review will focus specifically on the pharmacological aspects, specifically the interactions between the host and the drug and the drug and the drug administrator, of BRD treatment failures and the actions that veterinary practitioners can take to investigate and mitigate therapeutic failures in future cases.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是肉牛生产中最常见的抗微生物治疗适应症之一,研究试验表明,抗生素治疗可大大改善BRD的临床结果。这些试验还表明,BRD治疗成功率低于100%,如果能够确定和解决BRD治疗失败的根本原因,就有机会优化抗菌药物处方并改善临床结果。由于动物个体BRD的病因通常是多因素的;BRD治疗失败也可能是药物、药物管理者、动物宿主、病原体和环境之间复杂的相互作用造成的。这篇综述将特别关注BRD治疗失败的药理学方面,特别是宿主与药物、药物与药物管理者之间的相互作用,以及兽医从业者在未来病例中可以采取的调查和减轻治疗失败的行动。
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引用次数: 0
Components of a risk assessment tool for prevention and control of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned dairy calves. 预防和控制未断奶犊牛呼吸道疾病风险评估工具的组成部分。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000201
Sharif S Aly, Betsy M Karle, Deniece R Williams, Gabriele U Maier, Sasha Dubrovsky

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the leading natural cause of death in US beef and dairy cattle, causing the annual loss of more than 1 million animals and financial losses in excess of $700 million. The multiple etiologies of BRD and its complex web of risk factors necessitate a herd-specific intervention plan for its prevention and control on dairies. Hence, a risk assessment is an important tool that producers and veterinarians can utilize for a comprehensive assessment of the management and host factors that predispose calves to BRD. The current study identifies the steps taken to develop the first BRD risk assessment tool and its components, namely the BRD risk factor questionnaire, the BRD scoring system, and a herd-specific BRD control and prevention plan. The risk factor questionnaire was designed to inquire on aspects of calf-rearing including management practices that affect calf health generally, and BRD specifically. The risk scores associated with each risk factor investigated in the questionnaire were estimated based on data from two observational studies. Producers can also estimate the prevalence of BRD in their calf herds using a smart phone or tablet application that facilitates selection of a true random sample of calves for scoring using the California BRD scoring system. Based on the risk factors identified, producers and herd veterinarians can then decide the management changes needed to mitigate the calf herd's risk for BRD. A follow-up risk assessment after a duration of time sufficient for exposure of a new cohort of calves to the management changes introduced in response to the risk assessment is recommended to monitor the prevalence of BRD.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)是导致美国牛肉和奶牛死亡的主要自然原因,每年造成100多万头牛死亡,经济损失超过7亿美元。BRD的多种病因及其复杂的风险因素网络需要针对奶牛群体的干预计划进行预防和控制。因此,风险评估是一个重要的工具,生产者和兽医可以利用它来全面评估使小牛易患BRD的管理和宿主因素。本研究确定了开发首个BRD风险评估工具及其组成部分所采取的步骤,即BRD风险因素问卷、BRD评分系统和针对特定畜群的BRD控制和预防计划。设计风险因素问卷调查的目的是询问犊牛饲养的各个方面,包括影响犊牛健康的管理做法,特别是BRD。与问卷中调查的每个风险因素相关的风险评分是根据两项观察性研究的数据估计的。生产者还可以使用智能手机或平板电脑应用程序估计其小牛群中BRD的流行程度,该应用程序有助于选择真正随机的小牛样本,使用加州BRD评分系统进行评分。根据确定的风险因素,生产者和兽群兽医可以决定所需的管理变革,以减轻小牛群患BRD的风险。建议在一段足够长的时间后,对一组新的小牛进行随访风险评估,以使其接触到因风险评估而引起的管理变化,以监测BRD的流行情况。
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引用次数: 2
BRD treatment failure: clinical and pathologic considerations. BRD治疗失败:临床和病理考虑。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000328
T L Ollivett

In cattle treated for respiratory disease, resolution of clinical signs has been the mainstay of determining treatment response and treatment efficacy. Through the use of calf lung ultrasound, we have found that pneumonia can persist or recur in the face of antibiotic therapy, despite improved clinical signs, leading to greater risk of clinical disease and more antibiotic use in the future. This review will discuss the pros and cons of using clinical signs to define resolution of disease and discuss how to implement lung ultrasound to improve our ability to accurately measure the impact of antibiotic therapy in cattle with respiratory disease.

在治疗呼吸道疾病的牛中,临床症状的消退一直是确定治疗反应和治疗效果的主要因素。通过使用小牛肺超声,我们发现肺炎在面对抗生素治疗时,尽管临床症状有所改善,但仍可能持续存在或复发,从而导致临床疾病的风险更大,未来抗生素的使用也更多。本文将讨论使用临床体征来确定疾病消退的利弊,并讨论如何实施肺部超声来提高我们准确测量抗生素治疗对呼吸道疾病牛的影响的能力。
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引用次数: 5
Improving resistance of cattle to BRD through genomics. 通过基因组学提高牛对BRD的抗性。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000171
Kristen L Parker Gaddis

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is of considerable economic importance to the dairy industry, specifically among young animals. Several studies have demonstrated that BRD has a significant genetic component, with heritabilities ranging from 0.04 up to 0.22, which could be utilized to select more resistant animals. Taking advantage of available genomic data will allow more accurate genetic predictions to be made earlier in an animal's life. The availability of genomic data does not negate the necessity of quality phenotypes, in this case, records of BRD incidence. Evidence has shown that genetic selection is possible through the use of producer-recorded health information. The national dairy cooperator database currently has minimal records on respiratory problems. There is an existing pipeline for these data to flow from events recorded by producers on the farm to the national database used for genetic evaluation. Additional data could also be collected through the expansion of currently utilized termination codes and used in conjunction with the records of direct health events. Selection for animals with improved BRD resistance is possible at the national level; however, collection of additional phenotypes remains a significant hurdle.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)对乳制品行业具有相当大的经济重要性,特别是在幼畜中。一些研究表明,BRD具有显著的遗传成分,遗传力从0.04到0.22不等,可用于选择更具抗性的动物。利用现有的基因组数据,可以在动物生命的早期做出更准确的基因预测。基因组数据的可用性并不否定高质量表型的必要性,在这种情况下,BRD发病率的记录。有证据表明,通过使用生产者记录的健康信息进行遗传选择是可能的。目前,国家乳制品合作数据库中关于呼吸道疾病的记录很少。现有的管道可以使这些数据从养殖场生产者记录的事件流向用于遗传评估的国家数据库。还可以通过扩大目前使用的终止代码收集更多数据,并与直接健康事件的记录一起使用。有可能在国家一级选择具有改良BRD抗性的动物;然而,额外表型的收集仍然是一个重大障碍。
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引用次数: 2
Evaluating farm-level livestock interventions in low-income countries: a scoping review of what works, how, and why. 评估低收入国家农场一级的牲畜干预措施:对有效措施、方式和原因的范围审查。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000146
Johanna F Lindahl, Florence Mutua, Delia Grace

Livestock interventions can improve nutrition, health, and economic well-being of communities. The objectives of this review were to identify and characterize livestock interventions in developing countries and to assess their effectiveness in achieving development outcomes. A scoping review, guided by a search strategy, was conducted. Papers needed to be written in English, published in peer-reviewed journals, and describe interventions in animal health and production. Out of 2739 publications systematically screened at the title, abstract, and full publication levels, 70 met our inclusion criteria and were considered in the study. Eight relatively high-quality papers were identified and added, resulting in 78 reviewed publications. Only 15 studies used randomized controlled trial designs making it possible to confidently link interventions with the resulting outcomes. Eight studies had human nutrition or health as outcomes, 11 focused on disease control, and four were on livestock production. Eight interventions were considered successful, but only four were scalable. We found good evidence that livestock-transfer programs, leveraging livestock products for nutrition, and helping farmers manage priority diseases, can improve human well-being. Our report highlights challenges in garnering evidence for livestock interventions in developing countries and provides suggestions on how to improve the quantity and quality of future evaluations.

牲畜干预可以改善社区的营养、健康和经济福祉。本次审查的目的是确定和描述发展中国家的牲畜干预措施,并评估其在实现发展成果方面的有效性。在搜索策略的指导下进行了范围审查。论文需要用英文撰写,发表在同行评议的期刊上,并描述对动物健康和生产的干预措施。在2739篇按标题、摘要和全文进行系统筛选的出版物中,有70篇符合我们的纳入标准,被纳入本研究。确定并添加了8篇相对高质量的论文,共审阅了78篇论文。只有15项研究使用了随机对照试验设计,这使得可以自信地将干预措施与结果联系起来。8项研究的结果是人类营养或健康,11项研究的重点是疾病控制,4项研究的重点是牲畜生产。8项干预措施被认为是成功的,但只有4项是可扩展的。我们发现了充分的证据,表明牲畜转移项目、利用牲畜产品获取营养、帮助农民管理重点疾病,能够改善人类福祉。我们的报告强调了在发展中国家为牲畜干预措施收集证据方面面临的挑战,并就如何提高未来评估的数量和质量提出了建议。
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引用次数: 3
Food for thought: nano-selenium in poultry nutrition and health. 思考食物:家禽营养与健康中的纳米硒。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000183
Peter F Surai, Ivan I Kochish

In recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, shapes, and unique intrinsic physicochemical properties. In particular for the last 5 years, nano-Se has received tremendous attention in terms of its production, characteristic, and possible application for poultry/animal science and medical sciences. Indeed, Nano-Se is shown to be a potential source of Se for poultry/animal nutrition. However, there is an urgent need to address the questions related to nano-Se absorption, assimilation, and metabolism. It is not clear at present if major biological effects of nano-Se are due to Se-protein synthesis, direct antioxidant/prooxidant effects, or both. It is necessary to understand how metallic nano-Se can be converted into H2Se and further to SeCys to be incorporated into selenoproteins. The aforementioned issues must be resolved before nano-Se finds its way to animal/poultry production as a feed supplement and clearly this subject warrants further investigation.

近年来,纳米颗粒因其尺寸、形状和独特的内在物理化学性质而成为研究的热门课题。特别是在过去的5年里,纳米硒在其生产、特性以及在家禽/动物科学和医学上的可能应用方面受到了极大的关注。事实上,纳米硒被证明是家禽/动物营养硒的潜在来源。然而,纳米硒的吸收、同化和代谢等相关问题亟待解决。目前尚不清楚纳米硒的主要生物学效应是由于硒蛋白的合成,还是直接的抗氧化/促氧化作用,还是两者兼而有之。有必要了解金属纳米硒如何转化为H2Se并进一步转化为SeCys以结合到硒蛋白中。在纳米硒作为饲料添加剂用于动物/家禽生产之前,上述问题必须得到解决,显然,这一主题值得进一步研究。
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引用次数: 11
Generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature: methodological and epidemiological considerations. 野鸟文献中流行率估计的普遍性和可比性:方法学和流行病学考虑。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-02-18 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000043
Nadine A Vogt, Christian P G Stevens, David L Pearl, Eduardo N Taboada, Claire M Jardine

Wild birds have been the focus of a great deal of research investigating the epidemiology of zoonotic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in the environment. While enteric pathogens (e.g. Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7) and antimicrobial resistant bacteria of public health importance have been isolated from a wide variety of wild bird species, there is a considerable variation in the measured prevalence of a given microorganism from different studies. This variation may often reflect differences in certain ecological and biological factors such as feeding habits and immune status. Variation in prevalence estimates may also reflect differences in sample collection and processing methods, along with a host of epidemiological inputs related to overall study design. Because the generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature are constrained by their methodological and epidemiological underpinnings, understanding them is crucial to the accurate interpretation of prevalence estimates. The main purpose of this review is to examine methodological and epidemiological inputs to prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature that have a major bearing on their generalizability and comparability. The inputs examined here include sample type, microbiological methods, study design, bias, sample size, definitions of prevalence outcomes and parameters, and control of clustering. The issues raised in this review suggest, among other things, that future prevalence studies of wild birds should avoid opportunistic sampling when possible, as this places significant limitations on the generalizability of prevalence data.

野生鸟类一直是研究人畜共患细菌流行病学和环境中抗菌素耐药性的大量研究的焦点。虽然肠道病原体(如弯曲杆菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌O157:H7)和具有公共卫生重要性的抗微生物药物耐药性细菌已从多种野生鸟类物种中分离出来,但不同研究中测量的特定微生物的流行率存在相当大的差异。这种差异往往反映了某些生态和生物因素的差异,如摄食习惯和免疫状况。流行率估计值的差异也可能反映了样本收集和处理方法的差异,以及与总体研究设计相关的大量流行病学输入。由于野生鸟类文献中患病率估计的普遍性和可比性受到其方法学和流行病学基础的限制,因此了解它们对于准确解释患病率估计至关重要。本综述的主要目的是检查方法和流行病学输入的流行病学估计在野生鸟类文献中,对其普遍性和可比性有重大影响。这里检查的输入包括样本类型、微生物学方法、研究设计、偏倚、样本量、流行结果和参数的定义以及聚类控制。本综述中提出的问题表明,除其他事项外,未来对野生鸟类的流行病学研究应尽可能避免机会性抽样,因为这对流行病学数据的普遍性造成了重大限制。
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引用次数: 8
A review of strategies to impact swine feed biosecurity. 影响猪饲料生物安全的策略综述。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-09-07 DOI: 10.1017/S146625231900015X
Savannah C Stewart, Steve S Dritz, Jason C Woodworth, Chad Paulk, Cassandra K Jones

Global pork production has largely adopted on-farm biosecurity to minimize vectors of disease transmission and protect swine health. Feed and ingredients were not originally thought to be substantial vectors, but recent incidents have demonstrated their ability to harbor disease. The objective of this paper is to review the potential role of swine feed as a disease vector and describe biosecurity measures that have been evaluated as a way of maintaining swine health. Recent research has demonstrated that viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and African Swine Fever Virus can survive conditions of transboundary shipment in soybean meal, lysine, and complete feed, and contaminated feed can cause animal illness. Recent research has focused on potential methods of preventing feed-based pathogens from infecting pigs, including prevention of entry to the feed system, mitigation by thermal processing, or decontamination by chemical additives. Strategies have been designed to understand the spread of pathogens throughout the feed manufacturing environment, including potential batch-to-batch carryover, thus reducing transmission risk. In summary, the focus on feed biosecurity in recent years is warranted, but additional research is needed to further understand the risk and identify cost-effective approaches to maintain feed biosecurity as a way of protecting swine health.

全球猪肉生产在很大程度上采用了农场生物安全措施,以最大限度地减少疾病传播媒介并保护猪的健康。饲料和配料最初并不被认为是重要的病媒,但最近的事件表明它们有能力窝藏疾病。本文的目的是回顾猪饲料作为疾病媒介的潜在作用,并描述已被评估为维持猪健康的一种方法的生物安全措施。最近的研究表明,猪流行性腹泻病毒和非洲猪瘟病毒等病毒可以在豆粕、赖氨酸和全饲料的跨境运输条件下存活,而受污染的饲料可引起动物疾病。最近的研究集中在防止饲料病原体感染猪的潜在方法上,包括防止进入饲料系统,通过热加工或化学添加剂去污染来缓解。已经制定了战略,以了解病原体在整个饲料生产环境中的传播情况,包括潜在的批次到批次的结转,从而降低传播风险。综上所述,近年来对饲料生物安全的关注是有必要的,但需要进一步的研究来进一步了解风险,并确定维持饲料生物安全作为保护猪健康的一种经济有效的方法。
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引用次数: 8
期刊
Animal Health Research Reviews
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