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Have City Deals delivered higher productivity in England? An empirical assessment of a broad-spectrum local growth policy 城市协议是否提高了英格兰的生产力?对广谱地方增长政策的实证评估
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-04 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241270993
Sanjay I Raja, Johan P Larsson
The issue of what constitutes effective regional growth policy has remained elusive, particularly for ‘broad-spectrum’ policy aimed at a large part of a country. We undertake one of the first quantitative studies looking at the City Deals in England, analysing effects on productivity. We employ a difference-in-differences model, an event study, and a synthetic control method to evaluate effects on productivity. The results are mixed and usually not statistically different from zero. While the difference-in-differences framework indicates some positive effects, possibly driven by places that were the most productive before the intervention, the event study and synthetic control methods point to, at best, small effects that diminish over time. Our findings, therefore, question the efficacy of such deals in terms of narrowing the UK’s longstanding regional inequalities, while opening up several avenues for further research to understand what worked and what did not within a ‘broad-spectrum’ local growth strategy.
什么是有效的区域增长政策,这个问题一直难以捉摸,尤其是针对一个国家大部分地区的 "广谱 "政策。我们对英格兰的城市优惠政策进行了首次定量研究,分析了其对生产率的影响。我们采用了差分模型、事件研究和合成控制法来评估对生产力的影响。结果好坏参半,通常在统计上与零无差异。虽然差分框架显示了一些积极的效果,可能是由干预前生产力最高的地方推动的,但事件研究和合成控制方法最多只能说明很小的效果,而且随着时间的推移会逐渐减弱。因此,我们的研究结果对此类交易在缩小英国长期存在的地区不平等方面的有效性提出了质疑,同时也为进一步研究开辟了几条途径,以了解在 "广谱 "地方增长战略中哪些有效,哪些无效。
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引用次数: 0
Neighbourhoods as resource hubs and resource nodes: Civic organisations and political recruitment of first- and second-generation immigrants in Berlin, Germany 作为资源枢纽和资源节点的邻里:德国柏林第一代和第二代移民的公民组织和政治招募
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241270928
Nihad El-Kayed
Neighbourhood effects are commonly understood as an effect of a characteristic of the residential location on social outcomes – although people are also linked to other places in their everyday lives. Based on a mixed-methods study on the significance of neighbourhoods for political recruitment of first- and second-generation Turkish immigrants in Berlin, this article shows that neighbourhoods with a strong migrant civic infrastructure are important places for political recruitment – not only for their residents, but also for visitors and people linked to them through social networks. The article identifies three mechanisms by which people can be linked to neighbourhoods and the resources embedded in them. The first is residency. Second, neighbourhoods can work as a hub when people visit them to shop, meet friends, or engage in other activities. Visitors can then profit from a neighbourhood’s infrastructure, such as civic organisations. Third, neighbourhoods work as a node when social networks transmit information and resources originating in one neighbourhood context – for example, political information – to others located outside of it. The article contributes to an understanding of neighbourhoods not as closed-off containers but as being interconnected to other places, non-residents, and resources, an understanding that comprehends the spatial production of social inequalities in terms of residency, everyday mobility, and social network connections.
邻里效应通常被理解为居住地的某一特征对社会结果的影响--尽管人们在日常生活中也会与其他地方发生联系。本文基于一项关于邻里对柏林第一代和第二代土耳其移民政治招募的重要意义的混合方法研究,表明拥有强大移民公民基础设施的邻里是政治招募的重要场所--不仅对其居民如此,对游客和通过社交网络与之联系的人也是如此。文章指出了人们与居民区及其资源建立联系的三种机制。首先是居住。其次,当人们到邻里购物、会友或从事其他活动时,邻里可以发挥枢纽的作用。游客可以从居民区的基础设施(如民间组织)中获益。第三,当社会网络将源于某个街区的信息和资源(如政治信息)传递给其他街区以外的人时,街区就会发挥节点的作用。这篇文章有助于人们理解街区不是封闭的容器,而是与其他地方、非居民和资源相互联系的,这种理解从居住地、日常流动性和社会网络联系的角度理解了社会不平等的空间产生。
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引用次数: 0
Life for rent: Evolving residential infrastructure in London and the rise of Build-to-Rent 租房生活:伦敦不断发展的住宅基础设施与 "建造转租赁 "的兴起
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-30 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241277684
Boyana Buyuklieva, Ivana Bevilacqua, Adam Dennett, Jonathan Reades, Phil Hubbard
Build-to-Rent (BTR) developments have expanded rapidly in the UK since 2013, often advertised as providing better quality rented accommodation for university-educated Millennials than available elsewhere in the private rental sector. However, the implications of this type of housing development, and especially its affordability, are poorly understood at the city scale, partly due to a lack of evidence of where these developments cluster and what they add to the housing stock in terms of property type, amenities and cost. This article draws on data relating to 373 BTR developments in London (representing over 40,000 housing units) to show that developments are clustered where transport-related infrastructural investments have opened ‘rent gaps’ that can be exploited by developers. Exploring how these BTR schemes are marketed, the article shows that this accommodation is typically provided through new short-term ‘subscription services’ which allow developers to rent property at a premium. Questioning whether BTRs really add affordable ‘local’ homes to the city, the article concludes that BTR provides ‘quick-fix’ rental accommodation which is doing little to solve London’s housing crisis. We focus on the London BTR market and how the expansion of this housing type is reshaping the sociospatial geographies of the city.
自 2013 年以来,"建造转租赁"(BTR)开发项目在英国迅速扩张,其广告宣传往往是为受过大学教育的千禧一代提供比私人租赁部门更优质的租赁住房。然而,在城市范围内,人们对这类住房开发的影响,尤其是其可负担性还知之甚少,部分原因是缺乏证据证明这些开发项目的聚集地,以及它们在房产类型、便利设施和成本方面为住房存量增加了什么。本文利用伦敦 373 个 BTR 开发项目(代表超过 40,000 个住房单元)的相关数据,说明开发项目聚集在与交通相关的基础设施投资打开了 "租金缺口 "的地方,开发商可以利用这些缺口。文章探讨了这些 BTR 计划的市场推广方式,表明这些住房通常是通过新的短期 "订阅服务 "提供的,这使得开发商可以溢价出租房产。文章质疑BTR是否真的为城市增加了可负担得起的 "本地 "住宅,并得出结论:BTR提供的是 "速效 "租赁住房,对解决伦敦的住房危机没有什么帮助。我们重点关注伦敦的 BTR 市场,以及这种住房类型的扩张是如何重塑城市的社会空间地理格局的。
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引用次数: 0
(In-)formal settlement to whom? Archaeology and old urban agendas for sustainability transitions in Ethiopia (谁的(非正式)正式定居?考古学与埃塞俄比亚可持续发展转型的旧城市议程
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241272047
Federica Sulas, Christian Isendahl
African urban populations are growing predominantly through types of settlement commonly referred to as ‘informal’– settlements constructed outside the control of city or state governments. For the UN New Urban Agenda, informal settlement presents a challenge to developing sustainable cities. Settlement qualification in urban development discourse often relies on prescriptive formal models and considers anything not complying to these as ‘informal’ and unsustainable. This paper advances informal settlement as an adaptive response to Western planning models that builds on regional histories of organising urban space. Examining archaeological and historical urban records from northern Ethiopia, we define spatial patterns and social processes of urban transition over millennia. In the analysis, settlements that in current urban debates fall under the ‘informal’ rubric contribute to building urban resilience. A century-scale resolution reveals contingent conditions for cities enduring climatic and socio-political shifts during the Pre-Aksumite and Aksumite periods (c. 800 BCE–CE 900) and afterwards. Past urban transitions were marked by inverse settlement dynamics: as urban cores shrank, peri-urban settlement grew and new centres were established. Although spatial reconfigurations followed political shifts, urban settlement remained largely consistent: urban landscapes of food production, material processing, resource trading and ritual making. In the Aksumite record, informal processes convey flexibility and diversity of settlement forms to undergo sustainability transitions. The durability of urban morphologies in the archaeological record warrants against stereotyping informal settlement as a challenge to sustainability transitions. A long-term perspective supports emerging approaches to informal settlement today as a locally adaptive property of urban systems.
非洲城市人口的增长主要是通过通常被称为 "非正规 "的居住类型--在城市或州政府控制之外建造的居住区。对于联合国新城市议程来说,非正规住区是发展可持续城市的一个挑战。城市发展论述中对定居点的定性往往依赖于规范性的正式模式,并将任何不符合这些模式的事物视为 "非正规 "和不可持续的。本文将非正规居住区作为对西方规划模式的一种适应性回应,并以组织城市空间的地区历史为基础。通过研究埃塞俄比亚北部的考古和历史城市记录,我们定义了几千年来城市转型的空间模式和社会进程。在分析中,在当前的城市辩论中属于 "非正式 "范畴的居住区有助于建设城市复原力。世纪尺度的分析揭示了在前阿克苏姆人和阿克苏姆人时期(约公元前 800 年至公元前 900 年)及其后,城市经受气候和社会政治变化的偶然条件。过去的城市转型以反向聚落动态为特征:随着城市核心的缩小,城市周边聚落不断扩大,新的中心不断建立。尽管政治变革导致空间重组,但城市聚落在很大程度上保持了一致性:城市景观包括食品生产、材料加工、资源交易和祭祀活动。在阿克苏姆人的记录中,非正式的过程传达了定居形式的灵活性和多样性,以适应可持续性的转变。考古记录中城市形态的持久性证明,不要将非正规定居定型为对可持续性转型的挑战。从长远的角度看,今天的非正规定居作为城市系统的一种地方适应性属性,支持新出现的方法。
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引用次数: 0
Organisations and the dynamics of change in the location of American invention 美国发明地点的组织和变化动力
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241270997
Breandán Ó hUallacháin
The effects of individual organisations on the location of invention in the United States is underexplored. A handful of companies generate most of the inventions in most American cities and their actions do not average out in the aggregate. Temporal stability in city system properties corroborates agglomeration theories built on models of monopolistic competition that treat all firms as small and uninfluential. However, substantial churn in patenting occurs in individual cities. Churn is associated with the strategic choices made by particular firms as they expand and contract their inventive assets. The effects of idiosyncratic decisions on levels and growth of patenting are revealed. A novel inverse-size volatility hypothesis is tested that is consistent with a claim that beyond the largest most inventive cities individual organisations are highly influential and identifiable. The findings are compatible with recognition that variety in market structures is essential to understanding the location and growth of invention in the American urban system.
个别组织对美国发明地点的影响尚未得到充分研究。在大多数美国城市中,少数几家公司创造了大部分发明,它们的行为在总体上并不平均。城市系统属性的时间稳定性证实了建立在垄断竞争模型基础上的集聚理论,这种模型将所有公司都视为小规模、无影响力的公司。然而,单个城市的专利申请会出现大量流失。专利流失与特定企业在扩大和收缩其发明资产时所做出的战略选择有关。我们揭示了特异性决策对专利申请水平和增长的影响。对一种新的反比规模波动性假设进行了检验,该假设符合这样一种说法,即在最具创造力的最大城市之外,单个组织具有很大的影响力和可识别性。这些发现与市场结构的多样性对于理解美国城市体系中发明的位置和增长至关重要这一认识是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Analysing non-linearities and threshold effects between street-level built environments and local crime patterns: An interpretable machine learning approach 分析街道建筑环境与当地犯罪模式之间的非线性和阈值效应:可解释的机器学习方法
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241270948
Sugie Lee, Donghwan Ki, John R Hipp, Jae Hong Kim
Despite the substantial number of studies on the relationships between crime patterns and built environments, the impacts of street-level built environments on crime patterns have not been definitively determined due to the limitations of obtaining detailed streetscape data and conventional analysis models. To fill these gaps, this study focuses on the non-linear relationships and threshold effects between built environments and local crime patterns at the level of a street segment in the City of Santa Ana, California. Using Google Street View (GSV) and semantic segmentation techniques, we quantify the features of the built environment in GSV images. Then, we examine the non-linear relationships and threshold effects between built environment factors and crime by applying interpretable machine learning (IML) methods. While the machine learning models, especially Deep Neural Network (DNN), outperformed negative binomial regression in predicting future crime events, particularly advantageous was that they allowed us to obtain a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between crime patterns and environmental factors. The results of interpreting the DNN model through IML indicate that most streetscape elements showed non-linear relationships and threshold effects with crime patterns that cannot be easily captured by conventional regression model specifications. The non-linearities and threshold effects revealed in this study can shed light on the factors associated with crime patterns and contribute to policy development for public safety from crime.
尽管对犯罪模式与建筑环境之间的关系进行了大量研究,但由于获取详细街景数据和传统分析模型的局限性,尚未明确确定街道层面的建筑环境对犯罪模式的影响。为了填补这些空白,本研究侧重于加利福尼亚州圣安娜市街道层面的建筑环境与当地犯罪模式之间的非线性关系和阈值效应。利用谷歌街景(GSV)和语义分割技术,我们量化了 GSV 图像中的建筑环境特征。然后,我们通过应用可解释机器学习(IML)方法来研究建筑环境因素与犯罪之间的非线性关系和阈值效应。机器学习模型,尤其是深度神经网络(DNN),在预测未来犯罪事件方面的表现优于负二项回归,尤其是其优势使我们能够更深入地了解犯罪模式与环境因素之间的复杂关系。通过 IML 对 DNN 模型进行解释的结果表明,大多数街景要素与犯罪模式之间存在非线性关系和阈值效应,而传统的回归模型规格无法轻松捕捉到这些关系和效应。本研究揭示的非线性关系和阈值效应可以揭示与犯罪模式相关的因素,并有助于制定犯罪公共安全政策。
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引用次数: 0
“This is what I like, this is why I need to be here”: Young women’s pleasure in the urban night time economy "这就是我喜欢的,这就是我需要来这里的原因":年轻女性在城市夜间经济中的乐趣
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241270990
Amanda McBride
Pleasure is at the heart of ‘nights out’, yet research on the UK’s night-time economy has consistently focussed instead on the risks and harms experienced by particular groups. Where this body of work has met research on young women, the emphasis on the problems of the night-time economy has been especially evident. This paper extends understandings of this subject by making an analysis of young women’s pleasure central. It uses qualitative data to argue that young women’s pleasure in the night-time economy is related to a deep sense of mutuality and, going further, introduces the term ‘opened-out subjectivity’ to characterise this sense of connection. Finally, it shows how this subjectivity helps constitute the appeal of nights out, a new direction in night-time economy research.
愉悦是 "夜生活 "的核心,但对英国夜生活经济的研究却始终关注特定群体所经历的风险和伤害。当这些研究成果与针对年轻女性的研究相遇时,对夜间经济问题的强调就尤为明显。本文以分析年轻女性的愉悦感为核心,扩展了对这一主题的理解。它利用定性数据论证了年轻女性在夜间经济中的愉悦感与深刻的相互感有关,并进一步引入了 "开放的主体性 "一词来描述这种联系感。最后,它说明了这种主观性如何有助于构成夜生活的吸引力,这是夜生活经济研究的一个新方向。
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引用次数: 0
Difference between Global South cities: Mexico City, Freetown and the global division of urban informal labour 全球南部城市之间的差异:墨西哥城、弗里敦和全球城市非正规劳动分工
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241269659
Joshua Lew McDermott
This work pursues a new explanatory framework for understanding some of the variance and homogeneity of informal work between cities in the Global South. Rooted in a materialist approach to informality, it seeks to explain the dynamics of informal work in different urban contexts via a novel application of the global division of labour, termed the global division of urban informal labour. Through a comparative analysis of the urban labour regimes of Freetown, Sierra Leone, and Mexico City, Mexico, the work argues that each city’s respective location within the global capitalist system largely determines the nature of their informal economies. It posits that a city’s informal labour regime is shaped by whether a city’s economy is predominantly defined by financial, industrial or extractive capital, and explores the ramifications of the financialised economy of Mexico City and the extractivist economy of Freetown for shaping informal work in each city. Such an approach attempts not only to explain urban and labour regime variance but also to highlight the essential and foundational nature of informal work in global capitalism today. It also seeks to aid in the task of recentring capitalism and class considerations into understandings of the internal and external dynamics of Global South cities in general.
这项工作寻求一种新的解释框架,以理解全球南部城市之间非正规工作的一些差异和同质性。它植根于对非正规性的唯物主义方法,试图通过对全球劳动分工(称为全球城市非正规劳动分工)的新应用来解释不同城市背景下非正规工作的动态。通过对塞拉利昂弗里敦和墨西哥墨西哥城的城市劳动制度进行比较分析,该著作认为,每个城市各自在全球资本主义体系中所处的位置在很大程度上决定了其非正规经济的性质。作品认为,一个城市的非正规劳动制度是由该城市的经济主要由金融资本、工业资本还是采掘资本决定的,并探讨了墨西哥城的金融化经济和弗里敦的采掘化经济对每个城市的非正规工作形成的影响。这种方法不仅试图解释城市和劳动制度的差异,而且还强调了非正规工作在当今全球资本主义中的重要基础性质。它还试图帮助将资本主义和阶级因素重新纳入对整个全球南部城市内部和外部动态的理解中。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing downtown recovery rates and determinants in North American cities after the COVID-19 pandemic 评估 COVID-19 大流行后北美城市的市中心恢复率和决定因素
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241270987
Amir Forouhar, Karen Chapple, Jeff Allen, Byeonghwa Jeong, Julia Greenberg
North American downtowns are struggling to recover from the global COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the varying rates of recovery experienced by downtown areas in the 66 largest cities of the United States and Canada. Leveraging Location-Based Services data extracted from mobile phone location trajectories, we assess the recovery rates in the 2023 post-pandemic period, juxtaposed against pre-pandemic 2019 levels. We find significant disparities in downtown recovery rates. Economic factors emerge as crucial determinants, where downtowns hosting a concentration of sectors with remote/hybrid work options – such as information, finance, professional services and management – displayed sluggish recovery. Conversely, downtowns with a focus on industries like accommodation, manufacturing, education, retail, construction, entertainment and healthcare exhibited greater resilience post pandemic. Furthermore, higher density, crime rates and education levels were correlated with slower recovery rates, as were harsher weather conditions and longer commuting times. Lower-density and auto-orientated downtowns demonstrated a swift rebound, even surpassing pre-pandemic activity levels. These findings underscore the necessity for tailored policies to bolster the revival of North American downtown areas.
北美的市中心正努力从全球 COVID-19 大流行中恢复过来。本研究旨在调查美国和加拿大 66 个最大城市的市中心区所经历的不同恢复速度。利用从手机定位轨迹中提取的定位服务数据,我们评估了 2023 年大流行后的恢复率,并将其与 2019 年大流行前的水平进行对比。我们发现市中心的恢复率存在显著差异。经济因素成为关键的决定因素,信息、金融、专业服务和管理等具有远程/混合工作选择的行业集中的市中心复苏缓慢。相反,以住宿、制造、教育、零售、建筑、娱乐和医疗保健等行业为主的市中心在大流行后则表现出更强的恢复力。此外,较高的密度、犯罪率和教育水平与较慢的恢复速度相关,更恶劣的天气条件和更长的通勤时间也与较慢的恢复速度相关。密度较低、以汽车为导向的市中心则表现出迅速的反弹,甚至超过了大流行前的活动水平。这些发现突出表明,有必要制定有针对性的政策,以促进北美市中心地区的复兴。
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引用次数: 0
Restaurant survival during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining operational, demographic and land use predictors in London, Canada COVID-19 大流行期间餐厅的存活率:研究加拿大伦敦的经营、人口和土地使用预测因素
IF 4.7 1区 经济学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1177/00420980241269785
Alexander Wray, Godwin Arku, Jed Long, Leia Minaker, Jamie Seabrook, Sean Doherty, Jason Gilliland
The COVID-19 pandemic placed considerable stress on restaurants from restrictions placed on their operations, shifting consumer confidence, rapid expansion of remote work arrangements and aggressive uptake of third-party delivery services. Industry reports suggest that restaurants are experiencing a much higher rate of failure in comparison to other sectors of the economy. Restaurant survival was assessed in the Middlesex–London region of Ontario, Canada as of December 2020 using a novel dataset constructed from public health inspection permits, business listings and social media. Binomial logistic regression models were used to determine the association of operational, demographic and land use factors with restaurant survival during the pandemic. Operations-related factors were considerably more predictive of restaurant survival, though some demographic and land use factors suggest that urban processes continued to play a role in restaurant survival. Restaurants that offered in-house delivery and phone-based ordering methods were considerably less likely to close. Restaurants with a table-based service model, drive-through or an alcohol licence were also less likely to close. Restaurants proximal to a concentration of entertainment land uses were more likely to be closed in December 2020. Closed restaurants were not spatially clustered as compared to open restaurants. The pandemic appears to have disrupted established theoretical relationships between people, place, and restaurant success.
COVID-19 大流行给餐饮业带来了相当大的压力,包括对其运营的限制、消费者信心的转变、远程工作安排的快速扩张以及第三方送餐服务的积极采用。行业报告显示,与其他经济部门相比,餐馆的倒闭率要高得多。截至 2020 年 12 月,我们利用从公共卫生检查许可证、企业列表和社交媒体中构建的新数据集,对加拿大安大略省米德尔塞克斯-伦敦地区的餐馆生存情况进行了评估。二项式逻辑回归模型用于确定大流行期间经营、人口和土地使用因素与餐馆存活率之间的关联。尽管一些人口和土地使用因素表明城市进程在餐厅存活方面继续发挥作用,但与经营相关的因素对餐厅存活的预测性要高得多。提供内部送餐和电话订餐服务的餐厅倒闭的可能性要小得多。以餐桌为基础的服务模式、汽车直通车或有酒类经营许可证的餐馆也不太可能倒闭。2020 年 12 月,靠近娱乐用地集中区的餐厅更有可能关闭。与营业中的餐馆相比,关闭的餐馆在空间上并不集中。大流行病似乎破坏了人、地点和餐馆成功之间的既定理论关系。
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引用次数: 0
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