Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ad078e
Xiaoquan Shi, Yazhou Sun, Haiying Tian, Haitao Liu, Dekai Li
Abstract Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators used in body movement real-time monitoring are of great interest for their wide application potential such as in the field of smart healthcare. In this work, a self-powered BaTiO3/Polydimethylsiloxane piezoelectric nanogenerator for body movement sensing was successfully fabricated by extrusion 3D printing. Matrix system composed of different ratios of Polydimethylsiloxane was selected based on the rheological property of materials. Experimental investigations were conducted to examine the impact of printing pressure and speed on the linewidth. Subsequently, the extrusion parameters for nanogenerators were determined based on the printed linewidth. The composite showed good ferroelectric property. After polarization, the nanogenerators exhibited an improvement in output performance of up to 55.2%. Additionally, the device demonstrated a good linear relationship between voltage and tapped force test by an electromechanical vibrator. Successful detection of body or muscle movement signals was achieved when the nanogenerator was mounted on the human finger, throat, or foot using a wearable sock, highlighting its potential for applications in self-powered wearable devices for smart healthcare.
{"title":"3D-printed wearable BaTiO3/PDMS piezoelectric nanogenerator for self-powered body movement sensing","authors":"Xiaoquan Shi, Yazhou Sun, Haiying Tian, Haitao Liu, Dekai Li","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/ad078e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ad078e","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators used in body movement real-time monitoring are of great interest for their wide application potential such as in the field of smart healthcare. In this work, a self-powered BaTiO3/Polydimethylsiloxane piezoelectric nanogenerator for body movement sensing was successfully fabricated by extrusion 3D printing. Matrix system composed of different ratios of Polydimethylsiloxane was selected based on the rheological property of materials. Experimental investigations were conducted to examine the impact of printing pressure and speed on the linewidth. Subsequently, the extrusion parameters for nanogenerators were determined based on the printed linewidth. The composite showed good ferroelectric property. After polarization, the nanogenerators exhibited an improvement in output performance of up to 55.2%. Additionally, the device demonstrated a good linear relationship between voltage and tapped force test by an electromechanical vibrator. Successful detection of body or muscle movement signals was achieved when the nanogenerator was mounted on the human finger, throat, or foot using a wearable sock, highlighting its potential for applications in self-powered wearable devices for smart healthcare.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":"32 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136234876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ad05d7
Garikapati Nagasarvari, Nitheesh M Nair, Shyama D Ranade, Lakshman Neelakantan, Parasuraman Swaminathan
Abstract Encapsulation is integral to electronic devices for maintaining long-term functionality and stability. While a variety of materials and solutions are available for conventional silicon-based electronics, not all of them are suitable for flexible optoelectronic devices. Typically, these devices require materials with low processing temperature, while maintaining both the optical and electrical functionality. Simple deposition and low cost are added advantages. In this work, we show that pure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and its composites with metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are suitable encapsulants for flexible electronics. These coatings are electrically and thermally insulating, optically transparent (controllable by the amount of metal oxides), hydrophobic (contact angle > 114 °), and offer good environmental protection. The coatings can be prepared by a simple spin coating process and annealed at temperatures less than 150 °C. The performance of pure PDMS and PDMS-metal oxides were evaluated using different characterisation techniques. These coatings were also tested on printed silver nanowire patterns and commercial flexible NFC (near field communication) tags. The addition of up to 2 wt. % ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles was found to improve the properties of PDMS, improving the environmental protection (showing a Bode impedance of the order of 108 Ω-cm2), without significantly affecting the optical transparency (> 73% transmittance).
{"title":"PDMS–metal oxide nanocomposites as transparent encapsulants for flexible electronic devices","authors":"Garikapati Nagasarvari, Nitheesh M Nair, Shyama D Ranade, Lakshman Neelakantan, Parasuraman Swaminathan","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/ad05d7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ad05d7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Encapsulation is integral to electronic devices for maintaining long-term functionality and stability. While a variety of materials and solutions are available for conventional silicon-based electronics, not all of them are suitable for flexible optoelectronic devices. Typically, these devices require materials with low processing temperature, while maintaining both the optical and electrical functionality. Simple deposition and low cost are added advantages. In this work, we show that pure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and its composites with metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) are suitable encapsulants for flexible electronics. These coatings are electrically and thermally insulating, optically transparent (controllable by the amount of metal oxides), hydrophobic (contact angle > 114 °), and offer good environmental protection. The coatings can be prepared by a simple spin coating process and annealed at temperatures less than 150 °C. The performance of pure PDMS and PDMS-metal oxides were evaluated using different characterisation techniques. These coatings were also tested on printed silver nanowire patterns and commercial flexible NFC (near field communication) tags. The addition of up to 2 wt. % ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles was found to improve the properties of PDMS, improving the environmental protection (showing a Bode impedance of the order of 108 Ω-cm2), without significantly affecting the optical transparency (> 73% transmittance).","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":"56 12","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135365704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ad05d6
Pierre Kateb, Jiaxin Fan, Jinsil Kim, Xin Zhou, Gregory Anton Lodygensky, Fabio Cicoira
Abstract Printable, self-healing, stretchable, and conductive materials have tremendous potential for the fabrication of advanced electronic devices. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiopene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been the focus of extensive research due to its tunable electrical and mechanical properties. Owing to its solution-processability and self-healing ability, PEDOT:PSS is an excellent candidate for developing printable inks. In this study, we developed printable, stretchable, dry, lightly adhesive, and self-healing materials for biomedical applications. Polyurethane diol (PUD), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and sorbitol were investigated as additives for PEDOT:PSS. In this study, we identified an optimal printable mixture obtained by incorporating PUD into PEDOT:PSS, which improved both the mechanical and electrical properties. Based on our optimization, for the 5% PUD/PEDOT:PSS free-standing films, a conductivity of approximately 30 S/cm, stretchability of 40%, and Young’s modulus of 15 MPa were observed with a light adhesion of 0.03 N/cm. A low resistance change (< 20%) was achieved when the strain was increased to 30%. Excellent electrical stability under cyclic mechanical strain, biocompatibility, and 100% electrical self-healing were also observed. The potential biomedical applications of this mixture were demonstrated by using a printed epidermal electrode on a stretchable silicone substrate. The PUD/PEDOT:PSS electrodes displayed a skin-electrode impedance similar to commercially available electrodes, and successfully captured physiological signals. This study contributes to the development of improved customization and enhanced mechanical durability of soft electronic materials.
{"title":"Printable, adhesive, and self-healing dry epidermal electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS and polyurethane diol","authors":"Pierre Kateb, Jiaxin Fan, Jinsil Kim, Xin Zhou, Gregory Anton Lodygensky, Fabio Cicoira","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/ad05d6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ad05d6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Printable, self-healing, stretchable, and conductive materials have tremendous potential for the fabrication of advanced electronic devices. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiopene) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been the focus of extensive research due to its tunable electrical and mechanical properties. Owing to its solution-processability and self-healing ability, PEDOT:PSS is an excellent candidate for developing printable inks. In this study, we developed printable, stretchable, dry, lightly adhesive, and self-healing materials for biomedical applications. Polyurethane diol (PUD), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and sorbitol were investigated as additives for PEDOT:PSS. In this study, we identified an optimal printable mixture obtained by incorporating PUD into PEDOT:PSS, which improved both the mechanical and electrical properties. Based on our optimization, for the 5% PUD/PEDOT:PSS free-standing films, a conductivity of approximately 30 S/cm, stretchability of 40%, and Young’s modulus of 15 MPa were observed with a light adhesion of 0.03 N/cm. A low resistance change (< 20%) was achieved when the strain was increased to 30%. Excellent electrical stability under cyclic mechanical strain, biocompatibility, and 100% electrical self-healing were also observed. The potential biomedical applications of this mixture were demonstrated by using a printed epidermal electrode on a stretchable silicone substrate. The PUD/PEDOT:PSS electrodes displayed a skin-electrode impedance similar to commercially available electrodes, and successfully captured physiological signals. This study contributes to the development of improved customization and enhanced mechanical durability of soft electronic materials.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":"34 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135365712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-20DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ad030f
Evan D. Patamia, Trisha L. Andrew
Ionically conductive hydrogels are finding prominence in a wide range of emerging devices and applications, including biopotential sensors, organic field effect transistors, biomedicine, and soft robotics. Traditionally, these gels are synthesized through solution-phase polymerization or solvent based swelling of a polymer network and then cast in place or adhered to an intended substrate after synthesis. These fabrication approaches place artificial limitations on the accessible chemical composition and ionic conductivity of the gels, and limit deployment of ionically conductive hydrogels in complex platforms. Here we present a modular method to create ionically conductive hydrogels on a variety of rigid, flexible, or filamentary substrates through a photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition (piCVD) process. First, a viscosity tunable precursor mixture of desired ionic composition and strength is created and coated onto a target substrate. Next, an acrylate film is grown directly on these coated substrates via piCVD. Since both the monomer and photoinitiator used during the piCVD process are miscible in the aqueous precursor mixture, polymerization occurs at both the surface of and within the precursor layer. Using this two-step strategy, we isolate a robust composite hydrogel with independently tunable ionic properties and physical structure. This method is compatible with most substrates and results in a conformal, persistent gel coating with excellent rehydration properties. Gels containing a variety of biocompatible salts can be accessed, without concomitant changes in physical structure and morphology. Ionic conductivities can be tuned between 1 × 10−5–0.03 S cm−1 by changing the ionic strength of the precursor mixture. Additionally, we show that the material retains its ion concentration and conductivity after washing. Finally, we deploy this material onto several different substrates and show that through this method the same gel can be manufactured in-place regardless of the intended substrate.
离子导电水凝胶在生物电势传感器、有机场效应晶体管、生物医学和软机器人等一系列新兴器件和应用中得到了突出的应用。传统上，这些凝胶是通过液相聚合或溶剂型聚合物网络的溶胀来合成的，然后在合成后浇铸到位或粘附在预期的基材上。这些制造方法人为地限制了凝胶的化学成分和离子电导率，并限制了离子导电水凝胶在复杂平台中的部署。在这里，我们提出了一种模块化的方法，通过光引发化学气相沉积(piCVD)工艺，在各种刚性、柔性或丝状基底上制备离子导电水凝胶。首先，创建具有所需离子组成和强度的粘度可调前驱体混合物，并将其涂覆在目标基板上。接下来，通过piCVD直接在这些涂覆的基板上生长丙烯酸酯薄膜。由于在piCVD过程中使用的单体和光引发剂在水性前驱体混合物中都是可混溶的，聚合发生在前驱体层的表面和内部。使用这两步策略，我们分离出具有独立可调离子性质和物理结构的坚固复合水凝胶。该方法与大多数基材兼容，并产生具有优异复水性能的保形、持久性凝胶涂层。含有各种生物相容性盐的凝胶可以获得，而不会伴随物理结构和形态的变化。通过改变前驱体混合物的离子强度，离子电导率可以在1 × 10−5 -0.03 S cm−1之间进行调节。此外，我们表明，材料在洗涤后保持其离子浓度和电导率。最后，我们将这种材料部署到几种不同的基材上，并表明通过这种方法可以就地制造相同的凝胶，而不管预期的基材是什么。
{"title":"Photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition (piCVD) of composition tunable, ionically conductive hydrogels on diverse substrates","authors":"Evan D. Patamia, Trisha L. Andrew","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/ad030f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ad030f","url":null,"abstract":"Ionically conductive hydrogels are finding prominence in a wide range of emerging devices and applications, including biopotential sensors, organic field effect transistors, biomedicine, and soft robotics. Traditionally, these gels are synthesized through solution-phase polymerization or solvent based swelling of a polymer network and then cast in place or adhered to an intended substrate after synthesis. These fabrication approaches place artificial limitations on the accessible chemical composition and ionic conductivity of the gels, and limit deployment of ionically conductive hydrogels in complex platforms. Here we present a modular method to create ionically conductive hydrogels on a variety of rigid, flexible, or filamentary substrates through a photoinitiated chemical vapor deposition (piCVD) process. First, a viscosity tunable precursor mixture of desired ionic composition and strength is created and coated onto a target substrate. Next, an acrylate film is grown directly on these coated substrates via piCVD. Since both the monomer and photoinitiator used during the piCVD process are miscible in the aqueous precursor mixture, polymerization occurs at both the surface of and within the precursor layer. Using this two-step strategy, we isolate a robust composite hydrogel with independently tunable ionic properties and physical structure. This method is compatible with most substrates and results in a conformal, persistent gel coating with excellent rehydration properties. Gels containing a variety of biocompatible salts can be accessed, without concomitant changes in physical structure and morphology. Ionic conductivities can be tuned between 1 × 10−5–0.03 S cm−1 by changing the ionic strength of the precursor mixture. Additionally, we show that the material retains its ion concentration and conductivity after washing. Finally, we deploy this material onto several different substrates and show that through this method the same gel can be manufactured in-place regardless of the intended substrate.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":"86 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135514435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/ad0061
Ari T Alastalo, Kimmo Keränen, Mika Suhonen, Jyrki Ollila, Arttu Huttunen, Raf Appeltans, Wim Sijbers, Gijs van Gestel, Afshin Hadipour, Stijn Lammar, Aranzazu Aguirre, Rafael Michalczuk, Christof Gapp, Martin Scholz, Markus Peters, Frank Etzel, Gunter Hubner, Martin Krebs, Zoryana Turyk, Nicolas Bucher
Abstract This paper presents research on a novel and modular vertically-integrated wearable skin patch for biosignal measurements. The flexible patch consists of a disposable skin-contacting electrode layer and a durable electronics part. The durable part is designed to include a printed re-chargeable battery, a solar cell, electronics for the measurement of electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response, acceleration, temperature and humidity and a covering visually appealing jewellery-like functional crystal layer for decoration and user interaction. The patch can store measurement data and transmit it to a mobile phone via a bluetooth low-energy radio. Integration process is developed for the vertical stacking that limits the skin-patch area to achieve a desirable form factor. The sensing electrodes are printed on stretchable thermoformable polyurethane substrate with vias through the substrate to couple skin-contacting electrodes to the upper functional layers. A removable adhesive layer between the disposable and durable parts is developed to enable separating the two parts after wear and then to couple the durable part with a new disposable part. The patch is tested on body for ECG sensing.
{"title":"Modular vertically-integrated skin patch for biosignal measurements","authors":"Ari T Alastalo, Kimmo Keränen, Mika Suhonen, Jyrki Ollila, Arttu Huttunen, Raf Appeltans, Wim Sijbers, Gijs van Gestel, Afshin Hadipour, Stijn Lammar, Aranzazu Aguirre, Rafael Michalczuk, Christof Gapp, Martin Scholz, Markus Peters, Frank Etzel, Gunter Hubner, Martin Krebs, Zoryana Turyk, Nicolas Bucher","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/ad0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ad0061","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper presents research on a novel and modular vertically-integrated wearable skin patch for biosignal measurements. The flexible patch consists of a disposable skin-contacting electrode layer and a durable electronics part. The durable part is designed to include a printed re-chargeable battery, a solar cell, electronics for the measurement of electrocardiogram (ECG), galvanic skin response, acceleration, temperature and humidity and a covering visually appealing jewellery-like functional crystal layer for decoration and user interaction. The patch can store measurement data and transmit it to a mobile phone via a bluetooth low-energy radio. Integration process is developed for the vertical stacking that limits the skin-patch area to achieve a desirable form factor. The sensing electrodes are printed on stretchable thermoformable polyurethane substrate with vias through the substrate to couple skin-contacting electrodes to the upper functional layers. A removable adhesive layer between the disposable and durable parts is developed to enable separating the two parts after wear and then to couple the durable part with a new disposable part. The patch is tested on body for ECG sensing.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136077903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/acfd3a
Adnan Iftikhar, Noaman Naseer, Solen Kumbay Yildiz, Dincer Gokcen, Adnan Fida, Muhammad Farhan Shafique, Birsen Saka
Abstract In this paper, low-cost mold silicone and silicone elastomers are investigated as substrates for the realization of flexible antennas. A methodical dielectric characterization is carried out, followed by a detailed explanation of the manufacturing process of the silicone elastomers. The prepared silicone elastomer substrates are also subjected to mechanical tests to ensure flexibility and robustness. The mechanical tests corroborated the utilization of the prepared silicone elastomers for the flexible antennas. Silicone has limited adhesion to metal, so when producing a silicone substrate, a 0.5 mm deep cavity is created with a negative impression of the intended metal component. Consequently, the metal layer is embedded within the silicon substrate, aligning the top surface of the metal flush with the silicone substrate edges. The radio frequency (RF) structure incorporates ridges within the silicone substrate to form a gap, effectively securing the metal on the surface of the silicone. Finally, to prevent the metal from falling from the silicone substrate, Kapton tape is laminated on the substrate. The wrapping of the Kapton tape additionally provides protection from moisture since the silicone elastomer substrate is prone to moisture absorption. The proposed technique is experimentally verified by designing and prototyping a coplanar patch antenna using copper and conductive woven fiber on the silicone substrate. The simulation analysis and experimentation results authenticated the effectiveness of the proposed technique to design a flexible antenna on the silicone elastomer substrates. It is also concluded that the conductive woven fiber-based prototype offers higher flexibility as compared to the copper-based prototype. It is also clinched that there exists a trade-off in flexibility and performance characteristics due to the conductivity and texture difference between the copper and conductive woven fiber.
{"title":"Silicon elastomer as flexible substrate: dielectric characterization and applications for wearable antenna","authors":"Adnan Iftikhar, Noaman Naseer, Solen Kumbay Yildiz, Dincer Gokcen, Adnan Fida, Muhammad Farhan Shafique, Birsen Saka","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/acfd3a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/acfd3a","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, low-cost mold silicone and silicone elastomers are investigated as substrates for the realization of flexible antennas. A methodical dielectric characterization is carried out, followed by a detailed explanation of the manufacturing process of the silicone elastomers. The prepared silicone elastomer substrates are also subjected to mechanical tests to ensure flexibility and robustness. The mechanical tests corroborated the utilization of the prepared silicone elastomers for the flexible antennas. Silicone has limited adhesion to metal, so when producing a silicone substrate, a 0.5 mm deep cavity is created with a negative impression of the intended metal component. Consequently, the metal layer is embedded within the silicon substrate, aligning the top surface of the metal flush with the silicone substrate edges. The radio frequency (RF) structure incorporates ridges within the silicone substrate to form a gap, effectively securing the metal on the surface of the silicone. Finally, to prevent the metal from falling from the silicone substrate, Kapton tape is laminated on the substrate. The wrapping of the Kapton tape additionally provides protection from moisture since the silicone elastomer substrate is prone to moisture absorption. The proposed technique is experimentally verified by designing and prototyping a coplanar patch antenna using copper and conductive woven fiber on the silicone substrate. The simulation analysis and experimentation results authenticated the effectiveness of the proposed technique to design a flexible antenna on the silicone elastomer substrates. It is also concluded that the conductive woven fiber-based prototype offers higher flexibility as compared to the copper-based prototype. It is also clinched that there exists a trade-off in flexibility and performance characteristics due to the conductivity and texture difference between the copper and conductive woven fiber.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135142069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/acf773
Milena Kiliszkiewicz, Laura Jasińska, Andrzej Dziedzic
Correct operation of electronic circuits (including those made with the ink-jet printing technique) requires the electrical parameters of the structures to be constant or to be changeable, but in a predictable way. Due to that, the flexible, ink-jet printed interdigital capacitors (IDSs) were made and then tested in various conditions. We used the conductive silver-based Amepox AX JP-60n ink. As a substrate, we chose the transparent, flexible Melinex OD foil with a thickness of 125 µm. The IDCs were designed and their capacitances were simulated using Comsol Multiphysics Software. Then the test structures were fabricated by the ink-jet printing process using Dimatix DMP 2831 printer. The printed structures were subjected to environmental exposures in a climate chamber to check the influence of temperature and humidity on the tested samples. The IDCs were also subjected to cyclic bending and straightening tests to analyze the outflow of tensile forces on the printed structures, which are exposed to the common factors, that could diminish the quality of the printed and flexible devices. Due to the small capacitance values of the designed and made IDSs, the measurements showed the key importance of the measuring table on which flexible substrates with IDC capacitors were placed for their capacitance value. Performed tests also demonstrated that in most cases, the capacitors are characterized by an increase in capacitance by a few to a dozen or so % after the ageing tests. Obtained results could be a good groundwork for further research, that will include ways of preventing the creation of discontinuities—or minimizing their impact on the printed device performance.
{"title":"The ink-jet printed flexible interdigital capacitors: manufacturing and ageing tests","authors":"Milena Kiliszkiewicz, Laura Jasińska, Andrzej Dziedzic","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/acf773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/acf773","url":null,"abstract":"Correct operation of electronic circuits (including those made with the ink-jet printing technique) requires the electrical parameters of the structures to be constant or to be changeable, but in a predictable way. Due to that, the flexible, ink-jet printed interdigital capacitors (IDSs) were made and then tested in various conditions. We used the conductive silver-based Amepox AX JP-60n ink. As a substrate, we chose the transparent, flexible Melinex OD foil with a thickness of 125 µm. The IDCs were designed and their capacitances were simulated using Comsol Multiphysics Software. Then the test structures were fabricated by the ink-jet printing process using Dimatix DMP 2831 printer. The printed structures were subjected to environmental exposures in a climate chamber to check the influence of temperature and humidity on the tested samples. The IDCs were also subjected to cyclic bending and straightening tests to analyze the outflow of tensile forces on the printed structures, which are exposed to the common factors, that could diminish the quality of the printed and flexible devices. Due to the small capacitance values of the designed and made IDSs, the measurements showed the key importance of the measuring table on which flexible substrates with IDC capacitors were placed for their capacitance value. Performed tests also demonstrated that in most cases, the capacitors are characterized by an increase in capacitance by a few to a dozen or so % after the ageing tests. Obtained results could be a good groundwork for further research, that will include ways of preventing the creation of discontinuities—or minimizing their impact on the printed device performance.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48785600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-07DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/acf772
Ke Shui, Yuxiao Fang, Zerui Li, Zhenguo Wang, Subin Jiang, Ni Yin, Qi Chen, Feng-Qi Guo, Jianwen Zhao, Jian Lin, Chang‐Qi Ma
Achieving high precision in the fabrication of electronic circuits through additive manufacturing requires breaking the resolution limit of traditional printing processes. To address this challenge, we have developed a novel approach that involves preparing a heterogeneous wetting surface using a light-sensitive NBE-acrylate resin. By creating differences in surface energy on the substrate, we can limit the spread of the ink and surpass the limitations of conventional processes, achieving a printing resolution of 5 μm. The NBE-acrylate resin can be cross-linked under white LED light illumination (with λ > 400 nm) to yield a hydrophobic surface, which can be converted to a hydrophilic surface by UV light illumination (λ = 254 nm). The photochemical reaction of the NBE-acrylate resin under different light irradiation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscope (AFM) microforce measurements. In combination with a photomask, patterned heterogeneous wettability surfaces were prepared, which can be utilized for printing precision electronic circuits. Micrometer-scale printed circuits with a low line-to-space (L/S) of 5/50 and 10/10 μm were successfully achieved by optimizing the ink formulation, which is significantly beyond the printing resolution. In the end, fully printed thin film transistor arrays based on semi-conducting carbon nanotubes were achieved, which showed higher charge carrier mobilities of 1.89–4.31 cm2 s−1 V−1 depending on the channel width, demonstrating the application of this precision printed technique.
{"title":"UV-converted heterogeneous wettability surface for the realization of printed micro-scale conductive circuits","authors":"Ke Shui, Yuxiao Fang, Zerui Li, Zhenguo Wang, Subin Jiang, Ni Yin, Qi Chen, Feng-Qi Guo, Jianwen Zhao, Jian Lin, Chang‐Qi Ma","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/acf772","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/acf772","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving high precision in the fabrication of electronic circuits through additive manufacturing requires breaking the resolution limit of traditional printing processes. To address this challenge, we have developed a novel approach that involves preparing a heterogeneous wetting surface using a light-sensitive NBE-acrylate resin. By creating differences in surface energy on the substrate, we can limit the spread of the ink and surpass the limitations of conventional processes, achieving a printing resolution of 5 μm. The NBE-acrylate resin can be cross-linked under white LED light illumination (with λ > 400 nm) to yield a hydrophobic surface, which can be converted to a hydrophilic surface by UV light illumination (λ = 254 nm). The photochemical reaction of the NBE-acrylate resin under different light irradiation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscope (AFM) microforce measurements. In combination with a photomask, patterned heterogeneous wettability surfaces were prepared, which can be utilized for printing precision electronic circuits. Micrometer-scale printed circuits with a low line-to-space (L/S) of 5/50 and 10/10 μm were successfully achieved by optimizing the ink formulation, which is significantly beyond the printing resolution. In the end, fully printed thin film transistor arrays based on semi-conducting carbon nanotubes were achieved, which showed higher charge carrier mobilities of 1.89–4.31 cm2 s−1 V−1 depending on the channel width, demonstrating the application of this precision printed technique.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45353739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/acf722
Svetlana Vasilyeva, Xiao Chen, Hiromitsu Katsui, Koichi Miyachi, Shao-Ting Huang, A. Rinzler, M. Lemaitre, Bo Liu
With the vertical organic light-emitting transistor (VOLET), we introduce a promising solution that could significantly benefit the manufacturing of displays, accelerating the wide adoption of flexible and printed electronics. The VOLET—like conventional, lateral channel, organic thin film transistors—is compatible with a variety of printing techniques as well as flexible substrates and low-temperature processing. In combination these devices will enable a more cost-effective approach to mass-production that can dramatically extend the market potential of active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. In this paper we discuss the prospects that AMOLED presents for the future of the display market, with a focus on the innovative VOLET device architecture. We assess how the integration of this device into active-matrix displays can contribute to the long range sustained competitiveness of AMOLED technology. We review recent progress in mass production techniques for printed electronics, with a particular emphasis on large-scale carbon nanotube material deposition. Finally, we explore the prospects for fully printed active-matrix light-emitting displays, including a review of high-performance printed components whose integration could facilitate the mass production of low-cost, high-performance, VOLET based AMOLEDs.
{"title":"Opportunities for cost-effective manufacturing of fully printed high performance displays enabled by vertical light-emitting transistor pixels","authors":"Svetlana Vasilyeva, Xiao Chen, Hiromitsu Katsui, Koichi Miyachi, Shao-Ting Huang, A. Rinzler, M. Lemaitre, Bo Liu","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/acf722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/acf722","url":null,"abstract":"With the vertical organic light-emitting transistor (VOLET), we introduce a promising solution that could significantly benefit the manufacturing of displays, accelerating the wide adoption of flexible and printed electronics. The VOLET—like conventional, lateral channel, organic thin film transistors—is compatible with a variety of printing techniques as well as flexible substrates and low-temperature processing. In combination these devices will enable a more cost-effective approach to mass-production that can dramatically extend the market potential of active-matrix organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. In this paper we discuss the prospects that AMOLED presents for the future of the display market, with a focus on the innovative VOLET device architecture. We assess how the integration of this device into active-matrix displays can contribute to the long range sustained competitiveness of AMOLED technology. We review recent progress in mass production techniques for printed electronics, with a particular emphasis on large-scale carbon nanotube material deposition. Finally, we explore the prospects for fully printed active-matrix light-emitting displays, including a review of high-performance printed components whose integration could facilitate the mass production of low-cost, high-performance, VOLET based AMOLEDs.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46533254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.1088/2058-8585/acf8d6
Mariia Zhuldybina, Mirko Torres, Rahaf Nafez Hussein, Ahmed Moulay, Tricia Breen Carmichael, Ngoc Duc Trinh, Chloé Bois
Abstract Printed electronics (PE) is growing rapidly through innovation in several pathways: ink formulation, substrate improvement, printing and drying process optimization. All these developments are combining to enable the production of a new generation of PE devices that reduce e-waste. However, the main question of the recyclability of these devices is critical. This article is focused on (1) the industrial fabrication of recyclable substrates prepared by roll-to-roll printing using flexographic printing units to cover paper with shellac solution and (2) the environmental impact assessment of new development of PE. To investigate the performance of the produced substrate, a battery-less near-field communication antenna was printed with a flatbed screen printing using silver ink. The print quality, electrical resistance and the basic functional characterization of these paper-based antennas were investigated and reported. To validate the functionality of printed devices, a 2.5×2.5 mm 2 electronic chip was integrated onto the printed device. In order to predict the future perspectives and development of the PE, environmental challenges of the ink and substrates, during the production and end-of-life phases, are explored and discussed.
印刷电子(PE)通过油墨配方、基材改进、印刷和干燥工艺优化等几个途径的创新而迅速发展。所有这些发展结合起来，使新一代PE设备的生产能够减少电子垃圾。然而，这些设备的可回收性的主要问题是至关重要的。本文重点介绍(1)利用柔版印刷装置在纸上涂上紫胶溶液，通过卷对卷印刷制备可回收基材的工业制造和(2)PE新发展的环境影响评价。为了研究所制备基板的性能，采用平板丝网印刷技术，使用银墨印刷无电池近场通信天线。研究并报道了这些纸基天线的打印质量、电阻和基本功能特性。为了验证印刷器件的功能，在印刷器件上集成了一个2.5 × 2.5 mm 2的电子芯片。为了预测PE的未来前景和发展，探索和讨论了油墨和基材在生产和报废阶段的环境挑战。
{"title":"Towards fully green printed device with environmental perspectives","authors":"Mariia Zhuldybina, Mirko Torres, Rahaf Nafez Hussein, Ahmed Moulay, Tricia Breen Carmichael, Ngoc Duc Trinh, Chloé Bois","doi":"10.1088/2058-8585/acf8d6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/acf8d6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Printed electronics (PE) is growing rapidly through innovation in several pathways: ink formulation, substrate improvement, printing and drying process optimization. All these developments are combining to enable the production of a new generation of PE devices that reduce e-waste. However, the main question of the recyclability of these devices is critical. This article is focused on (1) the industrial fabrication of recyclable substrates prepared by roll-to-roll printing using flexographic printing units to cover paper with shellac solution and (2) the environmental impact assessment of new development of PE. To investigate the performance of the produced substrate, a battery-less near-field communication antenna was printed with a flatbed screen printing using silver ink. The print quality, electrical resistance and the basic functional characterization of these paper-based antennas were investigated and reported. To validate the functionality of printed devices, a <?CDATA $2.5times 2.5$?> <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" overflow=\"scroll\"> <mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2.5</mml:mn> </mml:math> mm 2 electronic chip was integrated onto the printed device. In order to predict the future perspectives and development of the PE, environmental challenges of the ink and substrates, during the production and end-of-life phases, are explored and discussed.","PeriodicalId":51335,"journal":{"name":"Flexible and Printed Electronics","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135690531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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