The transformer inrush current has been a potential threat in wind farms connected modular multilevel converter based high-voltage direct current (WF-MMC-HVDC) system due to the low overcurrent capability of power electronic devices. To investigate this issue, this paper develops a complete harmonic state space (HSS) model of the WF-MMC-HVDC system containing saturable transformers. The severity of the inrush current is investigated under different transformer configurations and the result is compared with EMTP simulations. More importantly, key factors that influence inrush current characteristics in a WF-MMC-HVDC system are studied using the single-input single-output impedance model derived from the linearized HSS model. The results indicate that wind farms have a minor impact on the inrush current characteristics, whereas V/ F controlled modular multilevel converter (MMC) reduces its output voltage during transformer energization, thereby mitigating the severity of the inrush current. The severity of the in-rush current largely depends on the resonance point determined by the transmission line. In the case of offshore WFMMC-HVDC system, long submarine cables may cause severe harmonic amplifications and even do not attenuate for a long time.
{"title":"Investigation on Transformer Inrush Current in Wind Farms Connected MMC-HVDC Systems","authors":"Hanwen Wang;Yang Wang;Xianyong Xiao;Zhiquan Ma;Qunwei Xu","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000628","url":null,"abstract":"The transformer inrush current has been a potential threat in wind farms connected modular multilevel converter based high-voltage direct current (WF-MMC-HVDC) system due to the low overcurrent capability of power electronic devices. To investigate this issue, this paper develops a complete harmonic state space (HSS) model of the WF-MMC-HVDC system containing saturable transformers. The severity of the inrush current is investigated under different transformer configurations and the result is compared with EMTP simulations. More importantly, key factors that influence inrush current characteristics in a WF-MMC-HVDC system are studied using the single-input single-output impedance model derived from the linearized HSS model. The results indicate that wind farms have a minor impact on the inrush current characteristics, whereas V/ F controlled modular multilevel converter (MMC) reduces its output voltage during transformer energization, thereby mitigating the severity of the inrush current. The severity of the in-rush current largely depends on the resonance point determined by the transmission line. In the case of offshore WFMMC-HVDC system, long submarine cables may cause severe harmonic amplifications and even do not attenuate for a long time.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":"357-367"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10977790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146102957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For providing a reliable power supply in an islanded AC microgrid, it is crucial to ensure that the operating states meet the safety constraints. However, conventional distributed secondary control methods often struggle to handle voltage and frequency constraints, limiting their practical applicability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel prescribed performance control (PPC) based distributed secondary coordination method for islanded AC microgrids. The proposed method introduces a systematic framework that integrates bijective transformation with distributed secondary control. In this framework, the constrained distributed voltage and frequency control problems can be transformed into unconstrained ones, enabling strict adherence to predefined performance boundaries. Additionally, Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional analysis is employed in this paper to ensure asymptotic stability and calculate the stable boundaries in the transformed error space under time-delay conditions. The effectiveness of stability recovery and prescribed performance is tested in both MATLAB/Simulink and RTLab-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental environments.
{"title":"Prescribed Performance Control Based Distributed Secondary Coordination for Islanded AC Microgrids","authors":"Congyue Zhang;Xiaobo Dou;Jianfeng Zhao;Yongqing Lv;Zaijun Wu;Wei Gu","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.001239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.001239","url":null,"abstract":"For providing a reliable power supply in an islanded AC microgrid, it is crucial to ensure that the operating states meet the safety constraints. However, conventional distributed secondary control methods often struggle to handle voltage and frequency constraints, limiting their practical applicability. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a novel prescribed performance control (PPC) based distributed secondary coordination method for islanded AC microgrids. The proposed method introduces a systematic framework that integrates bijective transformation with distributed secondary control. In this framework, the constrained distributed voltage and frequency control problems can be transformed into unconstrained ones, enabling strict adherence to predefined performance boundaries. Additionally, Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional analysis is employed in this paper to ensure asymptotic stability and calculate the stable boundaries in the transformed error space under time-delay conditions. The effectiveness of stability recovery and prescribed performance is tested in both MATLAB/Simulink and RTLab-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental environments.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 6","pages":"2131-2143"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10974442","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145610638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2024.000946
Abhishek Saini;Hussain M. Mustafa;Pratyasa Bhui;Anurag K. Srivastava
Wide-area damping controllers (WADCs) help in damping poorly damped inter-area oscillations (IAOs) using wide-area measurements. However, the vulnerability of the communication network makes the WADC susceptible to malicious dynamic attacks. Existing cyber-resilient WADC solutions rely on accurate power system models or extensive simulation data for training the machine learning (ML) model, which are difficult to obtain for large-scale power system. This paper proposes a novel non-intrusive hybrid two-stage detection framework that mitigates these limitations by eliminating the need for real-time access to large system data or attack samples for training the ML model. In the first stage, an autoencoder is deployed at the actuator location to detect dynamic attacks with sharp gradient variations, e. g., triangular, saw-tooth, pulse, ramp, and random attack signals. In the second stage, an unscented Kalman filter with unknown input estimation at the control center identifies smoothly varying dynamic attacks by estimating the control signal received by the actuator using synchrophasor measurements. A modified cosine similarity (MCS) metric is proposed to compare and quantify the similarity between the estimated control signal and the control signal sent by the WADC placed at the control center to detect any dynamic attacks. The MCS is designed to differentiate between events and dynamic attacks. The performance of the proposed framework has been validated on a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) cyber-physical test-bed built by using the OPAL-RT simulator and industry-grade hardware.
{"title":"Non-Intrusive Hybrid Two-Stage Detection of Dynamic Attacks in Wide-Area Damping Controller Using Autoencoder and Unscented Kalman Filter with Unknown Input Estimation","authors":"Abhishek Saini;Hussain M. Mustafa;Pratyasa Bhui;Anurag K. Srivastava","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000946","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000946","url":null,"abstract":"Wide-area damping controllers (WADCs) help in damping poorly damped inter-area oscillations (IAOs) using wide-area measurements. However, the vulnerability of the communication network makes the WADC susceptible to malicious dynamic attacks. Existing cyber-resilient WADC solutions rely on accurate power system models or extensive simulation data for training the machine learning (ML) model, which are difficult to obtain for large-scale power system. This paper proposes a novel non-intrusive hybrid two-stage detection framework that mitigates these limitations by eliminating the need for real-time access to large system data or attack samples for training the ML model. In the first stage, an autoencoder is deployed at the actuator location to detect dynamic attacks with sharp gradient variations, e. g., triangular, saw-tooth, pulse, ramp, and random attack signals. In the second stage, an unscented Kalman filter with unknown input estimation at the control center identifies smoothly varying dynamic attacks by estimating the control signal received by the actuator using synchrophasor measurements. A modified cosine similarity (MCS) metric is proposed to compare and quantify the similarity between the estimated control signal and the control signal sent by the WADC placed at the control center to detect any dynamic attacks. The MCS is designed to differentiate between events and dynamic attacks. The performance of the proposed framework has been validated on a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) cyber-physical test-bed built by using the OPAL-RT simulator and industry-grade hardware.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 5","pages":"1763-1775"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10974441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-22DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2024.000907
Rodrigo Bernal;Federico Milano
This paper proposes a novel control scheme for inverter-based resources (IBRs) based on the complex frequency (CF) concept. The control objective is to maintain a constant CF of voltage at the terminals of IBR by adjusting its current reference. This current is imposed based on the well-known power flow equation, the dynamics of which are calculated through estimating the CFs for the voltages of adjacent buses. The performance is evaluated by analyzing the local variations in frequency and voltage magnitude, as well as the frequency of center of inertia (CoI), and then compared with conventional frequency droop, proportional-integral (PI) voltage controllers, and virtual inertia. The case study utilizes a modified version of WSCC 9-bus system and a 1479-bus model of the Irish transmission grid and considers various contingencies and sensitivities such as the impact of current limiters, delays, noise, R/X ratio, and electromagnetic transient (EMT) dynamics. Results show that the proposed control scheme consistently outperforms the conventional controllers, leading to significant improvements in the overall dynamic response of the system.
{"title":"Complex Frequency-Based Control for Inverter-Based Resources","authors":"Rodrigo Bernal;Federico Milano","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000907","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a novel control scheme for inverter-based resources (IBRs) based on the complex frequency (CF) concept. The control objective is to maintain a constant CF of voltage at the terminals of IBR by adjusting its current reference. This current is imposed based on the well-known power flow equation, the dynamics of which are calculated through estimating the CFs for the voltages of adjacent buses. The performance is evaluated by analyzing the local variations in frequency and voltage magnitude, as well as the frequency of center of inertia (CoI), and then compared with conventional frequency droop, proportional-integral (PI) voltage controllers, and virtual inertia. The case study utilizes a modified version of WSCC 9-bus system and a 1479-bus model of the Irish transmission grid and considers various contingencies and sensitivities such as the impact of current limiters, delays, noise, R/X ratio, and electromagnetic transient (EMT) dynamics. Results show that the proposed control scheme consistently outperforms the conventional controllers, leading to significant improvements in the overall dynamic response of the system.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 5","pages":"1630-1641"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10974443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-17DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2024.000744
Zhongkai Yi;Zihao Zhao;Ying Xu;Yuhao Zhou;Lun Yang
With the increasing number of distributed flexible resources with energy storage capabilities in virtual power plants (VPPs), the traditional market clearing model that only includes quantity and price bids cannot fully unlock their potential flexibility. In light of this, we propose a market clearing model for energy-constrained virtual power plants (EC-VPPs) based on distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization (DRCCO) with moment information. Furthermore, to address the uncertainty of EC-VPPs in the electricity market, a pricing strategy for EC-VPPs is proposed. This strategy helps quantify the impact of uncertainty in EC-VPPs on the system economy. The proposed market clearing model is reformulated as a tractable mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem via a two-sided distributionally robust chance-constrained convex reformulation method. Numerical simulations verify that the proposed pricing strategy offers fair incentives for both reserve providers and uncertain sources, and delivers an effective market mechanism for the EC-VPPs.
{"title":"Market Clearing Model for Energy-Constrained Virtual Power Plants with Uncertainty Based on Distributionally Robust Chance-Constrained Optimization","authors":"Zhongkai Yi;Zihao Zhao;Ying Xu;Yuhao Zhou;Lun Yang","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000744","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000744","url":null,"abstract":"With the increasing number of distributed flexible resources with energy storage capabilities in virtual power plants (VPPs), the traditional market clearing model that only includes quantity and price bids cannot fully unlock their potential flexibility. In light of this, we propose a market clearing model for energy-constrained virtual power plants (EC-VPPs) based on distributionally robust chance-constrained optimization (DRCCO) with moment information. Furthermore, to address the uncertainty of EC-VPPs in the electricity market, a pricing strategy for EC-VPPs is proposed. This strategy helps quantify the impact of uncertainty in EC-VPPs on the system economy. The proposed market clearing model is reformulated as a tractable mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem via a two-sided distributionally robust chance-constrained convex reformulation method. Numerical simulations verify that the proposed pricing strategy offers fair incentives for both reserve providers and uncertain sources, and delivers an effective market mechanism for the EC-VPPs.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 6","pages":"2157-2167"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10969571","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145610640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adequacy is a key concern of power system planning, which refers to the availability of sufficient facilities to meet demand. The capacity value (CV) of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation represents its equivalent contribution to system adequacy, in comparison to conventional generators. While VRE continues to grow and increasingly dominates the generation portfolio, its CV is becoming non-negligible, with the corresponding impact mechanisms becoming more complicated and nuanced. In this paper, the concept of CV is revisited by analyzing how VRE contributes to power system balancing at a high renewable energy penetration level. A generalized loss function is incorporated into the CV evaluation framework considering the adequacy of the power system. An analytical method for the CV evaluation of VRE is then derived using the statistical properties of both hourly load and VRE generation. Through the explicit CV expression, several critical impact factors, including the VRE generation variance, source-load correlation, and system adequacy level, are identified and discussed. Case studies demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison to the traditional capacity factor-based methods and convolution-based methods. In the IEEE-RTS79 test system, the CV of a 2500 MW wind farm (with 40% renewable energy penetration level) is found to be 6.8% of its nameplate capacity. Additionally, the sensitivity of CV to various impact factors in power systems with high renewable energy penetration is analyzed.
{"title":"Revisiting Capacity Value of Variable Renewable Energy Generation in Power Systems with High Renewable Energy Penetration","authors":"Yanghao Yu;Haiyang Jiang;Ning Zhang;Pei Yong;Fei Teng;Jiawei Zhang;Yating Wang;Goran Strbac","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.001101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.001101","url":null,"abstract":"Adequacy is a key concern of power system planning, which refers to the availability of sufficient facilities to meet demand. The capacity value (CV) of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation represents its equivalent contribution to system adequacy, in comparison to conventional generators. While VRE continues to grow and increasingly dominates the generation portfolio, its CV is becoming non-negligible, with the corresponding impact mechanisms becoming more complicated and nuanced. In this paper, the concept of CV is revisited by analyzing how VRE contributes to power system balancing at a high renewable energy penetration level. A generalized loss function is incorporated into the CV evaluation framework considering the adequacy of the power system. An analytical method for the CV evaluation of VRE is then derived using the statistical properties of both hourly load and VRE generation. Through the explicit CV expression, several critical impact factors, including the VRE generation variance, source-load correlation, and system adequacy level, are identified and discussed. Case studies demonstrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed method in comparison to the traditional capacity factor-based methods and convolution-based methods. In the IEEE-RTS79 test system, the CV of a 2500 MW wind farm (with 40% renewable energy penetration level) is found to be 6.8% of its nameplate capacity. Additionally, the sensitivity of CV to various impact factors in power systems with high renewable energy penetration is analyzed.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 5","pages":"1593-1603"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10960470","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-07DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2024.000685
Yutong Li;Ningxuan Guo;Lili Wang;Jian Hou;Yinan Wang;Gangfeng Yan
Distributed secondary control has been proposed to maintain frequency/voltage synchronization and power sharing for distributed energy sources in AC microgrids (MGs). The cyber layer is susceptible to time delays and cyber failures and thus, a distributed resilient secondary control should be investigated. This paper proposes a distributed multi-scale attention and predictor-based control (DMAPC) strategy to address false data injection attacks and packet loss failures with time delays. The multi-scale attention mechanism enables the system to selectively focus on neighbors' states with higher confidence evaluated in different time scales, while the data-driven predictor compensates for lost neighbors' states in the nonlinear controller. The DMAPC does not impose strict limitations on the number of false communication links or upper bound for false data. Besides, the DMAPC is formulated as an uncertain system with time delays and is proven to be uniformly ultimately bounded. Extensive experiments on a hardware-in-the-loop MG testbed have validated the effectiveness of DMAPC, which successfully relaxes restrictions on cyber failures compared to existing strategies.
{"title":"Distributed Multi-Scale Attention and Predictor-Based Control for AC Microgrids with Time Delays and Cyber Failures","authors":"Yutong Li;Ningxuan Guo;Lili Wang;Jian Hou;Yinan Wang;Gangfeng Yan","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000685","url":null,"abstract":"Distributed secondary control has been proposed to maintain frequency/voltage synchronization and power sharing for distributed energy sources in AC microgrids (MGs). The cyber layer is susceptible to time delays and cyber failures and thus, a distributed resilient secondary control should be investigated. This paper proposes a distributed multi-scale attention and predictor-based control (DMAPC) strategy to address false data injection attacks and packet loss failures with time delays. The multi-scale attention mechanism enables the system to selectively focus on neighbors' states with higher confidence evaluated in different time scales, while the data-driven predictor compensates for lost neighbors' states in the nonlinear controller. The DMAPC does not impose strict limitations on the number of false communication links or upper bound for false data. Besides, the DMAPC is formulated as an uncertain system with time delays and is proven to be uniformly ultimately bounded. Extensive experiments on a hardware-in-the-loop MG testbed have validated the effectiveness of DMAPC, which successfully relaxes restrictions on cyber failures compared to existing strategies.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 5","pages":"1800-1812"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10955319","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-27DOI: 10.35833/MPCE.2024.000211
Yingjun Wu;Runrun Chen;Yuyang Chen;Xuejie Chen;Jiangfan Yuan;Hengchao Mao;Juefei Wang
Unregulated naked selling of virtual power plants (VPPs) in day-ahead markets poses inherent risks to grid security and market fairness. This paper proposes a joint electricity-reserve trading model for VPPs as a strategic measure to mitigate the negative impacts of naked selling. This model systematically evaluates the economic advantages and risks of naked selling, utilizing metrics such as user comfort and conditional value at risk (CVaR). Furthermore, a sophisticated combination of a data-driven levelset fuzzy approach and advanced algorithms, including support vector quantile regression (SVQR) and kernel density estimation (KDE), is employed to quantify the uncertainties related to prices and reserve activation precisely. The results of case studies demonstrate that integrating default penalties within the proposed trading model diminishes the overall revenue of VPPs engaging in naked selling, thereby serving as a robust decision for mitigating the adverse effects of the naked selling of VPPs.
{"title":"A Joint Electricity-Reserve Trading Model for Virtual Power Plants to Mitigate Naked Selling","authors":"Yingjun Wu;Runrun Chen;Yuyang Chen;Xuejie Chen;Jiangfan Yuan;Hengchao Mao;Juefei Wang","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000211","url":null,"abstract":"Unregulated naked selling of virtual power plants (VPPs) in day-ahead markets poses inherent risks to grid security and market fairness. This paper proposes a joint electricity-reserve trading model for VPPs as a strategic measure to mitigate the negative impacts of naked selling. This model systematically evaluates the economic advantages and risks of naked selling, utilizing metrics such as user comfort and conditional value at risk (CVaR). Furthermore, a sophisticated combination of a data-driven levelset fuzzy approach and advanced algorithms, including support vector quantile regression (SVQR) and kernel density estimation (KDE), is employed to quantify the uncertainties related to prices and reserve activation precisely. The results of case studies demonstrate that integrating default penalties within the proposed trading model diminishes the overall revenue of VPPs engaging in naked selling, thereby serving as a robust decision for mitigating the adverse effects of the naked selling of VPPs.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 5","pages":"1813-1822"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10944543","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stray currents from DC metro systems intrude into the grounded neutrals of large power transformers, posing a major threat to the differential relay protection of transformer. In this paper, the performance of harmonic blocking based differential relay protection considering neutral stray currents (NSCs) from DC metro systems is thoroughly investigated. The findings reveal that relays may fail to clear internal faults in some scenarios because they are blocked due to NSC-induced harmonic currents. To improve the reliability of differential relay protection, a method for preventing incorrect operation is proposed using a skewness-based criterion to detect the presence of NSCs. Then, the relay is unblocked when an internal fault is simultaneously detected by the novel internal fault detection block. The proposed method is resistant to current transformer saturation and accounts for NSC fluctuations. Various time-domain simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
{"title":"Harmonic Blocking Based Differential Relay Protection Considering Neutral Stray Currents from DC Metro Systems","authors":"Haoran Fan;Sheng Lin;Aimin Wang;Qi Zhou;Hongbo Cheng","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.000440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.000440","url":null,"abstract":"Stray currents from DC metro systems intrude into the grounded neutrals of large power transformers, posing a major threat to the differential relay protection of transformer. In this paper, the performance of harmonic blocking based differential relay protection considering neutral stray currents (NSCs) from DC metro systems is thoroughly investigated. The findings reveal that relays may fail to clear internal faults in some scenarios because they are blocked due to NSC-induced harmonic currents. To improve the reliability of differential relay protection, a method for preventing incorrect operation is proposed using a skewness-based criterion to detect the presence of NSCs. Then, the relay is unblocked when an internal fault is simultaneously detected by the novel internal fault detection block. The proposed method is resistant to current transformer saturation and accounts for NSC fluctuations. Various time-domain simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 5","pages":"1689-1700"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10944545","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145089987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces transformative opportunities and challenges for the stability of distribution networks. Unregulated EV charging will further exacerbate the inherent three-phase imbalance of the power grid, while regulated EV charging will alleviate such imbalance. To systematically address this challenge, this study proposes a two-stage bidding strategy with dispatch potential of electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs). By constructing a coordinated framework that integrates the day-ahead and real-time markets, the proposed two-stage bidding strategy reconfigures distributed EVA clusters into a controllable dynamic energy storage system, with a particular focus on dynamic compensation for deviations between scheduled and real-time operations. A bi-level Stackelberg game resolves three-phase imbalance by achieving Nash equilibrium for inter-phase balance, with Ka-rush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) ensuring feasible solutions. The proposed coordinated framework is validated with different bidding modes includes independent bidding, full price acceptance, and cooperative bidding modes. The proposed two-stage bidding strategy provides an EVA-based coordinated scheduling solution that balances the economic efficiency and phase stability in electricity market.
{"title":"Two-Stage Bidding Strategy with Dispatch Potential of Electric Vehicle Aggregators for Mitigating Three-Phase Imbalance","authors":"Chengwei Lou;Chen Li;Lu Zhang;Wei Tang;Jin Yang;Jake Cunningham","doi":"10.35833/MPCE.2024.001067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2024.001067","url":null,"abstract":"The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces transformative opportunities and challenges for the stability of distribution networks. Unregulated EV charging will further exacerbate the inherent three-phase imbalance of the power grid, while regulated EV charging will alleviate such imbalance. To systematically address this challenge, this study proposes a two-stage bidding strategy with dispatch potential of electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs). By constructing a coordinated framework that integrates the day-ahead and real-time markets, the proposed two-stage bidding strategy reconfigures distributed EVA clusters into a controllable dynamic energy storage system, with a particular focus on dynamic compensation for deviations between scheduled and real-time operations. A bi-level Stackelberg game resolves three-phase imbalance by achieving Nash equilibrium for inter-phase balance, with Ka-rush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) ensuring feasible solutions. The proposed coordinated framework is validated with different bidding modes includes independent bidding, full price acceptance, and cooperative bidding modes. The proposed two-stage bidding strategy provides an EVA-based coordinated scheduling solution that balances the economic efficiency and phase stability in electricity market.","PeriodicalId":51326,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy","volume":"13 5","pages":"1823-1835"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10944546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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