With a population estimated at over 971 million India is expected to overtake China as the worlds most populous country in the twenty-first century. Notwithstanding the growing debate among social scientists activists and policy makers about linkages between population development and the environment in the public mind India continues to be associated with images of "teeming" and "exploding" masses mired in human degradation ecological devastation and civil strife. In this context it bears pointing out that the Indian state was the first in the world to initiate an official population control program in 1952. Nearly fifty years later assessments of the Indian family planning programs performance are mixed but the Indian fertility rate is declining despite overall population growth. Our interest in this article is not to argue for or against population control or to evaluate Indias success or failure in this regard but to address Indias state-sponsored population control program-its history ideology and strategies-and to examine the contours of a nationalist modernist project that is by definition gendered and classed and an ongoing product of struggles between multiple actors both beyond and within the state. We argue that Indian family planning intervention which is part of a broad postcolonial developmental agenda represents both an appropriation of and resistance to a hegemonic Western conception of the modern. We analyze the national fertility control programs domestication of modernity through a selective indigenization of modernitys core values noting that at another level this process-the linking of individual and family reproductive behavior to national welfare and the promotion of modernity as embodied practice-is itself an inherently modern project as is the phenomenon of government planning. Furthermore we draw attention to the overtly paternalistic and elitist character of the Indian fertility control program that targets women of all classes and the poor in general. (excerpt)
{"title":"Planning an Indian modernity: the gendered politics of fertility control.","authors":"N Chatterjee, N E Riley","doi":"10.1086/495629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495629","url":null,"abstract":"With a population estimated at over 971 million India is expected to overtake China as the worlds most populous country in the twenty-first century. Notwithstanding the growing debate among social scientists activists and policy makers about linkages between population development and the environment in the public mind India continues to be associated with images of \"teeming\" and \"exploding\" masses mired in human degradation ecological devastation and civil strife. In this context it bears pointing out that the Indian state was the first in the world to initiate an official population control program in 1952. Nearly fifty years later assessments of the Indian family planning programs performance are mixed but the Indian fertility rate is declining despite overall population growth. Our interest in this article is not to argue for or against population control or to evaluate Indias success or failure in this regard but to address Indias state-sponsored population control program-its history ideology and strategies-and to examine the contours of a nationalist modernist project that is by definition gendered and classed and an ongoing product of struggles between multiple actors both beyond and within the state. We argue that Indian family planning intervention which is part of a broad postcolonial developmental agenda represents both an appropriation of and resistance to a hegemonic Western conception of the modern. We analyze the national fertility control programs domestication of modernity through a selective indigenization of modernitys core values noting that at another level this process-the linking of individual and family reproductive behavior to national welfare and the promotion of modernity as embodied practice-is itself an inherently modern project as is the phenomenon of government planning. Furthermore we draw attention to the overtly paternalistic and elitist character of the Indian fertility control program that targets women of all classes and the poor in general. (excerpt)","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"26 3","pages":"811-45"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495629","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26810870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
lobalization is nothing new. Global trade has been going on for millennia-though what constitutes the "globe" has expanded dramatically in that time. And trade is nothing if not cultural exchange, the narrow distinctions between the economic and the cultural having long been rendered obsolete. Moreover, our forbears, like us, were great "miscegenators." If here I gloss the racialized and gendered violence often associated with miscegenation, I do so strategically to note that all recourse to purity, indigeneity, or aboriginalityhowever useful strategicallyshould be subject to at least as much scrutiny as the easy romance with hybridity (see Mitchell 1997). Globalization has been the signature dish of capitalism-a system of social relations of production and reproduction nourished by uneven development across a range of spatial scales, from the local or regional to the national or supranational, the ambitions of which have always been global since its birth in Europe more than five centuries ago. European-born mercantile capitalism early on was driven by a real expansion for markets and the goods to trade across them. This was nothing new, particularly, until the agents of capital began to assemble an empire and deployed the physical and symbolic violence intended to redirect toward European interests the globe Europeans were "discovering." With
{"title":"On the grounds of globalization: a topography for feminist political engagement.","authors":"C Katz","doi":"10.1086/495653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495653","url":null,"abstract":"lobalization is nothing new. Global trade has been going on for millennia-though what constitutes the \"globe\" has expanded dramatically in that time. And trade is nothing if not cultural exchange, the narrow distinctions between the economic and the cultural having long been rendered obsolete. Moreover, our forbears, like us, were great \"miscegenators.\" If here I gloss the racialized and gendered violence often associated with miscegenation, I do so strategically to note that all recourse to purity, indigeneity, or aboriginalityhowever useful strategicallyshould be subject to at least as much scrutiny as the easy romance with hybridity (see Mitchell 1997). Globalization has been the signature dish of capitalism-a system of social relations of production and reproduction nourished by uneven development across a range of spatial scales, from the local or regional to the national or supranational, the ambitions of which have always been global since its birth in Europe more than five centuries ago. European-born mercantile capitalism early on was driven by a real expansion for markets and the goods to trade across them. This was nothing new, particularly, until the agents of capital began to assemble an empire and deployed the physical and symbolic violence intended to redirect toward European interests the globe Europeans were \"discovering.\" With","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"26 4","pages":"1213-34"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26817067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L'A. souleve la question de la politique de sante feminine au debut du 21eme siecle en s'appuyant sur le programme publie par l'Institut national de la sante
{"title":"The U.S. women's health research agenda for the twenty-first century.","authors":"N F Woods","doi":"10.1086/495559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495559","url":null,"abstract":"L'A. souleve la question de la politique de sante feminine au debut du 21eme siecle en s'appuyant sur le programme publie par l'Institut national de la sante","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"25 4","pages":"1269-74"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26155942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
n February 28, 1929, Colonel Leslie Ivor Victor Gauntlett Bligh Barker was arrested for contempt of court, having failed to appear at a bankruptcy hearing the previous December. Removed to Brixton Prison, Barker was subjected to a routine medical inspection, during which he was discovered to be a woman and immediately transferred to the all-women Holloway prison.' By March 6, the news had leaked to the press and led to a series of sensational revelations that dominated the front pages of the press for a week. Barker, it was disclosed, had been born a biological female in 1895 and christened Lilias Irma Valerie Barker by her parents of independent means. In 1918 she had been married briefly to one Lieutenant Harold Arkell-Smith before having two children with her subsequent lover, Earnest Pearce-Crouch. Yet, after this relationship collapsed in 1923, Barker had begun life as a man and married Elfreda Haward. This marriage also had not lasted long and was followed by a series of relationships with other women, with whom Barker appeared to live as a common-law husband, earning a living variously as a farmer, actor, antique-shop owner, kennel manager, laborer, restaurateur, and gentleman of leisure. As these revelations were investigated by the police, Barker was charged on two counts of perjury for having falsely signed the register at his marriage to Haward. The subsequent trial at the Old Bailey took place amid great publicity and resulted in Barker's being imprisoned as a woman for
{"title":"\"For some queer reason\": the trials and tribulations of Colonel Barker's masquerade in Interwar Britain.","authors":"J Vernon","doi":"10.1086/495567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495567","url":null,"abstract":"n February 28, 1929, Colonel Leslie Ivor Victor Gauntlett Bligh Barker was arrested for contempt of court, having failed to appear at a bankruptcy hearing the previous December. Removed to Brixton Prison, Barker was subjected to a routine medical inspection, during which he was discovered to be a woman and immediately transferred to the all-women Holloway prison.' By March 6, the news had leaked to the press and led to a series of sensational revelations that dominated the front pages of the press for a week. Barker, it was disclosed, had been born a biological female in 1895 and christened Lilias Irma Valerie Barker by her parents of independent means. In 1918 she had been married briefly to one Lieutenant Harold Arkell-Smith before having two children with her subsequent lover, Earnest Pearce-Crouch. Yet, after this relationship collapsed in 1923, Barker had begun life as a man and married Elfreda Haward. This marriage also had not lasted long and was followed by a series of relationships with other women, with whom Barker appeared to live as a common-law husband, earning a living variously as a farmer, actor, antique-shop owner, kennel manager, laborer, restaurateur, and gentleman of leisure. As these revelations were investigated by the police, Barker was charged on two counts of perjury for having falsely signed the register at his marriage to Haward. The subsequent trial at the Old Bailey took place amid great publicity and resulted in Barker's being imprisoned as a woman for","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"26 1","pages":"37-62"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"28061575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Do women do science differently? This is a history of women in science and a frank assessment of the role of gender in shaping scientific knowledge. Science is both a profession and a body of knowledge, and Londa Schiebinger looks at how women have fared and performed in both instances. Shoe first considers the lives of women scientists, past and present. Schiebinger debunks the myth that women scientists - because they are women - are somehow more holistic and integrative and create more cooperative scientific communities. However, have feminist perspectives brought any positive change to scientific knowledge? Schiebinger provides a nuanced gender analysis of the physical sciences, medicine, archaeology, evolutionary biology, primatology, and developmental biology. She also shows that feminist scientists have developed new theories, asked new questions, and opened new fields in many of these areas.
{"title":"Has feminism changed science?","authors":"L Schiebinger","doi":"10.1086/495540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495540","url":null,"abstract":"Do women do science differently? This is a history of women in science and a frank assessment of the role of gender in shaping scientific knowledge. Science is both a profession and a body of knowledge, and Londa Schiebinger looks at how women have fared and performed in both instances. Shoe first considers the lives of women scientists, past and present. Schiebinger debunks the myth that women scientists - because they are women - are somehow more holistic and integrative and create more cooperative scientific communities. However, have feminist perspectives brought any positive change to scientific knowledge? Schiebinger provides a nuanced gender analysis of the physical sciences, medicine, archaeology, evolutionary biology, primatology, and developmental biology. She also shows that feminist scientists have developed new theories, asked new questions, and opened new fields in many of these areas.","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"25 4","pages":"1171-5"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495540","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26350867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contraceptives are at the center of countless dramas of "everyday resistance" involving struggles for power between genders and generations (Scott 1985). In most demographic scholarship such dramas are obscured by emphasis on the "big picture" of broad demographic changes. This article is part of the intellectual movement toward the goal of viewing such huge social transformations from the ground on which they occur-the daily lives of men and women-in order to challenge existing demographic descriptions of fertility change that ignore conflict resistance and subversion in the ways fertility is regulated. (excerpt)
{"title":"\"Who has told you to do this thing?\": toward a feminist interpretation of contraceptive diffusion in Rhodesia, 1970-1980.","authors":"A Kaler","doi":"10.1086/495478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495478","url":null,"abstract":"Contraceptives are at the center of countless dramas of \"everyday resistance\" involving struggles for power between genders and generations (Scott 1985). In most demographic scholarship such dramas are obscured by emphasis on the \"big picture\" of broad demographic changes. This article is part of the intellectual movement toward the goal of viewing such huge social transformations from the ground on which they occur-the daily lives of men and women-in order to challenge existing demographic descriptions of fertility change that ignore conflict resistance and subversion in the ways fertility is regulated. (excerpt)","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"25 3","pages":"677-708"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"27807598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On February 17, 1935, the humor column of the Asahi Shinbun, a nationally distributed daily newspaper, was devoted to spoofing an attempted lesbian double suicide that had taken place about three weeks earlier. The “feminine” partner was Saijo Eriko, a 23-year-old “woman’s role-player” (musumeyaku) in a popular all-female revue, and the “masculine” partner, 27-year old Masuda Yasumare, an affluent and zealous fan of the actress (figure12.1).1 (Yasumare was a masculine name that she chose for herself; her parents had named her Fumiko.)
{"title":"Dying to tell: sexuality and suicide in Imperial Japan.","authors":"J Robertson","doi":"10.1086/495412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495412","url":null,"abstract":"On February 17, 1935, the humor column of the Asahi Shinbun, a nationally distributed daily newspaper, was devoted to spoofing an attempted lesbian double suicide that had taken place about three weeks earlier. The “feminine” partner was Saijo Eriko, a 23-year-old “woman’s role-player” (musumeyaku) in a popular all-female revue, and the “masculine” partner, 27-year old Masuda Yasumare, an affluent and zealous fan of the actress (figure12.1).1 (Yasumare was a masculine name that she chose for herself; her parents had named her Fumiko.)","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"25 1","pages":"1-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495412","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30443814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L'A. montre de quelle maniere les premiers textes pornographiques modernes envisagent et mettent en scene le plaisir et la sexualite feminine. Elle passe en revue les livres pornographiques, publies entre 1655 et 1745 en France et en Grande-Bretagne, qui ont connu le plus de succes. Elle porte plus particulierement son attention sur «L'Ecole des filles» et sur l'ouvrage de Nicolas Chorier «Satyra sotadica». Ces deux ouvrages presentent differents recits, destines aux femmes, d'initiation sexuelle
{"title":"The representation of female desire in early modern pornographic texts, 1660-1745.","authors":"M Mourao","doi":"10.1086/495366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495366","url":null,"abstract":"L'A. montre de quelle maniere les premiers textes pornographiques modernes envisagent et mettent en scene le plaisir et la sexualite feminine. Elle passe en revue les livres pornographiques, publies entre 1655 et 1745 en France et en Grande-Bretagne, qui ont connu le plus de succes. Elle porte plus particulierement son attention sur «L'Ecole des filles» et sur l'ouvrage de Nicolas Chorier «Satyra sotadica». Ces deux ouvrages presentent differents recits, destines aux femmes, d'initiation sexuelle","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"24 3","pages":"573-602"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495366","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30443815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
and poised accomplishment. We tend to be less exacting, more democratic in our critical determinations about who or what is worthy of literary study. We pride ourselves that the women's literary tradition is hospitable to women struggling to express themselves despite limited education, limited means, and of course limited time apart from the domestic duties (drudgeries even!) customarily assigned them. Truth to life rather than literary power is our overriding criterion. Moers's enthusiasm for genius has not proved as irresistible as her more general reflections on "what it meant to be at once a woman and a writer."
{"title":"Memorializing motherhood: literary women and modernity.","authors":"M DiBattista","doi":"10.1086/495375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495375","url":null,"abstract":"and poised accomplishment. We tend to be less exacting, more democratic in our critical determinations about who or what is worthy of literary study. We pride ourselves that the women's literary tradition is hospitable to women struggling to express themselves despite limited education, limited means, and of course limited time apart from the domestic duties (drudgeries even!) customarily assigned them. Truth to life rather than literary power is our overriding criterion. Moers's enthusiasm for genius has not proved as irresistible as her more general reflections on \"what it meant to be at once a woman and a writer.\"","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"24 3","pages":"763-71"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30572869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L'A. evoque les debats qui ont oppose, entre 1835 et 1907, partisans et adversaires du Deceased Wife's Sister Bill qui interdit a un veuf d'epouser la soeur de sa femme decedee. Il montre que cette loi s'inscrit dans le contexte de la culture victorienne et reflete certaines representations concernant les relations entre frere et soeur, la consanguinite, la sexualite, la passion amoureuse et l'organisation de la famille. Il revele que ce debat a trouve un certain nombre d'echos dans la litterature anglaise du 19 e siecle, notamment dans l'oeuvre de Felicia Skene, dans celle de Mulock Craik et dans celle de William Clark Russell.
{"title":"Born and made: sisters, brothers, and the \"Deceased Wife's Sister Bill\".","authors":"E R Gruner","doi":"10.1086/495346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/495346","url":null,"abstract":"L'A. evoque les debats qui ont oppose, entre 1835 et 1907, partisans et adversaires du Deceased Wife's Sister Bill qui interdit a un veuf d'epouser la soeur de sa femme decedee. Il montre que cette loi s'inscrit dans le contexte de la culture victorienne et reflete certaines representations concernant les relations entre frere et soeur, la consanguinite, la sexualite, la passion amoureuse et l'organisation de la famille. Il revele que ce debat a trouve un certain nombre d'echos dans la litterature anglaise du 19 e siecle, notamment dans l'oeuvre de Felicia Skene, dans celle de Mulock Craik et dans celle de William Clark Russell.","PeriodicalId":51382,"journal":{"name":"Signs","volume":"24 2","pages":"423-47"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1086/495346","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30443812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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