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The role of the bovine respiratory bacterial microbiota in health and disease. 牛呼吸道细菌微生物群在健康和疾病中的作用。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000316
Trevor W Alexander, Edouard Timsit, Samat Amat

Increased antimicrobial resistance in bovine respiratory bacterial pathogens poses a threat to the effective control and prevention of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). As part of continued efforts to develop antimicrobial alternatives to mitigate BRD, the microbial community residing within the respiratory tract of feedlot cattle has been increasingly studied using next-generation sequencing technologies. The mucosal surfaces of upper and lower respiratory tracts of cattle are colonized by a diverse and dynamic microbiota encompassing commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic bacteria. While a direct causal relationship between respiratory microbiota and the development of BRD in feedlot cattle has not been fully elucidated, increasing evidence suggests that the microbiota contributes to respiratory health by providing colonization resistance against pathogens and maintaining homeostasis. Certain management practices such as weaning, transportation, feed transition, and antibiotic application can disrupt the respiratory microbiota, potentially altering pathogen colonization. Microbiota-based approaches, including bacterial therapeutics that target restoring the normal respiratory microbiota, may provide new methods for mitigating BRD in feedlot cattle in place of antibiotics. In addition, the distinct bacterial respiratory microbial communities observed in BRD-affected and healthy feedlot cattle may allow for future application of microbiota-based techniques used in the diagnosis of BRD.

牛呼吸道细菌病原体耐药性的增加对牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)的有效控制和预防构成威胁。作为开发抗微生物替代品以减轻BRD的持续努力的一部分,使用下一代测序技术对饲养场牛呼吸道内的微生物群落进行了越来越多的研究。牛的上呼吸道和下呼吸道的粘膜表面是由多种多样和动态的微生物群定植的,包括共生菌、共生菌和致病菌。虽然饲养场牛的呼吸微生物群与BRD发展之间的直接因果关系尚未完全阐明,但越来越多的证据表明,微生物群通过提供对病原体的定植抗性和维持体内平衡来促进呼吸健康。某些管理措施,如断奶、运输、饲料转换和抗生素应用,可能会破坏呼吸道微生物群,潜在地改变病原体的定植。基于微生物群的方法,包括以恢复正常呼吸道微生物群为目标的细菌疗法,可能为减轻饲养场牛的BRD提供替代抗生素的新方法。此外,在受BRD影响的和健康的饲养场牛中观察到的不同的细菌呼吸微生物群落可能允许在未来应用基于微生物群的技术来诊断BRD。
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引用次数: 6
BRD treatment failure: clinical and pathologic considerations. BRD治疗失败:临床和病理考虑。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000328
T L Ollivett

In cattle treated for respiratory disease, resolution of clinical signs has been the mainstay of determining treatment response and treatment efficacy. Through the use of calf lung ultrasound, we have found that pneumonia can persist or recur in the face of antibiotic therapy, despite improved clinical signs, leading to greater risk of clinical disease and more antibiotic use in the future. This review will discuss the pros and cons of using clinical signs to define resolution of disease and discuss how to implement lung ultrasound to improve our ability to accurately measure the impact of antibiotic therapy in cattle with respiratory disease.

在治疗呼吸道疾病的牛中,临床症状的消退一直是确定治疗反应和治疗效果的主要因素。通过使用小牛肺超声,我们发现肺炎在面对抗生素治疗时,尽管临床症状有所改善,但仍可能持续存在或复发,从而导致临床疾病的风险更大,未来抗生素的使用也更多。本文将讨论使用临床体征来确定疾病消退的利弊,并讨论如何实施肺部超声来提高我们准确测量抗生素治疗对呼吸道疾病牛的影响的能力。
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引用次数: 5
Improving resistance of cattle to BRD through genomics. 通过基因组学提高牛对BRD的抗性。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000171
Kristen L Parker Gaddis

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is of considerable economic importance to the dairy industry, specifically among young animals. Several studies have demonstrated that BRD has a significant genetic component, with heritabilities ranging from 0.04 up to 0.22, which could be utilized to select more resistant animals. Taking advantage of available genomic data will allow more accurate genetic predictions to be made earlier in an animal's life. The availability of genomic data does not negate the necessity of quality phenotypes, in this case, records of BRD incidence. Evidence has shown that genetic selection is possible through the use of producer-recorded health information. The national dairy cooperator database currently has minimal records on respiratory problems. There is an existing pipeline for these data to flow from events recorded by producers on the farm to the national database used for genetic evaluation. Additional data could also be collected through the expansion of currently utilized termination codes and used in conjunction with the records of direct health events. Selection for animals with improved BRD resistance is possible at the national level; however, collection of additional phenotypes remains a significant hurdle.

牛呼吸道疾病(BRD)对乳制品行业具有相当大的经济重要性,特别是在幼畜中。一些研究表明,BRD具有显著的遗传成分,遗传力从0.04到0.22不等,可用于选择更具抗性的动物。利用现有的基因组数据,可以在动物生命的早期做出更准确的基因预测。基因组数据的可用性并不否定高质量表型的必要性,在这种情况下,BRD发病率的记录。有证据表明,通过使用生产者记录的健康信息进行遗传选择是可能的。目前,国家乳制品合作数据库中关于呼吸道疾病的记录很少。现有的管道可以使这些数据从养殖场生产者记录的事件流向用于遗传评估的国家数据库。还可以通过扩大目前使用的终止代码收集更多数据,并与直接健康事件的记录一起使用。有可能在国家一级选择具有改良BRD抗性的动物;然而,额外表型的收集仍然是一个重大障碍。
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引用次数: 2
Evaluating farm-level livestock interventions in low-income countries: a scoping review of what works, how, and why. 评估低收入国家农场一级的牲畜干预措施:对有效措施、方式和原因的范围审查。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000146
Johanna F Lindahl, Florence Mutua, Delia Grace

Livestock interventions can improve nutrition, health, and economic well-being of communities. The objectives of this review were to identify and characterize livestock interventions in developing countries and to assess their effectiveness in achieving development outcomes. A scoping review, guided by a search strategy, was conducted. Papers needed to be written in English, published in peer-reviewed journals, and describe interventions in animal health and production. Out of 2739 publications systematically screened at the title, abstract, and full publication levels, 70 met our inclusion criteria and were considered in the study. Eight relatively high-quality papers were identified and added, resulting in 78 reviewed publications. Only 15 studies used randomized controlled trial designs making it possible to confidently link interventions with the resulting outcomes. Eight studies had human nutrition or health as outcomes, 11 focused on disease control, and four were on livestock production. Eight interventions were considered successful, but only four were scalable. We found good evidence that livestock-transfer programs, leveraging livestock products for nutrition, and helping farmers manage priority diseases, can improve human well-being. Our report highlights challenges in garnering evidence for livestock interventions in developing countries and provides suggestions on how to improve the quantity and quality of future evaluations.

牲畜干预可以改善社区的营养、健康和经济福祉。本次审查的目的是确定和描述发展中国家的牲畜干预措施,并评估其在实现发展成果方面的有效性。在搜索策略的指导下进行了范围审查。论文需要用英文撰写,发表在同行评议的期刊上,并描述对动物健康和生产的干预措施。在2739篇按标题、摘要和全文进行系统筛选的出版物中,有70篇符合我们的纳入标准,被纳入本研究。确定并添加了8篇相对高质量的论文,共审阅了78篇论文。只有15项研究使用了随机对照试验设计,这使得可以自信地将干预措施与结果联系起来。8项研究的结果是人类营养或健康,11项研究的重点是疾病控制,4项研究的重点是牲畜生产。8项干预措施被认为是成功的,但只有4项是可扩展的。我们发现了充分的证据,表明牲畜转移项目、利用牲畜产品获取营养、帮助农民管理重点疾病,能够改善人类福祉。我们的报告强调了在发展中国家为牲畜干预措施收集证据方面面临的挑战,并就如何提高未来评估的数量和质量提出了建议。
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引用次数: 3
Food for thought: nano-selenium in poultry nutrition and health. 思考食物:家禽营养与健康中的纳米硒。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Epub Date: 2020-12-23 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000183
Peter F Surai, Ivan I Kochish

In recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, shapes, and unique intrinsic physicochemical properties. In particular for the last 5 years, nano-Se has received tremendous attention in terms of its production, characteristic, and possible application for poultry/animal science and medical sciences. Indeed, Nano-Se is shown to be a potential source of Se for poultry/animal nutrition. However, there is an urgent need to address the questions related to nano-Se absorption, assimilation, and metabolism. It is not clear at present if major biological effects of nano-Se are due to Se-protein synthesis, direct antioxidant/prooxidant effects, or both. It is necessary to understand how metallic nano-Se can be converted into H2Se and further to SeCys to be incorporated into selenoproteins. The aforementioned issues must be resolved before nano-Se finds its way to animal/poultry production as a feed supplement and clearly this subject warrants further investigation.

近年来,纳米颗粒因其尺寸、形状和独特的内在物理化学性质而成为研究的热门课题。特别是在过去的5年里,纳米硒在其生产、特性以及在家禽/动物科学和医学上的可能应用方面受到了极大的关注。事实上,纳米硒被证明是家禽/动物营养硒的潜在来源。然而,纳米硒的吸收、同化和代谢等相关问题亟待解决。目前尚不清楚纳米硒的主要生物学效应是由于硒蛋白的合成,还是直接的抗氧化/促氧化作用,还是两者兼而有之。有必要了解金属纳米硒如何转化为H2Se并进一步转化为SeCys以结合到硒蛋白中。在纳米硒作为饲料添加剂用于动物/家禽生产之前,上述问题必须得到解决,显然,这一主题值得进一步研究。
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引用次数: 11
Generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature: methodological and epidemiological considerations. 野鸟文献中流行率估计的普遍性和可比性:方法学和流行病学考虑。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-02-18 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252320000043
Nadine A Vogt, Christian P G Stevens, David L Pearl, Eduardo N Taboada, Claire M Jardine

Wild birds have been the focus of a great deal of research investigating the epidemiology of zoonotic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in the environment. While enteric pathogens (e.g. Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7) and antimicrobial resistant bacteria of public health importance have been isolated from a wide variety of wild bird species, there is a considerable variation in the measured prevalence of a given microorganism from different studies. This variation may often reflect differences in certain ecological and biological factors such as feeding habits and immune status. Variation in prevalence estimates may also reflect differences in sample collection and processing methods, along with a host of epidemiological inputs related to overall study design. Because the generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature are constrained by their methodological and epidemiological underpinnings, understanding them is crucial to the accurate interpretation of prevalence estimates. The main purpose of this review is to examine methodological and epidemiological inputs to prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature that have a major bearing on their generalizability and comparability. The inputs examined here include sample type, microbiological methods, study design, bias, sample size, definitions of prevalence outcomes and parameters, and control of clustering. The issues raised in this review suggest, among other things, that future prevalence studies of wild birds should avoid opportunistic sampling when possible, as this places significant limitations on the generalizability of prevalence data.

野生鸟类一直是研究人畜共患细菌流行病学和环境中抗菌素耐药性的大量研究的焦点。虽然肠道病原体(如弯曲杆菌、沙门氏菌和大肠杆菌O157:H7)和具有公共卫生重要性的抗微生物药物耐药性细菌已从多种野生鸟类物种中分离出来,但不同研究中测量的特定微生物的流行率存在相当大的差异。这种差异往往反映了某些生态和生物因素的差异,如摄食习惯和免疫状况。流行率估计值的差异也可能反映了样本收集和处理方法的差异,以及与总体研究设计相关的大量流行病学输入。由于野生鸟类文献中患病率估计的普遍性和可比性受到其方法学和流行病学基础的限制,因此了解它们对于准确解释患病率估计至关重要。本综述的主要目的是检查方法和流行病学输入的流行病学估计在野生鸟类文献中,对其普遍性和可比性有重大影响。这里检查的输入包括样本类型、微生物学方法、研究设计、偏倚、样本量、流行结果和参数的定义以及聚类控制。本综述中提出的问题表明,除其他事项外,未来对野生鸟类的流行病学研究应尽可能避免机会性抽样,因为这对流行病学数据的普遍性造成了重大限制。
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引用次数: 8
A review of strategies to impact swine feed biosecurity. 影响猪饲料生物安全的策略综述。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-09-07 DOI: 10.1017/S146625231900015X
Savannah C Stewart, Steve S Dritz, Jason C Woodworth, Chad Paulk, Cassandra K Jones

Global pork production has largely adopted on-farm biosecurity to minimize vectors of disease transmission and protect swine health. Feed and ingredients were not originally thought to be substantial vectors, but recent incidents have demonstrated their ability to harbor disease. The objective of this paper is to review the potential role of swine feed as a disease vector and describe biosecurity measures that have been evaluated as a way of maintaining swine health. Recent research has demonstrated that viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and African Swine Fever Virus can survive conditions of transboundary shipment in soybean meal, lysine, and complete feed, and contaminated feed can cause animal illness. Recent research has focused on potential methods of preventing feed-based pathogens from infecting pigs, including prevention of entry to the feed system, mitigation by thermal processing, or decontamination by chemical additives. Strategies have been designed to understand the spread of pathogens throughout the feed manufacturing environment, including potential batch-to-batch carryover, thus reducing transmission risk. In summary, the focus on feed biosecurity in recent years is warranted, but additional research is needed to further understand the risk and identify cost-effective approaches to maintain feed biosecurity as a way of protecting swine health.

全球猪肉生产在很大程度上采用了农场生物安全措施,以最大限度地减少疾病传播媒介并保护猪的健康。饲料和配料最初并不被认为是重要的病媒,但最近的事件表明它们有能力窝藏疾病。本文的目的是回顾猪饲料作为疾病媒介的潜在作用,并描述已被评估为维持猪健康的一种方法的生物安全措施。最近的研究表明,猪流行性腹泻病毒和非洲猪瘟病毒等病毒可以在豆粕、赖氨酸和全饲料的跨境运输条件下存活,而受污染的饲料可引起动物疾病。最近的研究集中在防止饲料病原体感染猪的潜在方法上,包括防止进入饲料系统,通过热加工或化学添加剂去污染来缓解。已经制定了战略,以了解病原体在整个饲料生产环境中的传播情况,包括潜在的批次到批次的结转,从而降低传播风险。综上所述,近年来对饲料生物安全的关注是有必要的,但需要进一步的研究来进一步了解风险,并确定维持饲料生物安全作为保护猪健康的一种经济有效的方法。
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引用次数: 8
A review of congenital tremor type A-II in piglets. 仔猪A- ii型先天性震颤的研究进展。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-02-18 DOI: 10.1017/S146625232000002X
Hedvig Stenberg, Magdalena Jacobson, Maja Malmberg

Congenital tremor (CT) is a neurological disease that affects new-born piglets. It was described in 1922 and six different forms, designated type AI-V and type B, are described based on the causative agents, as well as specific histological findings in the central nervous system (CNS). The various forms present with identical clinical signs consisting of mild to severe tremor of the head and body, sometimes complicated with ataxia. By definition, all A-forms have hypomyelination of the CNS, whereas there are no histopathological lesions with the B-form. The cause of the A-II form was long unknown, however, at present several different viruses have been proposed as the causative agent: porcine circovirus-II (PCV-II), astrovirus, PCV-like virus P1, and atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Currently, APPV is the only virus that has been proven to fulfill Mokili's Metagenomic Koch's Postulates. Following infection of the pregnant sow, the virus passes the placental barrier and infects the fetus. Interestingly, no clinical signs of disease have been associated with APPV in adult pigs. Furthermore, other viruses cannot be ruled out as additional potential causes of CT. Given the increased interest and research in CT type A-II, the aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge.

先天性震颤(CT)是一种影响新生仔猪的神经系统疾病。它于1922年被描述,并根据病原体以及中枢神经系统(CNS)的特定组织学发现描述了六种不同的形式,称为AI-V型和B型。不同的形式表现出相同的临床症状,包括轻微到严重的头部和身体震颤,有时并发共济失调。根据定义,所有a型均有中枢神经系统髓鞘硬化,而b型没有组织病理学病变。A-II型的病因一直不清楚,然而,目前提出了几种不同的病毒作为病原体:猪圆环病毒- ii (PCV-II)、星状病毒、pcv样病毒P1和非典型猪瘟病毒(APPV)。目前,APPV是唯一一种被证明符合Mokili的宏基因组Koch假设的病毒。妊娠母猪感染后,病毒通过胎盘屏障感染胎儿。有趣的是,在成年猪中没有与APPV相关的临床症状。此外,不能排除其他病毒也是CT的潜在病因。鉴于对A-II型CT的兴趣和研究的增加,本文的目的是总结目前的知识。
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引用次数: 13
Zoonotic pathogens in urban animals: Enough research to protect the health of the urban population? 城市动物的人畜共患病原体:足够的研究来保护城市人口的健康?
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-02-13 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252319000100
Johanna Lindahl, Ulf Magnusson

With more than half of the global population living in cities, the urban areas are also teeming with animals, including peridomestic wildlife, pets, and livestock. Urban animals may carry zoonotic pathogens, and crowded conditions in cities can increase the risk for the human population. We used a systematic approach to screen two publication databases as well as gray literature, and quantified the studies conducted on zoonoses in urban animals with respect to the geographic distribution, the host animal and pathogens. Out of 876 references found, 93 were included into final data extraction. Few studies were from the rapidly expanding cities in low- and middle-income countries where urban livestock-keeping is far more prominent than in high-income countries. Most studies were performed in peridomestic wildlife and pets, less in livestock. The most common category of pathogens studied were gastrointestinal parasites followed by gastrointestinal bacteria, whereas studies on some other zoonoses internationally recognized as critical for public health were few or absent. In conclusion, to mitigate the risks of emergence of zoonoses from urban animals this review highlights the research gaps on zoonoses, particularly in livestock in rapidly growing tropical cities and a more comprehensive inclusion of pathogens prioritized by WHO and OIE.

由于全球一半以上的人口居住在城市,城市地区也充斥着动物,包括家养野生动物、宠物和牲畜。城市动物可能携带人畜共患病病原体,城市拥挤的环境会增加人类患病的风险。我们采用系统方法筛选两个出版数据库和灰色文献,从地理分布、宿主动物和病原体等方面对城市动物人畜共患病的研究进行量化。在发现的876篇参考文献中,有93篇纳入最终数据提取。很少有研究来自低收入和中等收入国家迅速扩张的城市,这些国家的城市畜牧业远比高收入国家更为突出。大多数研究是在家养野生动物和宠物身上进行的,在牲畜身上进行的较少。研究的最常见病原体类别是胃肠道寄生虫,其次是胃肠道细菌,而对国际公认对公共卫生至关重要的其他一些人畜共患病的研究很少或根本没有。总而言之,为了减轻城市动物出现人畜共患病的风险,本综述强调了人畜共患病的研究差距,特别是在快速发展的热带城市的牲畜中,以及更全面地纳入世卫组织和国际兽疫局优先考虑的病原体。
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引用次数: 10
'Big Data' in animal health research - opportunities and challenges. 动物健康研究中的“大数据”——机遇与挑战。
IF 2.5 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-06-01 Epub Date: 2020-07-20 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252319000215
Janet I MacInnes

Automated systems for high-input data collection and data storage have led to exponential growth in the availability of information. Such datasets and the tools applied to them have been referred to as 'big data'. Starting with a systematic review of the terms 'informatics, bioinformatics and big data' in animal health this special issue of AHRR illustrates some big-data applications with papers on how the use of various omics methods may be used to facilitate the development of improved diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines for foodborne pathogens in poultry and on how a better understanding of rumen microbiota could lead to improved feed absorption while minimizing methane production. Other papers in this issue cover the use of big data modeling in dairy cattle for more effective disease interventions and machine learning tools for livestock breeding. The final two reviews describe the use of big data in better vector-borne pathogen forecasts with canine seroprevalence maps and modeling approaches to understand the transmission of avian influenza virus. Although a lot of technical and ethical issues remain with the use of big data, these reviews illustrate the tremendous potential that big-data systems have to revolutionize animal health research.

用于高输入数据收集和数据存储的自动化系统导致了信息可用性的指数级增长。这样的数据集和应用于它们的工具被称为“大数据”。从对动物健康领域“信息学、生物信息学和大数据”这一术语的系统回顾开始,本期AHRR特刊阐述了一些大数据的应用,其中包括如何使用各种组学方法来促进家禽食源性病原体的改进诊断、治疗和疫苗的开发,以及如何更好地了解瘤胃微生物群可以改善饲料吸收,同时最大限度地减少甲烷的产生。本期的其他论文涵盖了在奶牛中使用大数据建模进行更有效的疾病干预和牲畜育种的机器学习工具。最后两篇综述描述了大数据在更好的媒介传播病原体预测中的应用,包括犬血清流行率图和建模方法,以了解禽流感病毒的传播。尽管大数据的使用仍然存在许多技术和伦理问题,但这些评论说明了大数据系统在彻底改变动物健康研究方面的巨大潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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Animal Health Research Reviews
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