The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation along with the decommissioning of conventional power plants in Chile, has raised several operational challenges in the Chilean National Power Grid (NPG), including transmission congestion and VRE curtailment. To mitigate these limitations, an innovative virtual transmission solution based on battery energy storage systems (BESSs), known as grid booster (GB), has been proposed to increase the capacity of the main 500 kV corridor of the NPG. This paper analyzes the dynamic performance of the GB using a wide-area electromagnetic transient (EMT) model of the NPG. The GB project, composed of two 500 MVA BESS units at each extreme of the 500 kV corridor, allows increasing the transmission capacity for 15 min during N-1 contingencies, overcoming transmission limitations under normal operation conditions while maintaining system stability during faults. The dynamic behavior of the GB is also analyzed to control power flow as well as voltage stability. The results show that the GB is an effective solution to allow greater penetration of VRE generation while maintaining system stability in the NPG.
{"title":"Virtual Transmission Solution Based on Battery Energy Storage Systems to Boost Transmission Capacity","authors":"Matías Agüero;Jaime Peralta;Eugenio Quintana;Victor Velar;Anton Stepanov;Hossein Ashourian;Jean Mahseredjian;Roberto Cárdenas","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000729","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation along with the decommissioning of conventional power plants in Chile, has raised several operational challenges in the Chilean National Power Grid (NPG), including transmission congestion and VRE curtailment. To mitigate these limitations, an innovative virtual transmission solution based on battery energy storage systems (BESSs), known as grid booster (GB), has been proposed to increase the capacity of the main 500 kV corridor of the NPG. This paper analyzes the dynamic performance of the GB using a wide-area electromagnetic transient (EMT) model of the NPG. The GB project, composed of two 500 MVA BESS units at each extreme of the 500 kV corridor, allows increasing the transmission capacity for 15 min during N-1 contingencies, overcoming transmission limitations under normal operation conditions while maintaining system stability during faults. The dynamic behavior of the GB is also analyzed to control power flow as well as voltage stability. The results show that the GB is an effective solution to allow greater penetration of VRE generation while maintaining system stability in the NPG.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 2","pages":"466-474"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2024.000243
Pierluigi Mancarella;Nikos Hatziargyriou;Chongqing Kang
Battery energy storage technologies have witnessed both dramatic cost reduction and technical evolution in recent years. This is leading to widespread deployment of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) worldwide, particularly to support operation of power grids with already deep penetration of renewables. Considering the development of new battery technologies with different power-to-energy ratios and for various engineering applications, BESSs could play a strategic role towards a net-zero energy future. New opportunities are emerging for BESSs to participate in several markets, provide different grid services, and perform “value stacking”, eventually allowing development of new business cases and improved BESS economics. BESS configurations that are “behind the meter”, “in front of the meter”, hybrid plants co-located with renewables, and so forth, are only some of the exciting propositions that are being seen in different countries and at different scales, from highly distributed (virtual power plants), to neighbourhood-level (community batteries), to utility scale.
{"title":"Guest Editorial: Special Section on Battery Energy Storage Systems for Net-zero Power Systems and Markets","authors":"Pierluigi Mancarella;Nikos Hatziargyriou;Chongqing Kang","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000243","url":null,"abstract":"Battery energy storage technologies have witnessed both dramatic cost reduction and technical evolution in recent years. This is leading to widespread deployment of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) worldwide, particularly to support operation of power grids with already deep penetration of renewables. Considering the development of new battery technologies with different power-to-energy ratios and for various engineering applications, BESSs could play a strategic role towards a net-zero energy future. New opportunities are emerging for BESSs to participate in several markets, provide different grid services, and perform “value stacking”, eventually allowing development of new business cases and improved BESS economics. BESS configurations that are “behind the meter”, “in front of the meter”, hybrid plants co-located with renewables, and so forth, are only some of the exciting propositions that are being seen in different countries and at different scales, from highly distributed (virtual power plants), to neighbourhood-level (community batteries), to utility scale.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 2","pages":"321-322"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478436","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2023.000726
Hao Liu;Fengwei Liang;Tianyu Hu;Jichao Hong;Huimin Ma
Accurate prediction of the state-of-charge (SOC) of battery energy storage system (BESS) is critical for its safety and lifespan in electric vehicles. To overcome the imbalance of existing methods between multi-scale feature fusion and global feature extraction, this paper introduces a novel multi-scale fusion (MSF) model based on gated recurrent unit (GRU), which is specifically designed for complex multi-step SOC prediction in practical BESSs. Pearson correlation analysis is first employed to identify SOC-related parameters. These parameters are then input into a multi-layer GRU for point-wise feature extraction. Concurrently, the parameters undergo patching before entering a dual-stage multi-layer GRU, thus enabling the model to capture nuanced information across varying time intervals. Ultimately, by means of adaptive weight fusion and a fully connected network, multi-step SOC predictions are rendered. Following extensive validation over multiple days, it is illustrated that the proposed model achieves an absolute error of less than 1.5% in real-time SOC prediction.
{"title":"Multi-Scale Fusion Model Based on Gated Recurrent Unit for Enhancing Prediction Accuracy of State-of-Charge in Battery Energy Storage Systems","authors":"Hao Liu;Fengwei Liang;Tianyu Hu;Jichao Hong;Huimin Ma","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000726","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate prediction of the state-of-charge (SOC) of battery energy storage system (BESS) is critical for its safety and lifespan in electric vehicles. To overcome the imbalance of existing methods between multi-scale feature fusion and global feature extraction, this paper introduces a novel multi-scale fusion (MSF) model based on gated recurrent unit (GRU), which is specifically designed for complex multi-step SOC prediction in practical BESSs. Pearson correlation analysis is first employed to identify SOC-related parameters. These parameters are then input into a multi-layer GRU for point-wise feature extraction. Concurrently, the parameters undergo patching before entering a dual-stage multi-layer GRU, thus enabling the model to capture nuanced information across varying time intervals. Ultimately, by means of adaptive weight fusion and a fully connected network, multi-step SOC predictions are rendered. Following extensive validation over multiple days, it is illustrated that the proposed model achieves an absolute error of less than 1.5% in real-time SOC prediction.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 2","pages":"405-414"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478435","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The offering strategy of energy storage in energy and frequency response (FR) markets needs to account for country-specific market regulations around FR products as well as FR utilization factors, which are highly uncertain. To this end, a novel optimal offering model is proposed for stand-alone price-taking storage participants, which accounts for recent FR market design developments in the UK, namely the trade of FR products in time blocks, and the mutual exclusivity among the multiple FR products. The model consists of a day-ahead stage, devising optimal offers under uncertainty, and a real-time stage, representing the storage operation after uncertainty is materialized. Furthermore, a concrete methodological framework is developed for comparing different approaches around the anticipation of uncertain FR utilization factors (determinis- one based on expected values, deterministic one based on worst-case values, stochastic one, and robust one), by providing four alternative formulations for the real-time stage of the proposed offering model, and carrying out an out-of-sample validation of the four model instances. Finally, case studies employing real data from UK energy and FR markets compare these four instances against achieved profits, FR delivery violations, and computational scalability.
{"title":"Optimal Offering of Energy Storage in UK Day-Ahead Energy and Frequency Response Markets","authors":"Makedon Karasavvidis;Andreas Stratis;Dimitrios Papadaskalopoulos;Goran Strbac","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000737","url":null,"abstract":"The offering strategy of energy storage in energy and frequency response (FR) markets needs to account for country-specific market regulations around FR products as well as FR utilization factors, which are highly uncertain. To this end, a novel optimal offering model is proposed for stand-alone price-taking storage participants, which accounts for recent FR market design developments in the UK, namely the trade of FR products in time blocks, and the mutual exclusivity among the multiple FR products. The model consists of a day-ahead stage, devising optimal offers under uncertainty, and a real-time stage, representing the storage operation after uncertainty is materialized. Furthermore, a concrete methodological framework is developed for comparing different approaches around the anticipation of uncertain FR utilization factors (determinis- one based on expected values, deterministic one based on worst-case values, stochastic one, and robust one), by providing four alternative formulations for the real-time stage of the proposed offering model, and carrying out an out-of-sample validation of the four model instances. Finally, case studies employing real data from UK energy and FR markets compare these four instances against achieved profits, FR delivery violations, and computational scalability.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 2","pages":"415-426"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478754","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2023.000733
Luis A. Pesantes;Ruben Hidalgo-León;Johnny Rengifo;Miguel Torres;Jorge Aragundi;José Cordova-Garcia;Luis F. Ugarte
In rural territories, the communities use energy sources based on fossil fuels to supply themselves with electricity, which may address two main problems: greenhouse gas emissions and high fuel prices. Hence, there is an opportunity to include renewable resources in the energy mix. This paper develops an optimization model to determine the optimal sizing, the total annual investment cost in renewable generation, and other operating costs of the components of a hybrid microgrid. By running a k-means clustering algorithm on a meteorological dataset of the community under study, the hourly representative values become input parameters in the proposed optimization model. The method for the optimal design of hybrid microgrid is analyzed in six operating scenarios considering: (1) 24-hour continuous power supply; (2) load shedding percentage; (3) disel power generator (genset) curtailment; (4) the worst meteorological conditions; (5) the use of renewable energy sources including battery energy storage systems (BESSs); and (6) the use of genset. A mathematical programming language (AMPL) tool is used to find solutions of the proposed optimization model. Results show that the total costs of microgrid in the scenarios that cover 100% of the load demand (without considering the scenario with 100% renewables) increase by over 16% compared with the scenario with genset operation limitation. For the designs with power supply restrictions, the total cost of microgrid in the scenario with load shedding is reduced by over 27% compared with that without load shedding.
{"title":"Optimal Design of Hybrid Microgrid in Isolated Communities of Ecuador","authors":"Luis A. Pesantes;Ruben Hidalgo-León;Johnny Rengifo;Miguel Torres;Jorge Aragundi;José Cordova-Garcia;Luis F. Ugarte","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000733","url":null,"abstract":"In rural territories, the communities use energy sources based on fossil fuels to supply themselves with electricity, which may address two main problems: greenhouse gas emissions and high fuel prices. Hence, there is an opportunity to include renewable resources in the energy mix. This paper develops an optimization model to determine the optimal sizing, the total annual investment cost in renewable generation, and other operating costs of the components of a hybrid microgrid. By running a k-means clustering algorithm on a meteorological dataset of the community under study, the hourly representative values become input parameters in the proposed optimization model. The method for the optimal design of hybrid microgrid is analyzed in six operating scenarios considering: (1) 24-hour continuous power supply; (2) load shedding percentage; (3) disel power generator (genset) curtailment; (4) the worst meteorological conditions; (5) the use of renewable energy sources including battery energy storage systems (BESSs); and (6) the use of genset. A mathematical programming language (AMPL) tool is used to find solutions of the proposed optimization model. Results show that the total costs of microgrid in the scenarios that cover 100% of the load demand (without considering the scenario with 100% renewables) increase by over 16% compared with the scenario with genset operation limitation. For the designs with power supply restrictions, the total cost of microgrid in the scenario with load shedding is reduced by over 27% compared with that without load shedding.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 2","pages":"488-499"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478755","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-25DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2023.000761
Pavitra Sharma;Krishna Kumar Saini;Hitesh Datt Mathur;Puneet Mishra
The concept of utilizing microgrids (MGs) to convert buildings into prosumers is gaining massive popularity because of its economic and environmental benefits. These pro-sumer buildings consist of renewable energy sources and usually install battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to deal with the uncertain nature of renewable energy sources. However, because of the high capital investment of BESS and the limitation of available energy, there is a need for an effective energy management strategy for prosumer buildings that maximizes the profit of building owner and increases the operating life span of BESS. In this regard, this paper proposes an improved energy management strategy (IEMS) for the prosumer building to minimize the operating cost of MG and degradation factor of BESS. Moreover, to estimate the practical operating life span of BESS, this paper utilizes a non-linear battery degradation model. In addition, a flexible load shifting (FLS) scheme is also developed and integrated into the proposed strategy to further improve its performance. The proposed strategy is tested for the real-time annual data of a grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) and BESS-powered AC-DC hybrid MG installed at a commercial building. Moreover, the scenario reduction technique is used to handle the uncertainty associated with generation and load demand. To validate the performance of the proposed s trategy, the results of IEMS are compared with the well-established energy management strategies. The simulation results verify that the proposed strategy substantially increases the profit of the building owner and operating life span of BESS. Moreover, FLS enhances the performance of IEMS by further improving the financial profit of MG owner and the life span of BESS, thus making the operation of prosumer building more economical and efficient.
{"title":"Improved Energy Management Strategy for Prosumer Buildings with Renewable Energy Sources and Battery Energy Storage Systems","authors":"Pavitra Sharma;Krishna Kumar Saini;Hitesh Datt Mathur;Puneet Mishra","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000761","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of utilizing microgrids (MGs) to convert buildings into prosumers is gaining massive popularity because of its economic and environmental benefits. These pro-sumer buildings consist of renewable energy sources and usually install battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to deal with the uncertain nature of renewable energy sources. However, because of the high capital investment of BESS and the limitation of available energy, there is a need for an effective energy management strategy for prosumer buildings that maximizes the profit of building owner and increases the operating life span of BESS. In this regard, this paper proposes an improved energy management strategy (IEMS) for the prosumer building to minimize the operating cost of MG and degradation factor of BESS. Moreover, to estimate the practical operating life span of BESS, this paper utilizes a non-linear battery degradation model. In addition, a flexible load shifting (FLS) scheme is also developed and integrated into the proposed strategy to further improve its performance. The proposed strategy is tested for the real-time annual data of a grid-tied solar photovoltaic (PV) and BESS-powered AC-DC hybrid MG installed at a commercial building. Moreover, the scenario reduction technique is used to handle the uncertainty associated with generation and load demand. To validate the performance of the proposed \u0000<sup>s</sup>\u0000trategy, the results of IEMS are compared with the well-established energy management strategies. The simulation results verify that the proposed strategy substantially increases the profit of the building owner and operating life span of BESS. Moreover, FLS enhances the performance of IEMS by further improving the financial profit of MG owner and the life span of BESS, thus making the operation of prosumer building more economical and efficient.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 2","pages":"381-392"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478446","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140291198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2023.000533
Guoxiu Jing;Bonan Huang;Rui Wang;Chao Yang;Qiuye Sun
This paper focuses on the distributed control problem in a networked microgrid (NMG) with heterogeneous energy storage units (HESUs) in the environment considering multiple types of time delays, which include the state, input, and communication delays. To address this problem, a state feedback control (SFC) strategy based on nested predictor is proposed to mitigate the influence of multiple types of time delays. First, a distributed control method founded upon voltage observer is developed, which can realize proportional power distribution according to the state of charge (SOC) of the HESUs, while adjusting the average voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) bus in the NMG to its rated value. Then, considering that there exists steady-state error resulting from the initial value of the observer and impact of time delays, an SFC strategy is proposed to further improve the robustness of the NMG against time delays. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed distributed control method is capable of fully compensating for the state, input, and communication delay. Moreover, the NMG exhibits remarkable resistance to multiple types of time delays, which has higher reliability and robustness.
{"title":"Distributed Control of Networked Microgrid with Heterogeneous Energy Storage Units Considering Multiple Types of Time Delays","authors":"Guoxiu Jing;Bonan Huang;Rui Wang;Chao Yang;Qiuye Sun","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000533","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the distributed control problem in a networked microgrid (NMG) with heterogeneous energy storage units (HESUs) in the environment considering multiple types of time delays, which include the state, input, and communication delays. To address this problem, a state feedback control (SFC) strategy based on nested predictor is proposed to mitigate the influence of multiple types of time delays. First, a distributed control method founded upon voltage observer is developed, which can realize proportional power distribution according to the state of charge (SOC) of the HESUs, while adjusting the average voltage of the point of common coupling (PCC) bus in the NMG to its rated value. Then, considering that there exists steady-state error resulting from the initial value of the observer and impact of time delays, an SFC strategy is proposed to further improve the robustness of the NMG against time delays. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed distributed control method is capable of fully compensating for the state, input, and communication delay. Moreover, the NMG exhibits remarkable resistance to multiple types of time delays, which has higher reliability and robustness.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 6","pages":"1930-1941"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10538198","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-23DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2023.000616
Abdallah A. Aboelnaga;Maher A. Azzouz
Fault currents emanating from inverter-based resources (IBRs) are controlled to follow specific references to support the power grid during faults. However, these fault currents differ from the typical fault currents fed by synchronous generators, resulting in an improper operation of conventional phase selection methods (PSMs). In this paper, the relative angles between sequence voltages measured at the relay location are determined analytically in two stages: ① a short-circuit analysis is performed at the fault location to determine the relative angles between sequence voltages; and ② an analysis of the impact of transmission line on the phase difference between the sequence voltages of relay and fault is conducted for different IBR controllers. Consequently, new PSM zones based on relative angles between sequence voltages are devised to facilitate accurate PSM regardless of the fault currents, resistances, or locations of IBR. Comprehensive time-domain simulations confirm the accuracy of the proposed PSM with different fault locations, resistances, types, and currents.
{"title":"Reliable Phase Selection Method for Transmission Systems Based on Relative Angles Between Sequence Voltages","authors":"Abdallah A. Aboelnaga;Maher A. Azzouz","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000616","url":null,"abstract":"Fault currents emanating from inverter-based resources (IBRs) are controlled to follow specific references to support the power grid during faults. However, these fault currents differ from the typical fault currents fed by synchronous generators, resulting in an improper operation of conventional phase selection methods (PSMs). In this paper, the relative angles between sequence voltages measured at the relay location are determined analytically in two stages: ① a short-circuit analysis is performed at the fault location to determine the relative angles between sequence voltages; and ② an analysis of the impact of transmission line on the phase difference between the sequence voltages of relay and fault is conducted for different IBR controllers. Consequently, new PSM zones based on relative angles between sequence voltages are devised to facilitate accurate PSM regardless of the fault currents, resistances, or locations of IBR. Comprehensive time-domain simulations confirm the accuracy of the proposed PSM with different fault locations, resistances, types, and currents.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 5","pages":"1431-1444"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10538197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142324313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2023.000506
Congyue Zhang;Xiaobo Dou;Jianfeng Zhao;Qinran Hu;Xiangjun Quan
This paper highlights the inefficiency of most distributed controls in dealing with dynamic enhancement while coordinating distributed generators (DGs), leading to poor frequency dynamics. To address this concern, a two-level coupling-based frequency control strategy for microgrids is proposed in this paper. At the lower level, an adaptive dynamic compensation algorithm is designed to tackle short-term and long-term frequency fluctuations caused by the uncertainties of renewable energy resources (RESs). At the upper level, an adaptive distributed frequency consensus algorithm is developed to address frequency restoration and active power sharing. Furthermore, to account for the potential control interaction of the two designed levels, a nonlinear extended state observer (NESO) is introduced to couple their control dynamics. Simulation tests and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments confirm the improved frequency dynamics.
{"title":"Two-Level Coupling-Based Frequency Control Strategy with Adaptive Distributed Frequency Consensus and Dynamic Compensation","authors":"Congyue Zhang;Xiaobo Dou;Jianfeng Zhao;Qinran Hu;Xiangjun Quan","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2023.000506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2023.000506","url":null,"abstract":"This paper highlights the inefficiency of most distributed controls in dealing with dynamic enhancement while coordinating distributed generators (DGs), leading to poor frequency dynamics. To address this concern, a two-level coupling-based frequency control strategy for microgrids is proposed in this paper. At the lower level, an adaptive dynamic compensation algorithm is designed to tackle short-term and long-term frequency fluctuations caused by the uncertainties of renewable energy resources (RESs). At the upper level, an adaptive distributed frequency consensus algorithm is developed to address frequency restoration and active power sharing. Furthermore, to account for the potential control interaction of the two designed levels, a nonlinear extended state observer (NESO) is introduced to couple their control dynamics. Simulation tests and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments confirm the improved frequency dynamics.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"12 6","pages":"1918-1929"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10478315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142844450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-22DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2023.000519
Qiyi Yu;Yi Tang
Previous studies have demonstrated that disharmony among voltage-source-controlled units (VSCUs) may occur on an alternating current (AC) transmission or distribution line under steady-state operating conditions (SSOCs) or quasi-static operating conditions (QSSOCs). As the studies on frequency disharmony have been expanded to multiple disharmonized VSCUs in the local power grid, its adverse effects on AC lines and equivalent load (EL) at the bus without active voltage control ability (non-active bus) need to be investigated further. Considering the locality of disharmony and common topological connections among VSCUs, this paper adopts a Y-type three-terminal local power grid (LPG) as the research object. The disharmony among the three VSCUs is discussed. Firstly, for the load at non-active bus, the formulas for single-phase instantaneous voltage, load current, load power, as well as average power under disharmony operating conditions (DOCs) are derived. The characteristic indicators of the above electrical quantities are defined, which can measure the amplification and reduction degrees of the above electrical quantities before and after disharmony. Secondly, for the line directly connected to VSCUs, the formulas for single-phase instantaneous line current and power and the average power under DOCs are derived. The characteristic indicators of power flow are defined, which can be used to quantify the peak amplification impact of oscillation before and after disharmony. Finally, the case study on the Y-type three-terminal LPG under the single-disharmony and the multi-disharmony switching scenarios indicates that the long-period power oscillation caused by disharmony may occur in the load flow at the non-active bus and the line flow. The oscillation causes a serious decrease in load capability and a significant amplification of the peak of line power oscillation.
以往的研究表明，在稳态运行条件（SSOCs）或准稳态运行条件（QSSOCs）下，交流输电或配电线路上可能会出现电压源控制单元（VSCUs）之间的不协调现象。随着对频率不协调的研究扩展到本地电网中的多个不协调 VSCU，需要进一步研究其对交流线路和无有功电压控制能力母线（非有功母线）上等效负载 (EL) 的不利影响。考虑到 VSCU 之间不协调的局部性和共同的拓扑连接，本文以 Y 型三端局部电网（LPG）为研究对象。本文讨论了三个 VSCU 之间的不协调问题。首先，针对非有功母线上的负载，推导出不和谐运行条件（DOCs）下的单相瞬时电压、负载电流、负载功率以及平均功率的计算公式。定义了上述电气量的特征指标，可测量不协调前后上述电气量的放大和缩小程度。其次，对于直接连接到 VSCU 的线路，推导出 DOC 条件下的单相瞬时线路电流和功率以及平均功率公式。定义了功率流的特征指标，可用于量化不协调前后振荡的峰值放大影响。最后，在单不和谐和多不和谐切换情况下对 Y 型三端 LPG 的案例研究表明，不和谐引起的长周期功率振荡可能发生在非有功母线的负荷流和线路流中。这种振荡会严重降低负载能力，并显著放大线路功率振荡的峰值。
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