Pub Date : 2025-12-11DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105184
Changhui Peng , Jinrong He , Kai Xu , Xueping Wu , Dandan Wang , Lei Zhang
Background
Exercise interventions are recognized as an established therapeutic approach for children with DCD. This review aims to quantify the effectiveness of exercise interventions and examine the influence of potential moderating factors on outcomes.
Methods
We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and EBSCO from inception to November 1, 2025. All studies were rigorously screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using ROB 2 and ROBINS-I. Effect sizes were calculated as Hedges’ g (g) and pooled under a random-effects model, and potential moderators were examined through subgroup and regression analyses.
Results
A total of 40 studies involving 1655 participants were included, of which 24 were eligible for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that exercise interventions significantly enhanced motor coordination (g = 1.06, 95 % CI [0.57, 1.55], I² = 86.7 %), fine motor skills (g = 0.50, 95 % CI [0.24, 0.76], I² = 32.4 %), hand–eye coordination (g = 1.12, 95 % CI [0.70, 1.54], I² = 71.6 %), and balance (g = 0.54, 95 % CI [0.20, 0.88], I² = 77.3 %) in children with DCD. Subgroup analyses identified intervention setting, intervention approach, and study design as key moderating factors influencing the outcomes. Meta-regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between improvements in fine motor skills and both intervention duration (β = –0.0728, I² = 0 %) and the total number of sessions (β = –0.0129, I² = 0 %).
Conclusion
This study confirms the efficacy of exercise interventions in enhancing motor coordination, fine motor skills, hand–eye coordination and balance in children with DCD. More rigorous experimental designs are needed to compare the effects of different intervention approaches and protocols, and to determine the optimal intervention dosage.
背景：运动干预被认为是治疗儿童DCD的有效方法。本综述旨在量化运动干预的有效性，并检查潜在的调节因素对结果的影响。方法：系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Library和EBSCO自成立至2025年11月1日的数据库。所有的研究都是根据预先确定的资格标准严格筛选的。使用rob2和ROBINS-I评估偏倚风险。效应大小以Hedges' g (g)计算，并在随机效应模型下汇总，并通过亚组和回归分析检查潜在的调节因子。结果：共纳入40项研究，涉及1655名受试者，其中24项符合meta分析的条件。meta分析显示，运动干预显著提高DCD患儿的运动协调能力（g = 1.06, 95 % CI [0.57, 1.55], I²= 86.7 %）、精细运动技能（g = 0.50, 95 % CI [0.24, 0.76], I²= 32.4 %）、手眼协调能力（g = 1.12, 95 % CI [0.70, 1.54], I²= 71.6 %）和平衡能力（g = 0.54, 95 % CI [0.20, 0.88], I²= 77.3 %）。亚组分析确定干预设置、干预方法和研究设计是影响结果的关键调节因素。元回归分析显示，精细运动技能的改善与干预时间（β = -0.0728, I²= 0 %）和总干预次数（β = -0.0129, I²= 0 %）呈显著负相关。结论：本研究证实了运动干预对DCD患儿运动协调、精细运动技能、手眼协调和平衡的改善作用。需要更严格的实验设计来比较不同干预方法和方案的效果，并确定最佳干预剂量。
{"title":"Effects of exercise interventions on motor coordination in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Changhui Peng , Jinrong He , Kai Xu , Xueping Wu , Dandan Wang , Lei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Exercise interventions are recognized as an established therapeutic approach for children with DCD. This review aims to quantify the effectiveness of exercise interventions and examine the influence of potential moderating factors on outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and EBSCO from inception to November 1, 2025. All studies were rigorously screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using ROB 2 and ROBINS-I. Effect sizes were calculated as Hedges’ g (g) and pooled under a random-effects model, and potential moderators were examined through subgroup and regression analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 40 studies involving 1655 participants were included, of which 24 were eligible for meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that exercise interventions significantly enhanced motor coordination (g = 1.06, 95 % CI [0.57, 1.55], <em>I²</em> = 86.7 %), fine motor skills (g = 0.50, 95 % CI [0.24, 0.76], <em>I²</em> = 32.4 %), hand–eye coordination (g = 1.12, 95 % CI [0.70, 1.54], <em>I²</em> = 71.6 %), and balance (g = 0.54, 95 % CI [0.20, 0.88], <em>I²</em> = 77.3 %) in children with DCD. Subgroup analyses identified intervention setting, intervention approach, and study design as key moderating factors influencing the outcomes. Meta-regression analysis revealed a significant negative association between improvements in fine motor skills and both intervention duration (β = –0.0728, <em>I²</em> = 0 %) and the total number of sessions (β = –0.0129, <em>I²</em> = 0 %).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study confirms the efficacy of exercise interventions in enhancing motor coordination, fine motor skills, hand–eye coordination and balance in children with DCD. More rigorous experimental designs are needed to compare the effects of different intervention approaches and protocols, and to determine the optimal intervention dosage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105184"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145745506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adult siblings often assume vital, long-term roles in supporting individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities in areas such as education, healthcare, and daily care. These responsibilities, while significant, are accompanied by emotional challenges, including anxiety and stress, which necessitate a deeper understanding to develop effective support systems.
Objectives
This study aimed to explore the emotional experiences, future expectations, and caregiving responsibilities of adult siblings of individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities, specifically investigating their anxieties, expectations, and the roles they assume.
Methods
A qualitative study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was conducted. Twelve adult siblings of individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed to capture in-depth the lived experiences and personal meanings participants attribute to their roles.
Results
The analysis revealed three main themes: (1) Anxieties, with sub-themes of concerns related to education, independent living, care and health, and employment/leisure; (2) Expectations, with sub-themes of desires for systemic support in education, healthcare, independent living, and employment/leisure; and (3) Responsibilities, with sub-themes encompassing developmental support (e.g., educational help, care tasks) and the personal impact of these duties (e.g., internal conflict, social isolation, life choices). Participants reported that their involvement was essential but often led to emotional strain as they navigated balancing their own lives with their caregiving roles.
Conclusion
The findings underscore that adult siblings are central yet vulnerable figures in the long-term care network for individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities. The study highlights a critical need for proactive, systemic support, including sibling-focused training, mental health resources, and inclusive policies, to mitigate anxieties, meet expectations, and sustainably empower siblings in their crucial roles. This contributes to a more nuanced understanding necessary for informing family-centered practices and policies.
What this paper adds
The findings underscore that adult siblings are central figures in the long-term care and support of individuals with severe disabilities. While their contributions are indispensable, insufficient institutional and emotional support can increase their stress and anxiety. Strengthening community and policy-based support mechanisms is critical to enhancing both sibling well-being and the quality of care provided to individuals with disabilities.
{"title":"Futural anxiety and expectations of siblings of individuals with severe and multiple disabilities","authors":"Müzeyyen Eldeniz-Çetin , Adile Emel Sardohan-Yıldırım , Abdullah Çiftçi , Tuğba Sivrikaya","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Adult siblings often assume vital, long-term roles in supporting individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities in areas such as education, healthcare, and daily care. These responsibilities, while significant, are accompanied by emotional challenges, including anxiety and stress, which necessitate a deeper understanding to develop effective support systems.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This study aimed to explore the emotional experiences, future expectations, and caregiving responsibilities of adult siblings of individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities, specifically investigating their anxieties, expectations, and the roles they assume.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A qualitative study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was conducted. Twelve adult siblings of individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed to capture in-depth the lived experiences and personal meanings participants attribute to their roles.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The analysis revealed three main themes: (1) Anxieties, with sub-themes of concerns related to education, independent living, care and health, and employment/leisure; (2) Expectations, with sub-themes of desires for systemic support in education, healthcare, independent living, and employment/leisure; and (3) Responsibilities, with sub-themes encompassing developmental support (e.g., educational help, care tasks) and the personal impact of these duties (e.g., internal conflict, social isolation, life choices). Participants reported that their involvement was essential but often led to emotional strain as they navigated balancing their own lives with their caregiving roles.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings underscore that adult siblings are central yet vulnerable figures in the long-term care network for individuals with Severe and Multiple Disabilities. The study highlights a critical need for proactive, systemic support, including sibling-focused training, mental health resources, and inclusive policies, to mitigate anxieties, meet expectations, and sustainably empower siblings in their crucial roles. This contributes to a more nuanced understanding necessary for informing family-centered practices and policies.</div><div>What this paper adds</div><div>The findings underscore that adult siblings are central figures in the long-term care and support of individuals with severe disabilities. While their contributions are indispensable, insufficient institutional and emotional support can increase their stress and anxiety. Strengthening community and policy-based support mechanisms is critical to enhancing both sibling well-being and the quality of care provided to individuals with disabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145745504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105179
Hanifi Sanir
Background
The present study is one of the first to investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation influence reading comprehension among students with learning disabilities through the mediating roles of reading amount and strategy use. Although previous research has found consistent evidence for the effects of reading motivation on reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities.
Aims
This study investigates how intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation influence reading comprehension among students with learning disabilities through the mediating roles of reading amount and reading strategies.
Method
The sample of our study consisted of 154 eighth-grade students with learning disabilities from 150 schools. Data were analyzed using parallel multiple mediation analysis.
Result
Results showed that intrinsic reading motivation was positively related to both reading amount and reading strategy use, whereas extrinsic reading motivation was negatively associated with strategy use and unrelated to reading amount. Reading comprehension was significantly linked to the use of reading strategies but not directly to intrinsic or extrinsic motivation, nor to reading amount. Intrinsic motivation had an indirect positive effect on reading comprehension via strategy use, while extrinsic motivation indirectly affected comprehension negatively through the same path. However, reading amount did not mediate the relationship between motivation and comprehension
Conclusion
The findings suggest that interventions designed to improve the reading comprehension of students with learning disabilities may be more effective when they focus on enhancing intrinsic reading motivation and the use of reading strategies.
{"title":"The relationship between reading motivation and reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities: The mediating effects of reading amount and strategy use","authors":"Hanifi Sanir","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The present study is one of the first to investigate how intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation influence reading comprehension among students with learning disabilities through the mediating roles of reading amount and strategy use. Although previous research has found consistent evidence for the effects of reading motivation on reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study investigates how intrinsic and extrinsic reading motivation influence reading comprehension among students with learning disabilities through the mediating roles of reading amount and reading strategies.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The sample of our study consisted of 154 eighth-grade students with learning disabilities from 150 schools. Data were analyzed using parallel multiple mediation analysis.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>Results showed that intrinsic reading motivation was positively related to both reading amount and reading strategy use, whereas extrinsic reading motivation was negatively associated with strategy use and unrelated to reading amount. Reading comprehension was significantly linked to the use of reading strategies but not directly to intrinsic or extrinsic motivation, nor to reading amount. Intrinsic motivation had an indirect positive effect on reading comprehension via strategy use, while extrinsic motivation indirectly affected comprehension negatively through the same path. However, reading amount did not mediate the relationship between motivation and comprehension</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings suggest that interventions designed to improve the reading comprehension of students with learning disabilities may be more effective when they focus on enhancing intrinsic reading motivation and the use of reading strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"168 ","pages":"Article 105179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145697842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To comprehensively map the types of assistive devices implemented for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), regardless of setting, and clarify the methodologies used in these interventions. Specifically, we sought to answer the following questions: (1) What types of assistive devices are available for children with DCD? (2) What is known about the targeted participants, the purpose of using assistive devices, programs implemented, evaluations and results? (3) What are the current limitations of assistive devices, such as lack of tools for fine motor skills, limited focus on daily activities, and insufficient consideration of DCD pathophysiology?
Methods
This study’s methodology was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. We screened articles, including RCTs, before-and-after comparisons, and single case studies published by May 10, 2024, using PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases.
Results
We identified 546 English-language articles, of which 51 were included in the final eligibility criteria. We found that active video games, virtual reality, personal computer games, tablets, electronic pens, and robots served as assistive devices that can be used at home. Upon categorizing assistive devices based on their target symptoms (gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, and psychological), we observed that few types of assistive devices related to fine and coordinated movements, and none was designed based on the neurodevelopmental characteristics of DCD, such as impairments in motor planning, internal modeling, or brain function.
Conclusion
We identified assistive devices used in DCD interventions, including several applicable to home settings. However, most devices targeted gross motor skills, with relatively few addressing fine hand motor movements. In the future, it is necessary to develop assistive devices that consider intervention models focusing on DCD pathophysiology and daily life.
目的全面了解发展协调障碍（DCD）儿童在不同环境下使用的辅助器具类型，并阐明这些干预措施中使用的方法。具体来说，我们试图回答以下问题：(1)哪些类型的辅助设备可用于患有DCD的儿童？(2)对目标参与者、使用辅助器具的目的、实施的计划、评估和结果了解多少？(3)目前辅助设备的局限性是什么，例如缺乏精细运动技能的工具，对日常活动的关注有限，以及对DCD病理生理的考虑不足？本研究的方法学基于系统评价的首选报告项目和范围评价的元分析扩展。我们筛选了2024年5月10日之前发表的文章，包括随机对照试验、前后比较和单例研究，使用PubMed、Web of Science、Medline和Cochrane Library数据库。结果共筛选到546篇英文文章，其中51篇纳入最终入选标准。我们发现，活跃的视频游戏、虚拟现实、个人电脑游戏、平板电脑、电子笔和机器人都是可以在家里使用的辅助设备。在根据目标症状（大运动、精细运动、认知和心理）对辅助装置进行分类后，我们观察到与精细和协调运动相关的辅助装置类型很少，而且没有一种辅助装置是根据DCD的神经发育特征设计的，例如运动规划、内部建模或脑功能的损伤。结论：我们确定了用于DCD干预的辅助装置，包括几种适用于家庭环境的辅助装置。然而，大多数设备针对的是大肌肉运动技能，相对较少针对精细的手部运动。在未来，有必要开发考虑DCD病理生理和日常生活干预模型的辅助设备。
{"title":"Exploring the types of assistive devices and methodological issues in children with developmental coordination disorder: A scoping review","authors":"Kengo Fujiwara , Keisuke Irie , Akira Nakashima , Ryohei Okamura , Kazuko Kamijo , Yuto Iwanaga , Nan Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To comprehensively map the types of assistive devices implemented for children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), regardless of setting, and clarify the methodologies used in these interventions. Specifically, we sought to answer the following questions: (1) What types of assistive devices are available for children with DCD? (2) What is known about the targeted participants, the purpose of using assistive devices, programs implemented, evaluations and results? (3) What are the current limitations of assistive devices, such as lack of tools for fine motor skills, limited focus on daily activities, and insufficient consideration of DCD pathophysiology?</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study’s methodology was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for scoping reviews. We screened articles, including RCTs, before-and-after comparisons, and single case studies published by May 10, 2024, using PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We identified 546 English-language articles, of which 51 were included in the final eligibility criteria. We found that active video games, virtual reality, personal computer games, tablets, electronic pens, and robots served as assistive devices that can be used at home. Upon categorizing assistive devices based on their target symptoms (gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, and psychological), we observed that few types of assistive devices related to fine and coordinated movements, and none was designed based on the neurodevelopmental characteristics of DCD, such as impairments in motor planning, internal modeling, or brain function.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We identified assistive devices used in DCD interventions, including several applicable to home settings. However, most devices targeted gross motor skills, with relatively few addressing fine hand motor movements. In the future, it is necessary to develop assistive devices that consider intervention models focusing on DCD pathophysiology and daily life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 105163"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105169
Yu Zhang , Yuanyuan Liu
Purpose
This study conducts a multi-database bibliometric analysis to map the intellectual landscape of language intervention research for children with ASD from 2001 to 2024, seeking to identify foundational and trending topics, map collaborative networks, and trace thematic evolution, thereby offering data-driven guidance for setting research priorities, fostering international cooperation, and informing clinical practice translation.
Methods
We systematically searched Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCOhost, and PubMed. After deduplication and screening, 2720 publications were retained for bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace. Co-citation analysis, time-zone map, burst detection, and network visualization identified research clusters and temporal evolution trajectories.
Results
Publications exhibited three distinct growth phases: initial exploration (2001–2012), accelerated expansion (2013–2017), and exponential growth (2018–2024). Ten major research clusters comprising 573 nodes demonstrated high structural validity (mean silhouette=0.835, modularity Q=0.812). Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) exhibited the highest structural importance (burst=17.34, sigma=17.15), while computational methods, particularly machine learning (323 citations), showed rapid growth despite peripheral network positions (centrality=0.09), indicating they are emerging yet not central to the mainstream discourse. The United States dominated collaborative networks (betweenness=0.68, 57 connections), with emerging contributions from China, UK, and Canada.
Conclusion
The temporal analysis reveals that the field has successfully navigated multiple paradigm expansions, evolving from initial behavioral approaches to encompass technological and neurobiological perspectives. Five emerging frontiers warrant strategic investment: computational-clinical integration, telehealth implementation science, AI-enhanced AAC systems, neurobiological phenotyping, and community-based early detection. Future research should prioritize implementation science, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and embed participatory principles.
目的本研究通过多数据库文献计量分析，绘制2001 - 2024年自闭症儿童语言干预研究的智力格局，识别基础和趋势主题，绘制协作网络，追踪主题演变，从而为确定研究重点、促进国际合作和为临床实践翻译提供数据驱动的指导。方法系统检索Web of Science Core Collection、EBSCOhost和PubMed。经过重复数据删除和筛选，2720份出版物被保留用于使用CiteSpace进行文献计量学分析。共被引分析、时区图、突发检测和网络可视化确定了研究集群和时间演化轨迹。结果论文数量呈现出三个不同的增长阶段：初步探索阶段（2001-2012年）、加速扩张阶段（2013-2017年）和指数增长阶段（2018-2024年）。10个包含573个节点的主要研究集群显示出较高的结构效度（平均剪影=0.835，模块化Q=0.812）。辅助和替代通信（AAC）表现出最高的结构重要性（burst=17.34, sigma=17.15），而计算方法，特别是机器学习（323次引用），尽管处于外围网络位置（中心性=0.09），但仍显示出快速增长，表明它们正在兴起，但尚未成为主流话语的中心。美国主导了协作网络（between =0.68, 57个连接），中国、英国和加拿大也做出了贡献。时间分析表明，该领域已经成功地进行了多重范式扩展，从最初的行为方法发展到包括技术和神经生物学观点。五个新兴领域需要战略投资：计算与临床整合、远程医疗实施科学、人工智能增强的AAC系统、神经生物学表型和基于社区的早期检测。未来的研究应优先考虑实施科学，促进跨学科合作，并融入参与原则。
{"title":"The evolving landscape: A bibliometric and visual analysis of language interventions research for children with ASD","authors":"Yu Zhang , Yuanyuan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study conducts a multi-database bibliometric analysis to map the intellectual landscape of language intervention research for children with ASD from 2001 to 2024, seeking to identify foundational and trending topics, map collaborative networks, and trace thematic evolution, thereby offering data-driven guidance for setting research priorities, fostering international cooperation, and informing clinical practice translation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We systematically searched Web of Science Core Collection, EBSCOhost, and PubMed. After deduplication and screening, 2720 publications were retained for bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace. Co-citation analysis, time-zone map, burst detection, and network visualization identified research clusters and temporal evolution trajectories.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Publications exhibited three distinct growth phases: initial exploration (2001–2012), accelerated expansion (2013–2017), and exponential growth (2018–2024). Ten major research clusters comprising 573 nodes demonstrated high structural validity (mean silhouette=0.835, modularity Q=0.812). Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) exhibited the highest structural importance (burst=17.34, sigma=17.15), while computational methods, particularly machine learning (323 citations), showed rapid growth despite peripheral network positions (centrality=0.09), indicating they are emerging yet not central to the mainstream discourse. The United States dominated collaborative networks (betweenness=0.68, 57 connections), with emerging contributions from China, UK, and Canada.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The temporal analysis reveals that the field has successfully navigated multiple paradigm expansions, evolving from initial behavioral approaches to encompass technological and neurobiological perspectives. Five emerging frontiers warrant strategic investment: computational-clinical integration, telehealth implementation science, AI-enhanced AAC systems, neurobiological phenotyping, and community-based early detection. Future research should prioritize implementation science, foster interdisciplinary collaboration, and embed participatory principles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 105169"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105170
Griet Warlop , Annabel D. Nijhof , Emiel Cracco , Jan R. Wiersema , Frederik J.A. Deconinck
Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is often considered a motor learning disorder, yet supporting evidence remains limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to refine our understanding of motor learning in DCD by examining its underlying mechanisms and stabilization of learning in later stages, beyond ad hoc learning. Visuomotor adaptation was assessed in a two-session experiment involving prolonged learning phases, separated by a night of sleep, in a centre-out drawing task, in 21 children with (age: 13.7 ± 1.5 years) and 15 without DCD (age: 14.2 ± 1.4 years). Neurophysiological responses to adaptation were evaluated through EEG-measured error-related negativity, indexing sensory prediction error processing. Sleep quality was assessed to explore potential sleep impairments in DCD. Results seem to suggest difficulty in early-stage adaptation in DCD, reflected by greater directional error. However, their performance stabilised after prolonged learning, and they successfully updated their internal model of action, indicated by similar after-effects in both groups. On day two, participants with DCD seem to face more difficulty re-adapting but still achieved stabilised performance. Crucially, despite on-task learning gains, they never reached the performance level of their neurotypical peers, plateauing with higher directional errors, possibly due to a noisier sensorimotor system, that accommodates less reliable motor prediction. Neurophysiological findings suggested reduced sensory prediction error sensitivity in DCD, particularly in participants with persistent motor difficulties. Although sleep disturbances were observed in DCD, no direct link with learning outcomes was found. Overall, this study suggests that motor control limitations, rather than a core learning deficit, constrain motor performance in children with DCD.
{"title":"Neural underpinnings of visuomotor adaptation and retention after a night of sleep in children with DCD","authors":"Griet Warlop , Annabel D. Nijhof , Emiel Cracco , Jan R. Wiersema , Frederik J.A. Deconinck","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105170","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105170","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is often considered a motor learning disorder, yet supporting evidence remains limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to refine our understanding of motor learning in DCD by examining its underlying mechanisms and stabilization of learning in later stages, beyond ad hoc learning. Visuomotor adaptation was assessed in a two-session experiment involving prolonged learning phases, separated by a night of sleep, in a centre-out drawing task, in 21 children with (age: 13.7 ± 1.5 years) and 15 without DCD (age: 14.2 ± 1.4 years). Neurophysiological responses to adaptation were evaluated through EEG-measured error-related negativity, indexing sensory prediction error processing. Sleep quality was assessed to explore potential sleep impairments in DCD. Results seem to suggest difficulty in early-stage adaptation in DCD, reflected by greater directional error. However, their performance stabilised after prolonged learning, and they successfully updated their internal model of action, indicated by similar after-effects in both groups. On day two, participants with DCD seem to face more difficulty re-adapting but still achieved stabilised performance. Crucially, despite on-task learning gains, they never reached the performance level of their neurotypical peers, plateauing with higher directional errors, possibly due to a noisier sensorimotor system, that accommodates less reliable motor prediction. Neurophysiological findings suggested reduced sensory prediction error sensitivity in DCD, particularly in participants with persistent motor difficulties. Although sleep disturbances were observed in DCD, no direct link with learning outcomes was found. Overall, this study suggests that motor control limitations, rather than a core learning deficit, constrain motor performance in children with DCD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 105170"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-21DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105167
Cheng Yin , Chuanjie Deng , Catherine M. Crespi , Sari Bar , Chandra D. Carey , M. Elizabeth Brickner , Eugenia Chock , Erin C. Schafer , Igor Barjaktarevic , Kosuke Inoue , Johnni Hansen , Julia E. Heck
Background and objective
Recognizing the common co-occurring conditions among individuals with Down syndrome (DS) is essential for maintaining appropriate screening and optimizing healthcare resources. However, many previous studies relied on hospital- or community-based convenience samples with small sample sizes, limiting their generalizability. This study aimed to investigate the association between DS and co-occurring conditions in a large cohort of children and young adults.
Methods
We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using Danish national registers. The cohort had 1779912 participants born from 1977 to 2013 including 1385 with DS. For congenital conditions, we estimated inverse-probability-weighted (IPTW) absolute prevalence and prevalence difference. Time to event analyses (proportional hazard regression and IPTW cumulative incidence function estimation) were utilized to estimate the association between DS and risk for non-congenital co-occurring conditions. Sub-analyses examined risks among individuals with leukemia and sex-specific differences.
Results
Analyses showed very large prevalence ratios for many congenital conditions, including atrioventricular septal defects (PD=0.181, 95 % CI: 0.162, 0.203; PR=489, 95 % CI: 425–562), atrial septal defects (PD=0.215, 95 % CI: 0.194, 0.238; PR=94, 95 % CI: 84–105), and tetralogy of Fallot (PD=0.020, 95 % CI: 0.014, 0.029; PR=67, 95 % CI: 45–99). Individuals with DS had higher risks for cardiovascular disorders: pulmonary hypertension (HR=103.44, 95 % CI: 71.26–150.15), and stroke (HR=6.50, 95 % CI: 3.09–13.65). Additionally, the diagnosis was associated with increased risks of autoimmune diseases including celiac disease (HR=14.03, 95 % CI: 10.65–18.49) and type 1 diabetes (HR=3.40, 95 % CI: 2.08–5.54). Positive associations were also found for cerebral palsy (HR=9.77, 95 % CI: 7.32–13.06), and respiratory failure (HR=12.97, 95 % CI: 9.30–18.10). At 30 years of follow-up, IPTW absolute risks illustrated the clinical burden: e.g., pulmonary hypertension (AR1=0.028 vs AR0=0.0002, RD=0.026, RR=138.50), keratoconus (AR1=0.025 vs AR0=0.006, RD=0.025, RR=43.19), and respiratory failure (AR1=0.034 vs AR0=0.002, RD=0.031, RR=13.98).
Discussion and conclusion
Individuals with DS have notably higher risks of many co-occurring conditions. Our findings suggest that attention should be given to the management of autoimmune and ophthalmologic conditions, particularly regarding their incidence patterns over time and by gender.
{"title":"The relation between Down syndrome and co-occurring conditions in children and young adults: A population-based cohort in Denmark, 1977–2016","authors":"Cheng Yin , Chuanjie Deng , Catherine M. Crespi , Sari Bar , Chandra D. Carey , M. Elizabeth Brickner , Eugenia Chock , Erin C. Schafer , Igor Barjaktarevic , Kosuke Inoue , Johnni Hansen , Julia E. Heck","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105167","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105167","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objective</h3><div>Recognizing the common co-occurring conditions among individuals with Down syndrome (DS) is essential for maintaining appropriate screening and optimizing healthcare resources. However, many previous studies relied on hospital- or community-based convenience samples with small sample sizes, limiting their generalizability. This study aimed to investigate the association between DS and co-occurring conditions in a large cohort of children and young adults.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using Danish national registers. The cohort had 1779912 participants born from 1977 to 2013 including 1385 with DS. For congenital conditions, we estimated inverse-probability-weighted (IPTW) absolute prevalence and prevalence difference. Time to event analyses (proportional hazard regression and IPTW cumulative incidence function estimation) were utilized to estimate the association between DS and risk for non-congenital co-occurring conditions. Sub-analyses examined risks among individuals with leukemia and sex-specific differences.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Analyses showed very large prevalence ratios for many congenital conditions, including atrioventricular septal defects (PD=0.181, 95 % CI: 0.162, 0.203; PR=489, 95 % CI: 425–562), atrial septal defects (PD=0.215, 95 % CI: 0.194, 0.238; PR=94, 95 % CI: 84–105), and tetralogy of Fallot (PD=0.020, 95 % CI: 0.014, 0.029; PR=67, 95 % CI: 45–99). Individuals with DS had higher risks for cardiovascular disorders: pulmonary hypertension (HR=103.44, 95 % CI: 71.26–150.15), and stroke (HR=6.50, 95 % CI: 3.09–13.65). Additionally, the diagnosis was associated with increased risks of autoimmune diseases including celiac disease (HR=14.03, 95 % CI: 10.65–18.49) and type 1 diabetes (HR=3.40, 95 % CI: 2.08–5.54). Positive associations were also found for cerebral palsy (HR=9.77, 95 % CI: 7.32–13.06), and respiratory failure (HR=12.97, 95 % CI: 9.30–18.10). At 30 years of follow-up, IPTW absolute risks illustrated the clinical burden: e.g., pulmonary hypertension (AR<sub>1</sub>=0.028 vs AR<sub>0</sub>=0.0002, RD=0.026, RR=138.50), keratoconus (AR<sub>1</sub>=0.025 vs AR<sub>0</sub>=0.006, RD=0.025, RR=43.19), and respiratory failure (AR<sub>1</sub>=0.034 vs AR<sub>0</sub>=0.002, RD=0.031, RR=13.98).</div></div><div><h3>Discussion and conclusion</h3><div>Individuals with DS have notably higher risks of many co-occurring conditions. Our findings suggest that attention should be given to the management of autoimmune and ophthalmologic conditions, particularly regarding their incidence patterns over time and by gender.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 105167"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145579490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-20DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105166
Ali Fahad Aldakhil , Khalid N. Alasim
Background
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition globally, including in Arab countries, where stigma, limited awareness, and scarce specialized services often delay diagnosis and care. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers scalable solutions for screening, early diagnosis, and intervention programmes.
Aims
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of AI-based models for ASD with a specific focus on Arab cohorts, and to appraise methodological quality and potential cultural influences on model performance.
Methods
We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2019 and September 2025. Eligible studies evaluated supervised AI systems, machine learning (ML), or deep learning (DL) that classify individuals as ASD versus non-ASD against a clinician-confirmed reference standard. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2. Diagnostic accuracy metrics (sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio) were pooled using a bivariate random-effects model.
Results
Fifteen studies were included in the systematic review; ten studies were eligible for meta-analysis (59 model evaluations; 26,569 instances), comparing AI models against clinician-confirmed autism diagnoses. Pooled sensitivity was 91.8 % (95 % CI [89.0, 94.2]) and specificity 90.7 % (95 % CI [87.6, 93.5]), yielding a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 109.0 (95 % CI [59.5, 227.9]), positive likelihood ratio (LR⁺) of 9.8, and negative likelihood ratio (LR⁻) of 0.09. Subgroup analysis revealed hybrid models (deep feature extractors with classical classifiers) achieved the highest accuracy (sensitivity 95.2 %, specificity 96.0 %), followed by conventional ML (sensitivity 91.6 %, specificity 90.3 %), and DL alone (sensitivity 87.3 %, specificity 86.0 %). In Arab-only cohorts, models showed higher sensitivity (94.2 %) but lower specificity (87.6 %), suggesting stronger rule-out potential but more false positives.
Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first systematic meta-analysis of AI-based ASD diagnostics confirms high accuracy, with hybrid models excelling compared to both traditional ML and DL alone. In Arab cohorts, models showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity, highlighting the importance of cultural and linguistic tailoring of assessment tools, diagnostic protocols, and datasets, alongside regional challenges such as stigma and limited resources. These findings support AI as a valuable tool for early detection and screening.
{"title":"Diagnostic accuracy of AI-based models for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on Arab populations","authors":"Ali Fahad Aldakhil , Khalid N. Alasim","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental condition globally, including in Arab countries, where stigma, limited awareness, and scarce specialized services often delay diagnosis and care. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers scalable solutions for screening, early diagnosis, and intervention programmes.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of AI-based models for ASD with a specific focus on Arab cohorts, and to appraise methodological quality and potential cultural influences on model performance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2019 and September 2025. Eligible studies evaluated supervised AI systems, machine learning (ML), or deep learning (DL) that classify individuals as ASD versus non-ASD against a clinician-confirmed reference standard. Study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2. Diagnostic accuracy metrics (sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, diagnostic odds ratio) were pooled using a bivariate random-effects model.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Fifteen studies were included in the systematic review; ten studies were eligible for meta-analysis (59 model evaluations; 26,569 instances), comparing AI models against clinician-confirmed autism diagnoses. Pooled sensitivity was 91.8 % (95 % CI [89.0, 94.2]) and specificity 90.7 % (95 % CI [87.6, 93.5]), yielding a diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 109.0 (95 % CI [59.5, 227.9]), positive likelihood ratio (LR⁺) of 9.8, and negative likelihood ratio (LR⁻) of 0.09. Subgroup analysis revealed hybrid models (deep feature extractors with classical classifiers) achieved the highest accuracy (sensitivity 95.2 %, specificity 96.0 %), followed by conventional ML (sensitivity 91.6 %, specificity 90.3 %), and DL alone (sensitivity 87.3 %, specificity 86.0 %). In Arab-only cohorts, models showed higher sensitivity (94.2 %) but lower specificity (87.6 %), suggesting stronger rule-out potential but more false positives.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>To our knowledge, this is the first systematic meta-analysis of AI-based ASD diagnostics confirms high accuracy, with hybrid models excelling compared to both traditional ML and DL alone. In Arab cohorts, models showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity, highlighting the importance of cultural and linguistic tailoring of assessment tools, diagnostic protocols, and datasets, alongside regional challenges such as stigma and limited resources. These findings support AI as a valuable tool for early detection and screening.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 105166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145574428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105164
Beatriz Helena Brugnaro , Rafaela Campos , Olaf Kraus de Camargo , Robert J. Palisano , Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira Rocha
Background
Children with Down syndrome (DS) often face challenges maintaining adequate levels of physical activity, which might be associated with their mobility performance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were i) to describe parent-reported physical activity level and performance of mobility of children with DS and ii) to explore relationship between parent-reported physical activity level and performance of mobility in children with Down syndrome.
Methods
For this observational and cross-sectional study, 48 children with DS (mean age: 10.50 ± 3.30) were assessed using the IPAQ-short version (parent-reported physical activity level) and the PEDI-CAT mobility (performance in mobility). Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of p < 0.05 using SPSS-V24.0 software.
Results
A significant positive association was found between parent-reported physical activity level and mobility performance (ρ (rho) = .323; p = .025).
Conclusion
Higher physical activity level was associated with better mobility performance in daily living activities. Therefore, this finding supports the importance of promoting both aspects of functioning in children with DS.
{"title":"Association between parent-reported level of physical activity and mobility performance in children with Down syndrome: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Beatriz Helena Brugnaro , Rafaela Campos , Olaf Kraus de Camargo , Robert J. Palisano , Nelci Adriana Cicuto Ferreira Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Children with Down syndrome (DS) often face challenges maintaining adequate levels of physical activity, which might be associated with their mobility performance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were i) to describe parent-reported physical activity level and performance of mobility of children with DS and ii) to explore relationship between parent-reported physical activity level and performance of mobility in children with Down syndrome.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>For this observational and cross-sectional study, 48 children with DS (mean age: 10.50 ± 3.30) were assessed using the IPAQ-short version (parent-reported physical activity level) and the PEDI-CAT mobility (performance in mobility). Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test with a significance level of p < 0.05 using SPSS-V24.0 software.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A significant positive association was found between parent-reported physical activity level and mobility performance (<em>ρ</em> (rho) = .323; p = .025).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Higher physical activity level was associated with better mobility performance in daily living activities. Therefore, this finding supports the importance of promoting both aspects of functioning in children with DS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 105164"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105165
Sohil Alqazlan
Background
The concept of quality of life (QoL) is comprehensive and complex, particularly when considering people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Such individuals often face numerous challenges in their lives, which adversely affect their overall QoL.
Objectives
The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the QoL that Saudi children and young people with ID experience in terms of interpersonal relationships, self-determination, social inclusion, personal development, and emotional well-being. Additionally, the research considered several factors that could potentially influence these areas, including gender, family income, parents' education, and geographical location.
Methodology
A cross-sectional study was carried out among 142 children and young people with ID representing various regions of Saudi Arabia.
Results
The study established that Saudi Arabian children and adolescents with ID have, in general, a moderate QoL, with difficulties in social integration and emotional well-being. Self-determination and interpersonal relationships were found to be influenced by demographic characteristics, including the parents' educational background and gender, with girls exhibiting a higher level of self-determination.
Implications
The results of this study have important implications for stakeholders, such as policymakers and parents, particularly regarding the areas where the QoL of individuals with ID may be enhanced. Furthermore, the results draw attention to the need for targeted interventions for boys, who were shown to have lower QoL.
{"title":"Evaluating quality of life for people with intellectual disabilities in Saudi Arabia: Guardian perspectives","authors":"Sohil Alqazlan","doi":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105165","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105165","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The concept of quality of life (QoL) is comprehensive and complex, particularly when considering people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Such individuals often face numerous challenges in their lives, which adversely affect their overall QoL.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the QoL that Saudi children and young people with ID experience in terms of interpersonal relationships, self-determination, social inclusion, personal development, and emotional well-being. Additionally, the research considered several factors that could potentially influence these areas, including gender, family income, parents' education, and geographical location.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>A cross-sectional study was carried out among 142 children and young people with ID representing various regions of Saudi Arabia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study established that Saudi Arabian children and adolescents with ID have, in general, a moderate QoL, with difficulties in social integration and emotional well-being. Self-determination and interpersonal relationships were found to be influenced by demographic characteristics, including the parents' educational background and gender, with girls exhibiting a higher level of self-determination.</div></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><div>The results of this study have important implications for stakeholders, such as policymakers and parents, particularly regarding the areas where the QoL of individuals with ID may be enhanced. Furthermore, the results draw attention to the need for targeted interventions for boys, who were shown to have lower QoL.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":51351,"journal":{"name":"Research in Developmental Disabilities","volume":"167 ","pages":"Article 105165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145551453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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