Pub Date : 2024-04-30DOI: 10.1177/00420980241244704
Faiza Moatasim
In many large cities today, spaces of extreme wealth and poverty often exist in proximity. City officials, private developers and wealthy residents often ‘correct’ this cheek-by-jowl situation of proximate yet drastically unequal communities by building physical walls and fences between them. What is the interface between spaces inside and outside the walls built around low-income communities in elite neighbourhoods? How do people living inside the walls built to contain their communities engage with this infrastructure of control? This article addresses these questions by presenting the politics of socio-spatial separation of a low-income and informally built walled community called France Colony in a wealthy neighbourhood in Islamabad (Pakistan). It shows how the wall around France Colony is not only an ineffective sealing device; its porosity has also ironically prompted adjacent wealthy residents to retreat inside their large homes and raise their boundary walls. Not only do walls make obvious the intentions and anxieties of people on the outside trying to control the presence and growth of a low-income community, but spatial practices and negotiations around involuntarily built enclosures can minimise their restrictive intent and provide opportunities for enclosed communities to demand their rights to space.
{"title":"Walls and openings: The politics of containment of informal communities in Islamabad","authors":"Faiza Moatasim","doi":"10.1177/00420980241244704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241244704","url":null,"abstract":"In many large cities today, spaces of extreme wealth and poverty often exist in proximity. City officials, private developers and wealthy residents often ‘correct’ this cheek-by-jowl situation of proximate yet drastically unequal communities by building physical walls and fences between them. What is the interface between spaces inside and outside the walls built around low-income communities in elite neighbourhoods? How do people living inside the walls built to contain their communities engage with this infrastructure of control? This article addresses these questions by presenting the politics of socio-spatial separation of a low-income and informally built walled community called France Colony in a wealthy neighbourhood in Islamabad (Pakistan). It shows how the wall around France Colony is not only an ineffective sealing device; its porosity has also ironically prompted adjacent wealthy residents to retreat inside their large homes and raise their boundary walls. Not only do walls make obvious the intentions and anxieties of people on the outside trying to control the presence and growth of a low-income community, but spatial practices and negotiations around involuntarily built enclosures can minimise their restrictive intent and provide opportunities for enclosed communities to demand their rights to space.","PeriodicalId":51350,"journal":{"name":"Urban Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140818111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1177/00420980241244699
Taesoo Song, Karen Chapple
This research investigates whether gentrification restricts housing markets for low-income households by focussing on the New York and San Francisco metropolitan areas from 2013 to 2019. We investigate whether gentrification correlates with increased out-migration and decreased in-migration of low-income residents in affected neighbourhoods, and how it shapes where out-movers relocate. We leverage a unique longitudinal dataset to compare two extreme regional contexts characterised by significant affordability challenges and intense housing regulations. By doing so, this study aims to provide a more refined understanding of gentrification and residential mobility dynamics, avoiding broad generalisations or a narrow focus on single metropolitan contexts. The findings indicate that in both regions, low-income households are indeed more likely to leave gentrifying neighbourhoods compared to non-gentrifying ones and less likely to enter them compared to higher-income households. The study also finds mixed results regarding the subsequent residential situations of these low-income movers. Based on these findings, we provide implications for research and policies oriented towards improving housing and neighbourhood access for low-income households in rapidly changing urban areas.
{"title":"Does gentrification constrain housing markets for low-income households? Evidence from household residential mobility in the New York and San Francisco metropolitan areas","authors":"Taesoo Song, Karen Chapple","doi":"10.1177/00420980241244699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241244699","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigates whether gentrification restricts housing markets for low-income households by focussing on the New York and San Francisco metropolitan areas from 2013 to 2019. We investigate whether gentrification correlates with increased out-migration and decreased in-migration of low-income residents in affected neighbourhoods, and how it shapes where out-movers relocate. We leverage a unique longitudinal dataset to compare two extreme regional contexts characterised by significant affordability challenges and intense housing regulations. By doing so, this study aims to provide a more refined understanding of gentrification and residential mobility dynamics, avoiding broad generalisations or a narrow focus on single metropolitan contexts. The findings indicate that in both regions, low-income households are indeed more likely to leave gentrifying neighbourhoods compared to non-gentrifying ones and less likely to enter them compared to higher-income households. The study also finds mixed results regarding the subsequent residential situations of these low-income movers. Based on these findings, we provide implications for research and policies oriented towards improving housing and neighbourhood access for low-income households in rapidly changing urban areas.","PeriodicalId":51350,"journal":{"name":"Urban Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140820045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.1177/00420980241239788
Ana Gonzalez, Christof Brandtner
To realise their potential to lead in sustainability development, cities require both symbolic resources such as social capital and legitimacy and material resources such as financial and technical support. Recent research in urban studies has shown that cities overcome institutional barriers to urban sustainability by drawing on support from their wider environment. However, we argue that resource needs vary depending on whether cities spotlight or sideline sustainability. Drawing on in-depth interviews with sustainability managers in cities with variable seriousness about sustainability, and representatives of city networks and support organisations, we show that cities express different symbolic and material resource needs as well as means to acquire them. When cities express pragmatic needs, they seek to demonstrate political feasibility and look to peer cities for legitimation; when cities express progressive needs, they aim to push the boundaries of technical possibility and broadcast their achievements to the world. Since cities require dissimilar external support, skewed attention towards ‘leading’ cities in extant research limits our understanding of how cities can overcome institutional barriers to climate action, especially when these barriers are high. Our findings offer contributions to the literature on city strategies for climate change on the institutional drivers of urban sustainability.
{"title":"Green in their own way: Pragmatic and progressive means for cities to overcome institutional barriers to sustainability","authors":"Ana Gonzalez, Christof Brandtner","doi":"10.1177/00420980241239788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241239788","url":null,"abstract":"To realise their potential to lead in sustainability development, cities require both symbolic resources such as social capital and legitimacy and material resources such as financial and technical support. Recent research in urban studies has shown that cities overcome institutional barriers to urban sustainability by drawing on support from their wider environment. However, we argue that resource needs vary depending on whether cities spotlight or sideline sustainability. Drawing on in-depth interviews with sustainability managers in cities with variable seriousness about sustainability, and representatives of city networks and support organisations, we show that cities express different symbolic and material resource needs as well as means to acquire them. When cities express pragmatic needs, they seek to demonstrate political feasibility and look to peer cities for legitimation; when cities express progressive needs, they aim to push the boundaries of technical possibility and broadcast their achievements to the world. Since cities require dissimilar external support, skewed attention towards ‘leading’ cities in extant research limits our understanding of how cities can overcome institutional barriers to climate action, especially when these barriers are high. Our findings offer contributions to the literature on city strategies for climate change on the institutional drivers of urban sustainability.","PeriodicalId":51350,"journal":{"name":"Urban Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140640193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-20DOI: 10.1177/00420980241235371
Debra Mackinnon, Stefan Treffers, Randy K Lippert
This paper explores Toronto’s urban PATH, a 30 km network of underground pedestrian tunnels and elevated walkways that connect shopping areas, residential towers, mass transit and downtown destinations. Both as a case and heuristic, this paper situates Toronto’s PATH as an assemblage of private urban governance forms, exploring emergent and evolving constellations of power and responsibility for governing city space that defy easy distinctions of ‘public’ or ‘private’. As an urban assemblage, the PATH comprises potential and actual entities and associations, and is an accumulation of encounters. Never a stable or static entity, the PATH and its governance, we argue, is provisional, revealing constantly evolving connections, alignments and political-economic potentialities. We contend the PATH serves as a palimpsest of mutating governing relations; a multiplicity of meanings, visions and encounters etched into the built environment. By focusing on public and private vestiges, wayfinding, and visibility, and private verticalising ventures, we highlight how practices, logics, processes, urban actors and their histories collide to form fragile, provisional urban alignments and visions.
{"title":"Moving through Toronto’s PATH: Assembling private urban governance","authors":"Debra Mackinnon, Stefan Treffers, Randy K Lippert","doi":"10.1177/00420980241235371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241235371","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores Toronto’s urban PATH, a 30 km network of underground pedestrian tunnels and elevated walkways that connect shopping areas, residential towers, mass transit and downtown destinations. Both as a case and heuristic, this paper situates Toronto’s PATH as an assemblage of private urban governance forms, exploring emergent and evolving constellations of power and responsibility for governing city space that defy easy distinctions of ‘public’ or ‘private’. As an urban assemblage, the PATH comprises potential and actual entities and associations, and is an accumulation of encounters. Never a stable or static entity, the PATH and its governance, we argue, is provisional, revealing constantly evolving connections, alignments and political-economic potentialities. We contend the PATH serves as a palimpsest of mutating governing relations; a multiplicity of meanings, visions and encounters etched into the built environment. By focusing on public and private vestiges, wayfinding, and visibility, and private verticalising ventures, we highlight how practices, logics, processes, urban actors and their histories collide to form fragile, provisional urban alignments and visions.","PeriodicalId":51350,"journal":{"name":"Urban Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140622887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cities are so complex that we constantly build models to represent them, understand them and attempt to plan them. Models represent a middle ground between the singular configurations of cities and universal theories. This is what makes them valuable and prone to circulate (between places, institutions and languages) and evolve to adapt to new ideas, local conditions and/or other models. When it comes to analytical urban models (i.e. analytical representations of cities developed to study or simulate part of their structure or dynamics), there is a lack of academic understanding regarding how context and circulation affect their content, use and interpretation. What happens to analytical urban models and their reception during their circulation across geographical and disciplinary boundaries? How have different academic disciplines interacted with, contributed to and been influenced by analytical urban models? What are the consequences of urban models’ mobility for our understanding of cities? In this article, we employ the policy mobilities framework to analyse the circulation of analytical urban models. We use six canonical models as case studies to determine how their assumptions came about and how these models have circulated across different domains of policy and application by using biographical information and model analysis. The first contribution of the article is to demonstrate by example that our hypothesis regarding the influence of context is consistent. We also show that highly transferable/mobile models share common characteristics relating to contingent factors such as their creators’ biographies, institutional context and the traditional markers of power relations.
{"title":"The role of analytical models and their circulation in urban studies and policy","authors":"Clémentine Cottineau, Michael Batty, Itzhak Benenson, Justin Delloye, Erez Hatna, Denise Pumain, Somwrita Sarkar, Cécile Tannier, Rūta Ubarevičienė","doi":"10.1177/00420980241237410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241237410","url":null,"abstract":"Cities are so complex that we constantly build models to represent them, understand them and attempt to plan them. Models represent a middle ground between the singular configurations of cities and universal theories. This is what makes them valuable and prone to circulate (between places, institutions and languages) and evolve to adapt to new ideas, local conditions and/or other models. When it comes to analytical urban models (i.e. analytical representations of cities developed to study or simulate part of their structure or dynamics), there is a lack of academic understanding regarding how context and circulation affect their content, use and interpretation. What happens to analytical urban models and their reception during their circulation across geographical and disciplinary boundaries? How have different academic disciplines interacted with, contributed to and been influenced by analytical urban models? What are the consequences of urban models’ mobility for our understanding of cities? In this article, we employ the policy mobilities framework to analyse the circulation of analytical urban models. We use six canonical models as case studies to determine how their assumptions came about and how these models have circulated across different domains of policy and application by using biographical information and model analysis. The first contribution of the article is to demonstrate by example that our hypothesis regarding the influence of context is consistent. We also show that highly transferable/mobile models share common characteristics relating to contingent factors such as their creators’ biographies, institutional context and the traditional markers of power relations.","PeriodicalId":51350,"journal":{"name":"Urban Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140557306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1177/00420980241238863
Ruth Potts, Alex Lord, John Sturzaker
This article contributes to the small but growing corpus of literature which analyses the increasing use of digital technologies as part of spatial planning activities. Much of that existing literature focuses on the opportunities such technology brings or explores the use of specific technology. Instead, the article seeks to problematise digital planning, explicitly questioning some of the optimistic claims made on its behalf. To do so, it makes use of a new conceptual framework to reflect upon the promises and potential pitfalls of greater use of digital technology within and beyond planning practice. The paper concludes that digital planning is no more immune to questions about exclusion and power than any other form of activity affecting the built environment, and that it is essential to question the rationale behind how decisions are made regarding the adoption of new technologies in urban planning systems.
{"title":"Automatic for the people? Problematising the potential of digital planning","authors":"Ruth Potts, Alex Lord, John Sturzaker","doi":"10.1177/00420980241238863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241238863","url":null,"abstract":"This article contributes to the small but growing corpus of literature which analyses the increasing use of digital technologies as part of spatial planning activities. Much of that existing literature focuses on the opportunities such technology brings or explores the use of specific technology. Instead, the article seeks to problematise digital planning, explicitly questioning some of the optimistic claims made on its behalf. To do so, it makes use of a new conceptual framework to reflect upon the promises and potential pitfalls of greater use of digital technology within and beyond planning practice. The paper concludes that digital planning is no more immune to questions about exclusion and power than any other form of activity affecting the built environment, and that it is essential to question the rationale behind how decisions are made regarding the adoption of new technologies in urban planning systems.","PeriodicalId":51350,"journal":{"name":"Urban Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140557302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-15DOI: 10.1177/00420980241240208
Martina Loi
In this article, I explore the hypothesis that urban interstices around urban motorways could be intended as spaces of creative, political and performative possibilities not responding to planning and market logic. Urban interstices are context-dependent spaces in a minoritarian position compared to more powerful spaces. Their relationship with planning and investments is ambiguous, because they are by-products of urban processes but temporarily neglected spaces. This leads to a certain degree of freedom in the experimentation of different uses and dynamics. Grounding in Gibson-Graham’s politics of possibility, I provide a re-reading of urban motorways as spaces of possibility where undisciplined spatial forms and dynamics are made visible, conceivable and therefore possible. With an ethnographic approach, I explored the daily practices taking place in the interstices of the urban motorway SS 554, which encircles the city of Cagliari, in Sardinia. I provide an understanding of the daily practices of its inhabitants as a form of non-conflictual everyday politics, intended as a practice of producing urban space always-in-the-making. By observing daily life in urban interstices, I highlight the political possibilities that infrastructure entails and suggest an overcoming of the technocratic and normative gaze usually adopted in work on urban motorways. These urban interstices appear to be spaces of possibility, where the discarded pieces of urban processes are appropriated by inhabitants to produce a different urbanity.
在这篇文章中，我探讨了这样一个假设，即城市高速公路周围的城市交叉路口可以作为不符合规划和市场逻辑的创造性、政治性和表演性空间。与更强大的空间相比，城市间隙处于次要地位，是与环境相关的空间。它们与规划和投资的关系是模糊的，因为它们是城市进程的副产品，但又是暂时被忽视的空间。这就为不同用途和动力的实验提供了一定程度的自由。我以吉布森-格雷厄姆（Gibson-Graham）的 "可能性政治 "为基础，对城市高速公路进行了重新解读，将其视为一种可能性空间，在这种空间中，不受约束的空间形式和动态变得可见、可想，从而成为可能。我采用人种学方法，探索了环绕撒丁岛卡利亚里市的 SS 554 号城市高速公路夹缝中的日常实践。我将居民的日常行为理解为一种非冲突性的日常政治形式，旨在作为一种始终在制造城市空间的实践。通过观察城市夹缝中的日常生活，我强调了基础设施所带来的政治可能性，并建议克服在城市高速公路工作中通常采用的技术官僚和规范性视角。这些城市间隙似乎是充满可能性的空间，在这里，城市进程中被丢弃的碎片被居民利用，创造出不同的城市性。
{"title":"Urban motorways as spaces of possibility: Urban interstices and everyday practices around a motorway in Sardinia","authors":"Martina Loi","doi":"10.1177/00420980241240208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241240208","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I explore the hypothesis that urban interstices around urban motorways could be intended as spaces of creative, political and performative possibilities not responding to planning and market logic. Urban interstices are context-dependent spaces in a minoritarian position compared to more powerful spaces. Their relationship with planning and investments is ambiguous, because they are by-products of urban processes but temporarily neglected spaces. This leads to a certain degree of freedom in the experimentation of different uses and dynamics. Grounding in Gibson-Graham’s politics of possibility, I provide a re-reading of urban motorways as spaces of possibility where undisciplined spatial forms and dynamics are made visible, conceivable and therefore possible. With an ethnographic approach, I explored the daily practices taking place in the interstices of the urban motorway SS 554, which encircles the city of Cagliari, in Sardinia. I provide an understanding of the daily practices of its inhabitants as a form of non-conflictual everyday politics, intended as a practice of producing urban space always-in-the-making. By observing daily life in urban interstices, I highlight the political possibilities that infrastructure entails and suggest an overcoming of the technocratic and normative gaze usually adopted in work on urban motorways. These urban interstices appear to be spaces of possibility, where the discarded pieces of urban processes are appropriated by inhabitants to produce a different urbanity.","PeriodicalId":51350,"journal":{"name":"Urban Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140557312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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