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The reserve supply channel of unconventional monetary policy 非常规货币政策的储备供应渠道
IF 10.4 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103887
William Diamond , Zhengyang Jiang , Yiming Ma

We find that central bank reserves injected by QE crowd out bank lending. We estimate a structural model with cross-sectional instrumental variables for deposit and loan demand. Our results are determined by the elasticity of loan demand and the impact of reserve holdings on the cost of supplying loans. The reserves injected by QE raise loan rates by 7.4 basis points, and each dollar of reserves reduces bank lending by 7.7 cents. Our results imply that a large injection of central bank reserves has the unintended consequence of crowding out bank loans because of bank balance sheet costs.

我们发现,中央银行通过量化宽松注入的准备金挤出了银行贷款。我们利用存款和贷款需求的横截面工具变量估计了一个结构模型。我们的结果取决于贷款需求的弹性以及储备金持有量对贷款供应成本的影响。量化宽松注入的准备金使贷款利率上升了 7.4 个基点,每 1 美元的准备金使银行贷款减少了 7.7 美分。我们的研究结果表明,由于银行资产负债表的成本,中央银行大量注入储备金会产生挤出银行贷款的意外后果。
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引用次数: 0
Importance of transaction costs for asset allocation in foreign exchange markets 交易成本对外汇市场资产配置的重要性
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103886
Ilias Filippou , Thomas A. Maurer , Luca Pezzo , Mark P. Taylor

Transaction costs have a first-order effect on the performance of currency portfolios. Proportional costs based on quoted bid–ask spread are relatively small, but when a fund is large, costs due to the trading volume price impact are sizable and quickly erode returns, leaving many popular strategies unprofitable. A mean–variance-transaction-cost optimized approach (MVTC) that accounts for costs in the optimization efficiently tackles the problem with only relatively minor negative implications on before-cost profitability. MVTC is robust even when the price impact of trading is severe. Finally, we introduce an accurate extrapolation approach to expand the sample of the realized Amihud measure of Ranaldo and Santucci de Magistris (2022) from 12 to 26 currencies and from 2012 back in time to 1986.

交易成本对货币投资组合的表现有一阶影响。基于报价买卖价差的比例成本相对较小,但当基金规模较大时,交易量价格影响所导致的成本则相当可观,并迅速侵蚀收益,使许多流行策略无利可图。在优化过程中考虑成本的均值方差-交易成本优化方法(MVTC)能有效解决这一问题,对成本前盈利能力的负面影响相对较小。即使交易对价格的影响非常严重,MVTC 也是稳健的。最后,我们引入了一种精确的外推法,将 Ranaldo 和 Santucci de Magistris(2022 年)的已实现 Amihud 度量的样本从 12 种货币扩展到 26 种货币,并从 2012 年追溯到 1986 年。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of policy interventions to limit illegal money lending 限制非法放贷的政策干预效果
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103894
Kaiwen Leong , Huailu Li , Nicola Pavanini , Christoph Walsh

We estimate a structural model of borrowing and lending in the illegal money lending market using a unique panel survey of 1,090 borrowers taking out 11,032 loans from loan sharks. We use the model to evaluate the effects of interventions aimed at limiting this market. We find that an enforcement crackdown that occurred during our sample period increased lenders’ unit cost of harassment and interest rates, while lowering volume of loans, lender profits and borrower welfare. Policies removing borrowers in the middle of the repayment ability distribution, reducing gambling or reducing time discounting are also effective at lowering lender profitability.

我们通过对 1090 名从高利贷公司获得 11032 笔贷款的借款人进行独特的面板调查,估算出非法放贷市场的借贷结构模型。我们利用该模型评估了旨在限制该市场的干预措施的效果。我们发现,在样本期内发生的执法打击行动增加了放贷人的单位骚扰成本和利率,同时降低了贷款量、放贷人利润和借款人福利。剔除处于还款能力分布中间的借款人、减少赌博或减少时间折扣的政策也能有效降低贷款人的利润率。
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引用次数: 0
The short-termism trap: Catering to informed investors with limited horizons 短期陷阱:迎合视野有限的知情投资者
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103884
James Dow , Jungsuk Han , Francesco Sangiorgi

Does the stock market exert short-term pressure on listed firms, do they respond, and is this response value reducing? We show that limited investor horizons indeed have those consequences, as follows. First, informative stock prices increase firm value; in our model, they reduce the agency cost of incentivizing managers. Second, short project maturity improves stock price informativeness by catering to informed investors with short horizons. Third, since informed trading capital is a scarce resource, attracting informed investors cannot increase an individual firm’s price informativeness in equilibrium: it simply destroys shareholder value. This “short-termism trap” can potentially destroy up to 100% of the benefits of stock market listing.

股市是否会对上市公司施加短期压力,上市公司是否会做出反应,这种反应是否会降低价值?我们的研究表明,有限的投资者视野确实会产生以下后果。首先,信息丰富的股票价格会增加公司价值;在我们的模型中,信息丰富的股票价格会降低激励经理人的代理成本。其次,项目期限短可以迎合短视的知情投资者,从而提高股票价格的信息量。第三,由于知情交易资本是一种稀缺资源,吸引知情投资者并不能在均衡状态下提高单个公司的价格知情度:它只会破坏股东价值。这种 "短期陷阱 "有可能摧毁股票市场上市带来的高达 100%的收益。
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引用次数: 0
Financial market concentration and misallocation 金融市场的集中和配置不当
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103875
Daniel Neuhann, Michael Sockin

How does financial market concentration affect capital allocation? We propose a complete-markets model in which real investment and financial price impact are jointly determined in general equilibrium. We identify a two-way feedback mechanism whereby price impact induces misallocation and misallocation raises price impact. The mechanism is stronger if productivity is low or productivity dispersion is high. Given rising dispersion, the model can rationalize trends in corporate discount rates, cash holdings, investment, asset prices, and capital reallocation over the last two decades, even when market concentration is relatively stable. Overall, our findings suggest that financial market concentration may hamper allocative efficiency.

金融市场集中度如何影响资本配置?我们提出了一个完全市场模型,在这个模型中,实际投资和金融价格影响在一般均衡中共同决定。我们发现了一种双向反馈机制,即价格影响会诱发配置不当,而配置不当则会提高价格影响。如果生产率较低或生产率离散度较高,这种机制就会更强。在分散度上升的情况下,即使市场集中度相对稳定,该模型也能合理解释过去二十年中企业贴现率、现金持有量、投资、资产价格和资本重新配置的趋势。总体而言,我们的研究结果表明,金融市场集中度可能会阻碍配置效率。
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引用次数: 0
Concealed carry 隐蔽携带
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103874
Spencer Andrews , Riccardo Colacito , Mariano M. Croce , Federico Gavazzoni

The slope carry takes a long (short) position in the long-term bonds of countries with steeper (flatter) yield curves. The traditional carry takes a long (short) position in countries with high (low) short-term rates. We document that: (i) the slope carry return is slightly negative (strongly positive) in the pre (post) 2008 period, whereas it is concealed over longer samples; (ii) the traditional carry return is lower post-2008; and (iii) expected global growth and inflation declined post-2008. We connect these findings through an equilibrium model in which countries feature heterogeneous exposure to news shocks about global output and global inflation.

斜率套利持有收益率曲线较陡(较平)国家的长期债券多头(空头)头寸。传统利差持有短期利率较高(较低)国家的多头(空头)头寸。我们发现(i) 在 2008 年前(后),斜率套利回报率为轻微负值(强正值),而在更长的样本中则被掩盖;(ii) 2008 年后,传统套利回报率较低;(iii) 2008 年后,预期全球增长和通胀率下降。我们通过一个均衡模型将这些发现联系起来,在该模型中,各国对有关全球产出和全球通胀的新闻冲击具有异质性暴露。
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引用次数: 0
How do Treasury dealers manage their positions? 国库交易商如何管理其头寸?
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103885
Michael Fleming , Giang Nguyen , Joshua Rosenberg

Using 31 years of data (1990–2020) on U.S. Treasury dealer positions, we find that Treasury issuance is the main driver of dealers’ weekly inventory changes. Such inventory fluctuations are only partially offset in adjacent weeks and not significantly hedged with futures. Dealers are compensated for inventory risk by means of subsequent price appreciation of their holdings. Amid increased balance sheet costs attributable to post-crisis regulatory changes, dealers significantly reduce their position taking and layoff inventory faster. Moreover, the increased participation of non-dealers (investment funds) in the primary market contributes to diminishing compensation for inventory risk taken on at auctions.

利用美国国债交易商头寸的 31 年数据(1990-2020 年),我们发现国债发行是交易商每周库存变化的主要驱动力。这种库存波动仅在相邻的几周内被部分抵消,而且没有明显的期货对冲作用。交易商通过所持资产的后续价格上涨来补偿库存风险。在危机后监管变化导致资产负债表成本增加的情况下,交易商大幅减少了持仓量,并更快地裁减库存。此外,非交易商(投资基金)越来越多地参与一级市场,也减少了对拍卖库存风险的补偿。
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引用次数: 0
Intermediation frictions in debt relief: Evidence from CARES Act forbearance 债务减免中的中介摩擦:CARES 法案》宽限措施的证据
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103873
You Suk Kim , Donghoon Lee , Tess Scharlemann , James Vickery

We study how intermediaries – mortgage servicers – shaped the implementation of mortgage forbearance during the COVID-19 pandemic and use servicer-level variation to trace out the causal effects of forbearance on borrowers. Forbearance provision varied widely across servicers. Small servicers, nonbanks, and especially nonbanks with small liquidity buffers, facilitated fewer forbearances and saw a higher incidence of forbearance-related complaints. Easier access to forbearance substantially increased mortgage nonpayment but also reduced delinquencies outside of forbearance. Part of the liquidity from forbearance was used to reduce credit card debt, but most was saved or used for nondurable consumption.

我们研究了在 COVID-19 大流行期间,中介机构--抵押贷款服务机构--如何影响抵押贷款宽限期的实施,并利用服务机构层面的变化来追踪宽限期对借款人的因果影响。不同的服务机构提供的暂缓贷款差别很大。小型服务机构、非银行,尤其是流动性缓冲较小的非银行,提供的暂缓贷款较少,与暂缓贷款相关的投诉也较多。更容易获得暂缓偿付大大增加了抵押贷款的未偿还率,但也减少了暂缓偿付之外的拖欠率。延期偿付的部分流动资金被用于减少信用卡债务,但大部分被储蓄或用于非耐用消费。
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引用次数: 0
The death of a regulator: Strict supervision, bank lending, and business activity 监管者之死严格监管、银行贷款和商业活动
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103871
João Granja , Christian Leuz

We exploit the extinction of the thrift supervisor (OTS) to analyze the effects of supervision on bank lending and bank management. We first show that the OTS replacement resulted in stricter supervision of former OTS banks. Next, we analyze the ensuing lending effects and show that former OTS banks on average increase small business lending by roughly 10 percent. This increase is concentrated in well-capitalized banks and especially in banks that changed management practices following the supervisory transition. These findings suggest that stricter supervision operates not only through the enforcement of loss recognition and capital adequacy, but can also act as a catalyst for operational changes that correct deficiencies in bank management and lending practices, which in turn increase lending.

我们利用储蓄监管机构(OTS)的消亡来分析监管对银行贷款和银行管理的影响。我们首先表明,取代 OTS 后,对前 OTS 银行的监管更加严格。接下来,我们分析了随之而来的贷款效应,结果表明前 OTS 银行的小企业贷款平均增加了约 10%。这种增长主要集中在资本充足的银行,尤其是在监管过渡后改变了管理方法的银行。这些研究结果表明,更严格的监管不仅可以通过执行损失确认和资本充足率来发挥作用,而且还可以成为业务变革的催化剂,从而纠正银行管理和贷款实践中的缺陷,进而增加贷款。
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引用次数: 0
Discrimination in the payments chain 支付链中的歧视
IF 8.9 1区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS, FINANCE Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2024.103872
Anna M. Costello , Michael Minnis , Irina Rabinovich

We examine whether discrimination affects customers’ willingness to pay their suppliers. Using a dataset of detailed trade credit networks, we find that when facing a macroeconomic shock, customers delay payments to their suppliers with female or black trade credit officers at a 10%–20% higher rate relative to their payments to non-minorities. These results hold after controlling for a host of economic differences between minority groups and non-minority groups. In particular, we exploit the complexity of the supply chain network – wherein suppliers transact with multiple customers in each month and customers transact with multiple suppliers in each month – to estimate within-relationship changes in payment behavior during periods of financial hardship. Results indicate that the largest increases in payment delays are between customers that are classified as having racial or gender biases and suppliers that have minority lead credit officers. The results suggest that biased beliefs and preferences play a critical role in trade credit.

我们研究了歧视是否会影响客户向供应商付款的意愿。通过使用详细的贸易信贷网络数据集,我们发现当面临宏观经济冲击时,客户延迟向女性或黑人贸易信贷员的供应商付款的比例要比延迟向非少数群体的供应商付款的比例高出 10%-20%。在控制了少数群体与非少数群体之间的一系列经济差异后,这些结果仍然成立。特别是,我们利用供应链网络的复杂性--供应商每月与多个客户进行交易,而客户每月与多个供应商进行交易--来估计经济困难时期支付行为的内部关系变化。结果表明,在被归类为有种族或性别偏见的客户与有少数族裔首席信贷官的供应商之间,付款延迟的增加幅度最大。结果表明,有偏见的信念和偏好在贸易信贷中起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Financial Economics
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