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Re-learning culture in cities beyond the West 在西方以外的城市重新学习文化
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241240951
Violante Torre
Urban scholars have long engaged with the role of culture in cities. Tracing this debate, this article outlines the evolutions of culture as an object of study in inquiries on the urban and wishes to trouble two persisting trends in this literature. The first is a geographical and theoretical Eurocentric vision of culture, often framing cities beyond the West as exceptions or needing validation through a comparison with a Western case or theoretical model; the second is an economistic vision of culture under neoliberalism, neglecting the political and ideological dimensions of culture. As a step in overcoming these limitations, this article builds around the notion of ‘re-learning’, to re-insert memory, informality and conflicting heritage into the debate on culture in cities. Drawing on an ethnography of the street ‘Avenida 26’ in Bogotá, Colombia, the article shows that informal cultural practices in the middle of segregation and urban violence can hardly be grasped through the current framing of culture in cities. Yet, they invite an opening up of such a framing to include different ways to cohabit and navigate space through everyday minor engagements. These multifaceted cultural realities urge us to ‘re-learn’ culture in cities anywhere and advance theorisation on culture that takes non-Western urban spaces seriously.
长期以来,城市学者一直在研究文化在城市中的作用。本文追溯了这一争论,概述了文化作为城市研究对象的演变过程,并希望对这一文献中持续存在的两种趋势提出质疑。第一种是以欧洲为中心的文化地理和理论视角,经常将西方以外的城市视为例外,或需要通过与西方案例或理论模型的比较来验证;第二种是新自由主义下的文化经济学视角,忽视了文化的政治和意识形态维度。为了克服这些局限性,本文围绕 "再学习 "这一概念,将记忆、非正式性和相互冲突的遗产重新纳入有关城市文化的讨论中。文章通过对哥伦比亚波哥大 "Avenida 26 "街道的人种学研究,表明在隔离和城市暴力中的非正式文化实践很难被当前的城市文化框架所把握。然而,这些文化实践却要求对这种框架进行开放,以包括通过日常的小交往来共处和驾驭空间的不同方式。这些多层面的文化现实敦促我们 "重新认识 "任何地方的城市文化,并推进文化理论化,认真对待非西方城市空间。
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引用次数: 0
‘Adopt your city’: Post-political geographies and politics of urban philanthropy during austerity 领养你的城市":紧缩时期城市慈善事业的后政治地理学和政治学
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-11 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241235374
Matina Kapsali
Over the last decade, urban philanthropic giving has acquired an increased significance for cities, shaping urban agendas and affecting local decision-making. Contributing to the emerging geographical literature on the impact of philanthropy on urban governance as well as to scholarship on post-foundational geographies, I argue that urban philanthropic giving is related to a post-political regime of multi-stakeholder urban governance. Contrary to being a linear process of managerial consensus politics, the post-politicisation of urban governance emerges as a multidimensional and variegated process of mutations and adaptations. Drawing from Athens, Greece, in the austerity period, I trace the emergence of a new donor-based philanthrocapitalist regime of urban governance and I demonstrate that post-political governance can take diverse forms: from the well-described in existing literature inclusive partnership-based approach to more authoritarian consensus-based governance processes. The aim of the paper is not just to answer if philanthrocapitalism gives rise to a post-political condition or not, but to explore how it is making and remaking (post-political) urban governance of public spaces, urban politics and urban everyday life. In doing so, the paper focuses on Athens Partnership, an intermediate governance organisation that was established to manage and support donations from the private sector to local governments in Athens and explores the ways urban philanthropy impacts on urban governance. Overall, the paper brings forward a renewed, more enmeshed understanding of post-political urban governance through an analysis of the novel philanthrocapitalist regime that emerged in European cities in the context of the recent intersecting crises.
在过去的十年中,城市慈善捐赠对城市的重要性与日俱增,影响着城市议程和地方决策。作为对有关慈善事业对城市治理影响的新兴地理文献以及后基础地理学的贡献,我认为城市慈善捐赠与多方利益相关者城市治理的后政治体制有关。与管理共识政治的线性过程相反,城市治理的后政治化是一个多维度、多样化的变异和适应过程。我从希腊雅典的紧缩时期出发,追溯了以捐赠为基础的新的城市治理慈善资本主义制度的出现,并证明了后政治治理可以采取多种形式:从现有文献中描述得很好的以包容性伙伴关系为基础的方法,到更加专制的以共识为基础的治理过程。本文的目的不仅仅是回答慈善资本主义是否会导致后政治状况,而是探讨慈善资本主义如何打造和重塑(后政治的)城市公共空间治理、城市政治和城市日常生活。在此过程中,本文将重点关注雅典伙伴关系--一个为管理和支持私营部门向雅典地方政府捐款而成立的中间治理组织,并探讨城市慈善事业对城市治理的影响方式。总之,本文通过对欧洲城市在近期危机交织的背景下出现的新型慈善资本主义制度的分析,提出了对后政治城市治理的新的、更加深入的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Child-friendly urban practices as emergent place-based neoliberal subjectivation? 儿童友好型城市实践是基于地方的新自由主义主体化的新兴产物?
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241235781
Carmen Perez-del-Pulgar, Isabelle Anguelovski, James JT Connolly
As city-level decisionmakers generate urban policies and spatial interventions aimed at enhancing children’s environments and increasing their health, wellbeing and participation in urban life, they also impact the types of citizens that cities produce. Yet, despite the increasing ubiquity of city plans targeting the creation of child-friendly environments, child-centred transformations within the urban built fabric have not been a major analytical theme compared to other economic, spatial and welfare aspects of city restructuring in the context of neoliberal urbanisation. In light of this need for greater empirical and theoretical exploration of child-centred urbanism, we compare and contrast how plans reorganise children’s urban social space across different neoliberalising contexts. Drawing on empirical research conducted in Amsterdam, Vienna and Bristol in 2019, including 46 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in child-friendly planning, we contribute to the understanding of how place-based subjectivation processes operate within these plans. We argue that child-friendly urban plans are instrumental in the process of creating subjects that have internalised the norms of neoliberal urbanisation.
城市决策者制定城市政策和空间干预措施的目的是改善儿童的环境,提高他们的健康、福祉和对城市生活的参与度,他们也影响着城市培养的公民类型。然而,尽管以创造儿童友好环境为目标的城市规划越来越普遍,但与新自由主义城市化背景下城市结构调整的其他经济、空间和福利方面相比,城市建筑结构中以儿童为中心的变革还不是一个主要的分析主题。鉴于需要对以儿童为中心的城市化进行更多的实证和理论探索,我们对不同新自由主义背景下如何重组儿童城市社会空间的计划进行了比较和对比。利用 2019 年在阿姆斯特丹、维也纳和布里斯托尔开展的实证研究,包括对参与儿童友好型规划的主要利益相关者进行的 46 次半结构式访谈,我们有助于理解这些规划中基于地方的主体化过程是如何运作的。我们认为,儿童友好型城市规划在创造内化了新自由主义城市化规范的主体的过程中发挥了重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Episodic populist backlashes against urban climate actions 民粹主义对城市气候行动的偶发性反弹
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241237139
Mahir Yazar
Populism is multilayered and involves two main dimensions – ideology and strategy – which are employed within and beyond political parties. These dimensions can result in sometimes overlapping but generally divergent backlashes, targeting specific climate and sustainability interventions in cities. This critical commentary presents episodic populist backlashes against urban climate actions by exploring how they create their own political landscapes across the political spectrum in cities against progressive urban climate agendas. Specifically, the article examines how episodic populist backlashes manifest on an urban scale and highlights the need for urban scholars to pay more attention to the phenomenon. The article proposes two complementary explanations for why populism precedes urban climate actions in episodic and thematic ways. These explanations include policy backlashes against diffused global climate norms in cities, and counter-movements and rhetoric against climate justice and what it entails, such as inclusion in decision-making and intersectionality. The article then concludes by offering a research agenda on the episodic populist backlashes against urban climate actions, which highlights the need for a better understanding of how episodic populist movements might emerge into global climate policy diffusion, and climate justice coupled with intersectionality in cities of the Global North and Global South.
民粹主义是多层次的,涉及两个主要方面--意识形态和战略--在政党内部和政党之外都有运用。这些层面有时会导致针对城市中特定气候和可持续发展干预措施的相互重叠,但一般情况下会导致不同的反弹。这篇批评性评论通过探讨民粹主义如何在城市的政治光谱中创造自己的政治版图,反对进步的城市气候议程,介绍了民粹主义对城市气候行动的偶发反弹。具体而言,文章探讨了偶发性民粹主义反弹如何在城市范围内表现出来,并强调城市学者需要更多地关注这一现象。文章对民粹主义以偶发性和专题性方式先于城市气候行动的原因提出了两种互补的解释。这些解释包括对城市中扩散的全球气候规范的政策反弹,以及反对气候正义及其所包含的内容(如决策中的包容性和交叉性)的反运动和言论。文章最后提出了关于偶发性民粹主义对城市气候行动的反击的研究议程,强调需要更好地理解偶发性民粹主义运动如何在全球气候政策扩散中出现,以及全球北方和全球南方城市中的气候正义与交叉性。
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引用次数: 0
Unbundling tenure security and demand for property rights: Evidence from urban Tanzania 解除保有权保障与产权需求:坦桑尼亚城市的证据
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241235157
Martina Manara, Tanner Regan
Rapid urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa occurs with little land registration, and government-led regularisation schemes often find limited uptake of title deeds by residents. In theory, there could be private and public benefits from land titling in cities. However, little is known about how landholders value the various dimensions of formal property rights in comparison to informal tenure. We address these questions by unbundling property rights into multiple functions of tenure security and by adopting an innovative combination of methods, including an incentivised willingness-to-pay exercise, a survey, and in-depth interviews conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Examining how landholders perceive dimensions of tenure advances our understanding of limited land formalisation in urban Africa and provides evidence for alternative policy approaches to address local demand for tenure security more effectively.
撒哈拉以南非洲地区城市化进程迅速,但土地登记却很少,政府主导的规范化计划通常发现居民对地契的接受程度有限。从理论上讲,城市中的土地所有权可以带来私人和公共利益。然而,与非正式保有权相比,人们对土地所有者如何评价正式产权的各个方面知之甚少。为了解决这些问题,我们在坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆将产权拆分为保有权保障的多种功能,并采用了创新的方法组合,包括支付意愿激励实践、调查和深度访谈。通过研究土地所有者如何看待保有权的各个层面,我们加深了对非洲城市中有限的土地正规化的理解,并为替代政策方法提供了证据,从而更有效地满足当地对保有权保障的需求。
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引用次数: 0
Book review: Urban Food Deserts in Japan 书评日本的城市食物荒漠
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241240961
Rias Ratri Novita, Zahrah Khaerani
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引用次数: 0
Heterogeneous neighbourhood effects on the educational attainments of native Norwegian and immigrant-descendant female and male young adults 邻里关系对挪威本土和移民后裔男女青年受教育程度的不同影响
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241232800
Anna Maria Santiago, George C Galster, Lena Magnusson Turner
Using longitudinal register data from Oslo, Norway, this article examines how cumulative childhood exposure to family and neighbourhood contexts influences the educational attainments of young adults, paying special attention to how these determinants vary by gender and immigrant status. Specifically, we examine how neighbourhood socioeconomic and immigrant context experienced during childhood affects the completion of secondary school and university enrolment during young adulthood. We assess the extent of effect heterogeneity for three immigrant status groups stratified by gender. We control for geographical selection using a recently developed technique that first models parental selection of neighbourhood attributes and then uses the resulting predicted probabilities of selection as instruments in the neighbourhood-effects-on-education model. We find that neighbourhood affluence, educational levels and non-Western immigrant composition have important impacts on young adult educational outcomes, though results differ sharply by gender and immigrant status.
本文利用挪威奥斯陆的纵向登记数据,研究了童年时期累积的家庭和邻里环境如何影响青年成人的受教育程度,并特别关注了这些决定因素如何因性别和移民身份而异。具体来说,我们研究了童年时期所经历的邻里社会经济和移民环境如何影响青少年成年后的中学毕业和大学入学。我们评估了按性别分层的三个移民身份群体的异质性影响程度。我们使用最近开发的一种技术来控制地域选择,该技术首先对父母对邻里属性的选择进行建模,然后在邻里对教育的影响模型中使用预测的选择概率作为工具。我们发现,邻里富裕程度、教育水平和非西方移民构成对年轻成人的教育结果有重要影响,但不同性别和移民身份的结果差异很大。
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引用次数: 0
The missing link for effective informal settlement upgrading: Appropriation shaping the outcome of new infrastructure 有效改造非正规住区的缺失环节:拨款决定新基础设施的成果
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-04-08 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241236077
George Kiambuthi Wainaina, Bernhard Truffer
Infrastructure investments, a core element of slum upgrading, play a role in improving the livelihoods of over 1 billion slum residents globally. Established planning practices often successfully deliver functional infrastructure but evidence shows that their contribution to improved livelihoods often either is absent or declines sharply after some time. To explain this limited effectiveness, this article identifies the missing link between infrastructure delivery and livelihood improvements as lying in the appropriation process, that is, the uptake and embedding of infrastructures into the daily practices of residents. Recent insights from sociotechnical transitions studies help to conceptualise appropriation. The authors use Munyaka informal settlement in Eldoret town, Kenya as a case to investigate the mechanisms of new infrastructure uptake. Findings indicate that appropriation is a social process that proceeds in three steps: reception, domestication and institutionalisation. This process is driven by the need to maintain or adjust residents’ livelihood practices relative to prevailing socioeconomic and spatiotemporal conditions. The study concludes that appropriation is a significant process that planners should try to anticipate. Prevalent approaches to participation have to be modified accordingly. This is essential for planning to improve livelihoods in slums.
基础设施投资是贫民窟改造的核心要素,在改善全球 10 多亿贫民窟居民的生活方面发挥着作用。既定的规划方法通常能成功提供功能性基础设施,但有证据表明,它们对改善生活的贡献往往要么不存在,要么在一段时间后急剧下降。为了解释这种有限的有效性,本文认为基础设施交付与民生改善之间缺失的环节在于占用过程,即居民对基础设施的吸收和将其嵌入日常实践中。社会技术转型研究的最新见解有助于将占用概念化。作者以肯尼亚埃尔多雷特镇的 Munyaka 非正规住区为例,研究了新基础设施的吸收机制。研究结果表明,占用是一个社会过程,分为三个步骤:接收、驯化和制度化。这一过程的驱动力是根据当时的社会经济和时空条件,维持或调整居民的生活实践。本研究的结论是,"占有 "是一个重要的过程,规划者应努力加以预测。必须对普遍采用的参与方式进行相应修改。这对于改善贫民窟居民生活的规划工作至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Community weaving across Latin American peripheries: A listening infrastructure in Oaxaca 拉丁美洲周边地区的社区编织:瓦哈卡州的倾听基础设施
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-03-20 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241236124
Antonio Moya-Latorre
In July 2021, residents of Vicente Guerrero, a settlement built around the largest landfill in Oaxaca, commemorated the waste-pickers’ 40th anniversary with an urban art festival. This event was organised by Santa Cecilia Music School, a community-led cultural infrastructure that has shaped the social and material landscape of Vicente Guerrero since 2011. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted around this festival and throughout 2023, I propose studying cultural initiatives like Santa Cecilia as listening infrastructures to discern their ability to ‘centre’ peripheral communities through the opportunities they create for self-, collective and social listening, which, respectively, promote self-growth, spark community projects and display peripheries as creative places. I argue that the combined effect of these forms of listening – what Vicente Guerrero residents call community weaving– helps overcome material and social stigma conditioning life on the periphery. By examining these listening mechanisms, this analysis aims to enrich debates about the fundamental role of cultural infrastructure in the making of (Latin American) cities and their peripheries.
2021 年 7 月,瓦哈卡州最大的垃圾填埋场周围的维森特-格雷罗(Vicente Guerrero)居民举办了城市艺术节,纪念拾荒者 40 周年。这次活动由 Santa Cecilia 音乐学校组织,该学校是一个社区主导的文化基础设施,自 2011 年以来一直塑造着比森特-格雷罗的社会和物质景观。根据围绕此次艺术节和整个 2023 年开展的人种学实地调查,我建议将圣塞西莉亚这样的文化倡议作为倾听基础设施来研究,通过它们为自我、集体和社会倾听创造的机会,辨别其 "以 "边缘社区为中心的能力,这些机会分别促进了自我成长,激发了社区项目,并将边缘地区展示为创意之地。我认为,这些形式的倾听--维森特-格雷罗居民称之为 "社区编织"--所产生的综合效应有助于克服制约边缘生活的物质和社会烙印。通过研究这些倾听机制,本分析旨在丰富关于文化基础设施在打造(拉丁美洲)城市及其边缘地区中的基本作用的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Reimagining the municipal economy: The emancipatory politics of the people’s budget movement 重新构想市政经济:人民预算运动的解放政治
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241231439
Emily Barrett, Sara Safransky
Budgets are often thought of as boring, invoking the tedium of bookkeeping. The summer of 2020 suggested otherwise. As America’s plague of police brutality combined with the death-dealing blows of the COVID-19 pandemic and a wave of urban uprising gripped US cities, activists turned their organising attention to municipal budgeting. From Seattle to Atlanta, demands rang out for cities to #defund the police, rethink public safety and adopt budgets for the people. Since then, the people’s budget movement has grown in strength at the municipal level, including in Los Angeles, Chicago, Louisville, Jacksonville, Minneapolis and Nashville, among other cities. What should urban studies scholars make of these struggles and from the aspirations and visions that impel them? This paper uses a case study of the Nashville People’s Budget Coalition (NPBC) to examine how municipal budgeting processes and public financing have become new sites of theorisation, debate and political intervention. We demonstrate how the people’s budget movement offers a new calculus for municipal budgeting that radically reconceptualises the logics of value and care that underpin economic thought and public accounting practices. We conclude by considering avenues through which a scholarly agenda for economic democracy in solidarity with movement organisers could be expanded.
预算通常被认为是枯燥乏味的,让人联想到繁琐的记账工作。2020 年的夏天却并非如此。随着美国警察暴行的肆虐,加上 COVID-19 大流行病的致命打击,以及城市起义浪潮席卷美国各大城市,活动家们将组织的注意力转向了市政预算编制。从西雅图到亚特兰大,人们纷纷要求各城市#为警察提供资金,重新思考公共安全问题,为人民制定预算。从那时起,人民预算运动在城市层面的力量不断壮大,包括洛杉矶、芝加哥、路易斯维尔、杰克逊维尔、明尼阿波利斯和纳什维尔等城市。城市研究学者应该如何看待这些斗争以及推动这些斗争的愿望和愿景?本文通过对纳什维尔人民预算联盟(NPBC)的案例研究,探讨市政预算编制过程和公共融资如何成为理论化、辩论和政治干预的新场所。我们展示了人民预算运动如何为市政预算编制提供了一种新的计算方法,从根本上重新认识了支撑经济思想和公共会计实践的价值和关怀逻辑。最后,我们考虑了与运动组织者团结一致扩大经济民主学术议程的途径。
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引用次数: 0
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Urban Studies
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