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Methods and measures of source monitoring in children: A scoping review. 儿童源监测的方法和措施:范围审查。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12523
Qiuhong Li, Mengyuan Li, Chao Wu

Source monitoring (SM) refers to attributing sources of information. There are various methods for measuring SM in children. We searched the PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases from their inception to February 24, 2023, to summarize the methods and measures of SM in children, identifying 141 studies. The procedure for the SM tasks encompassed encoding, interval and testing. The encoding tasks were classified into ground-based activities (n = 67), computer-based experiments (n = 42) and mixed methods (n = 34). The testing approaches were categorized into old/new recognition and source discrimination, n-alternative forced-choice, yes/no questions and recall/direct questions. Among 10 commonly used indicators, source-correct, source-incorrect, discrimination score and source accuracy were recommended to present the SM function. We also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of different SM methods in children, providing a reference for researchers to design and select SM measurements that meet their research objectives.

来源监测(SM)是指对信息来源的归属。衡量儿童信息源监控的方法有很多种。我们检索了 PubMed、PsycINFO、Embase、Web of Science 和 Cochrane Library 数据库从开始到 2023 年 2 月 24 日的内容,总结了儿童 SM 的方法和测量方法,共发现了 141 项研究。SM 任务的程序包括编码、间隔和测试。编码任务分为地面活动(n = 67)、计算机实验(n = 42)和混合方法(n = 34)。测试方法分为新旧识别和来源辨别、n-替代强迫选择、是/否问题和回忆/直接问题。在 10 个常用指标中,推荐使用来源正确率、来源不正确率、辨别分数和来源准确率来呈现 SM 功能。此外,我们还讨论了不同儿童测验方法的优缺点,为研究人员设计和选择符合其研究目标的儿童测验测量方法提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
Children's and adolescents' expectations, evaluations and reasoning about a bystander who challenges social exclusion within intragroup and intergroup peer contexts. 儿童和青少年对在群体内和群体间同伴环境中挑战社会排斥的旁观者的期望、评价和推理。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-21 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12522
Ayşe Şule Yüksel, Sally B Palmer, Eirini K Argyri, Adam Rutland

This paper examined British children's (8- to 10-year-olds) and adolescents' (13- to 15-year-olds, N = 340; Female N = 171, 50.3%) expectations, evaluations and reasoning about a bystander peer who challenges the social exclusion of an immigrant or non-immigrant peer by a peer group of non-immigrant students. Participants read a hypothetical scenario in which a peer was excluded from an afterschool club by the peer group. The scenarios were either intergroup or intragroup contexts. Participants' expectations of a peer bystander challenging the social exclusion by the peer group, their perception of how the peer group would evaluate the challenger, and their reasoning around their expectations were measured. Adolescents were less likely to expect a peer bystander to challenge exclusion compared to children. Participants' perceptions of how the group would evaluate the challenger were significantly lower in intergroup compared to intragroup contexts. In intergroup contexts, adolescents with low expectations of challenging favoured group dynamics and group repercussions reasoning over moral reasoning, while children did not use group repercussions reasoning.

本文研究了英国儿童(8 至 10 岁)和青少年(13 至 15 岁,人数=340;女性人数=171,占 50.3%)对旁观者同伴的期望、评价和推理,旁观者同伴质疑非移民学生同伴群体对移民或非移民同伴的社会排斥。参与者阅读了一个假设情景,在该情景中,同伴被同伴群体排斥在课后俱乐部之外。这些情景要么是群体间的,要么是群体内的。研究测量了参与者对同伴旁观者挑战同伴群体社会排斥的期望、他们对同伴群体如何评价挑战者的看法,以及他们对自己的期望所持的理由。与儿童相比,青少年不太可能期望同伴旁观者挑战排斥。在群体间情境中,参与者对群体如何评价挑战者的认知明显低于群体内情境。在群体间情境中,对挑战期望较低的青少年更倾向于群体动态和群体反响推理,而不是道德推理,而儿童则不使用群体反响推理。
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引用次数: 0
The development of ambivalent sexism: Proposals for an expanded model 矛盾性别主义的发展:关于扩展模式的建议
IF 2.3 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12521
Campbell Leaper
The United Nations' Goals for Sustainable Development highlight gender inequality as a pervasive problem around the world. Developmental psychologists can help us understand the development and consequences of sexism in people's lives. I highlight ambivalent sexism theory as a promising framework for this work; and I offer recommendations for expanding the theory. Ambivalent sexism theory distinguishes between hostile sexism and benevolent sexism as complementary processes perpetuating and maintaining men's dominance and heteronormativity in society. I summarize how these two forms of sexism emerge during childhood and adolescence; and I review the negative manifestations of hostile and benevolent sexism during adolescence and adulthood. Next, I chart several directions for expanding the ambivalent sexism model. These include addressing sexism directed towards gender‐nonconforming, sexual‐minoritized, and gender‐minoritized youth (in addition to sexism towards girls and women); taking into account the gender and sexual identities of both perpetrators and targets of sexism; considering a broader array of hostile and benevolent sexist practices than captured in existing measures; taking into account cultural variations and intersectionality in how ambivalent sexism is enacted; conducting more research on ambivalent sexism in childhood and adolescence and designing effective programs to reduce and to prevent ambivalent sexism beginning in childhood.
联合国可持续发展目标强调,性别不平等是全世界普遍存在的问题。发展心理学家可以帮助我们了解性别歧视在人们生活中的发展和后果。我强调矛盾的性别歧视理论是开展这项工作的一个很有前景的框架;我还为扩展这一理论提出了建议。矛盾性别主义理论将敌意性别主义和善意性别主义区分开来,认为它们是互补的过程,在社会中延续和维持男性的主导地位和异性恋。我总结了这两种形式的性别歧视是如何在童年和青春期出现的,并回顾了敌意性别歧视和善意性别歧视在青春期和成年期的负面表现。接下来,我为扩展矛盾的性别歧视模式描绘了几个方向。其中包括针对性别不符、性轻视和性别轻视青年的性别歧视(除了针对女孩和妇女的性别歧视);考虑性别歧视实施者和目标的性别和性身份;考虑比现有措施更广泛的敌意和善意的性别歧视做法;在实施矛盾性性别歧视的过程中,考虑文化差异和交叉性;对儿童和青少年时期的矛盾性性别歧视进行更多的研究,并设计有效的计划,从儿童时期开始减少和预防矛盾性性别歧视。
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引用次数: 0
Using behavioural network mapping to investigate dyadic play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. 利用行为网络图研究先天性肾上腺皮质增生症女孩的双人游戏。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12520
Adriene M Beltz, Christel M Portengen, Sheri A Berenbaum

Examining mechanisms underlying sex differences in children's play styles, we studied girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) who provide a test of the relative effects of prenatal androgens versus rearing, and of behavioural similarity versus gender identity and cognitions. In this exploratory study, 40 focal children (girls and boys with and without CAH), aged 3-8 years, played for 14 min with a same-sex peer in a task designed to elicit rough-and-tumble play. Time-indexed ratings of positive affect and vigour of activity were evaluated via network mapping for sex-related differences in both levels and play dynamics (temporal relations among behaviours). Results suggest influences of both gender identity-aligned social cognitions and prenatal androgens: there was greater dyadic synchrony between positive affect for girls (regardless of CAH status) than boys, but girls with CAH displayed positive affect levels and directed vigorous peer play dynamics similar to boys.

为了探究儿童游戏方式性别差异的内在机制,我们研究了患有先天性肾上腺皮质增生症(CAH)的女孩,她们为产前雄激素与养育的相对影响、行为相似性与性别认同和认知的相对影响提供了一个测试。在这项探索性研究中,40 名 3-8 岁的重点儿童(患有和未患有先天性雄激素过多症的女孩和男孩)与同性同伴玩了 14 分钟的游戏。通过网络映射对积极情绪和活动活力的时间指数评级进行了评估,以确定在水平和游戏动态(行为之间的时间关系)方面与性别有关的差异。结果表明,与性别认同相一致的社会认知和产前雄激素都会产生影响:与男孩相比,女孩(无论是否患有CAH)的积极情绪之间的双亲同步性更高,但患有CAH的女孩所表现出的积极情绪水平和有指导性的同伴游戏活力与男孩相似。
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引用次数: 0
Approximating the ZPD? Young children's judgements of appropriate task level for learning. 近似 ZPD?幼儿对适当学习任务水平的判断。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12519
Jeein Jeong, Douglas A Frye

This research examined how 3-6-year-olds judge appropriate levels of counting games based on a person's ability, desire for learning and degree of difficulty. Study 1 found that 3-year-olds did not consider a character's ability or desire, whereas older children gave high ability characters large number games and low ability characters small number games when the characters wanted to play a manageable game. However, older children gave large number games to characters who wanted to learn counting, regardless of their ability. In Study 2, in addition to a similar developmental change of jointly considering a character's ability and desire, it was found that 5-and 6-year-olds were more sensitive to the degree of difficulty. They were more careful than younger children to choose exceedingly large number games given the character's ability and desire. Implications for children's understanding of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and goal orientation are discussed.

本研究探讨了 3-6 岁幼儿如何根据角色的能力、学习愿望和难易程度来判断计数游戏 的适当水平。研究 1 发现,3 岁幼儿不考虑角色的能力或愿望,而当角色想玩容易应付的游戏时,年龄较大的幼儿会给能力高的角色玩大数游戏,给能力低的角色玩小数游戏。不过,对于想学数数的角色,无论其能力如何,大班幼儿都会给他们玩大数游戏。在研究 2 中,除了共同考虑角色的能力和愿望这一类似的发展变化外,还发现 5 岁和 6 岁的幼儿对难度更为敏感。考虑到角色的能力和愿望,他们在选择超大数字游戏时比年龄较小的儿童更加谨慎。本研究讨论了儿童对 "最近发展区"(ZPD)和目标定向的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive heterogeneity in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Implications for maths 注意缺陷多动障碍的认知异质性:对数学的影响
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12517
Margarita Kanevski, Josie N. Booth, Tracy M. Stewart, Sinead M. Rhodes

This study investigated whether cognitive function better predicted maths test performance than a clinical diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Forty-four drug naïve children (Mage = 101.34 months, SD = 19.39; 30% girls) were recruited from clinical ADHD referral waiting lists. Children underwent assessment of Executive Functions (EF), lower-level cognitive processes, and maths performance. Children were grouped using a categorical approach comprising (1) children with a clinical ADHD diagnosis and (2) children without a diagnosis (i.e., subthreshold ADHD). Secondly, hierarchical cluster analysis generated subgroups of children using EF scores. Children were compared on cognition, maths, and parent-rated symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring difficulties. Children's diagnostic outcomes did not differentiate maths performance. By contrast, EF subgroups generated meaningful cognitive clusters which differentiated maths test scores. This suggests that cognitive patterns of performance, rather than children's diagnostic outcomes, are more informative for identifying meaningful groups with variable maths performance which has implications for remedial support.

本研究探讨了认知功能是否比注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的临床诊断更能预测数学测试成绩。研究人员从临床ADHD转诊候诊名单中招募了44名未接受过药物治疗的儿童(年龄=101.34个月,SD=19.39;30%为女孩)。儿童接受了执行功能(EF)、低级认知过程和数学成绩评估。采用分类方法对儿童进行分组,包括:(1)临床诊断为多动症的儿童;(2)未确诊的儿童(即阈下多动症)。其次,通过分层聚类分析,利用 EF 分数对儿童进行分组。对儿童的认知、数学、家长评定的多动症症状和共存困难进行了比较。儿童的诊断结果并不能区分数学成绩。相比之下,EF 亚组产生了有意义的认知集群,从而区分了数学测试成绩。这表明,认知表现模式比儿童诊断结果更能帮助识别数学成绩参差不齐的有意义的群体,这对提供补救支持具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Balancing exploration and exploitation? The impact of cost and inhibitory control on information gathering in early childhood 平衡探索与利用?成本和抑制控制对幼儿期信息收集的影响
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-17 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12518
Shoko Iwasaki, Yusuke Moriguchi, Kaoru Sekiyama

The information-seeking behaviour of adults focuses on optimizing the gathering and utilizing information to minimize search costs. In contrast, children tend to engage in information search during decision-making with less consideration for costs. This difference in behaviour is believed to be linked to the development of executive functions. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between executive function and cost-related information-gathering behaviour. We assessed 56 children aged 4–6 years, involving three tasks: an information-gathering task, an inhibitory control and a working memory task. In the information-gathering task, children participated in both non-cost and cost conditions, where they were given the opportunity to freely gather information or incur a cost to acquire information. The findings revealed that children with higher inhibitory control tended to gather less information when a cost was involved. This highlights the important role of inhibitory control in shaping information-seeking behaviour in early childhood.

成人的信息搜索行为侧重于优化信息的收集和利用,以最大限度地降低搜索成本。相比之下,儿童往往在决策过程中进行信息搜索,而较少考虑成本。这种行为上的差异被认为与执行功能的发展有关。因此,本研究旨在探讨执行功能与与成本相关的信息收集行为之间的关系。我们对 56 名 4-6 岁的儿童进行了评估,包括三项任务:信息收集任务、抑制控制任务和工作记忆任务。在信息收集任务中,儿童参与了无成本和有成本两种条件,即让他们有机会自由收集信息或付出成本获取信息。研究结果表明,当需要付出代价时,抑制控制能力较强的儿童收集的信息往往较少。这凸显了抑制控制在幼儿期塑造信息搜寻行为的重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Negative family expressiveness and adolescents' externalizing problems: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a moderator and anger regulation as a mediator 家庭的消极表达与青少年的外化问题:以呼吸窦性心律失常为调节因子,以愤怒调节为中介因子。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12515
Man Li, Tong Xu, Min Li, Lirong Qiu, Fengjiao He, Qili Lan, Linlin Zhang, Li Wang

Family environment, emotion regulation and biological sensitivity have been shown to be associated with adolescents' externalizing problem behaviours. However, findings regarding respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity are mixed and sometimes contradictory. This study aims to clarify the roles of RSA reactivity and anger regulation in the relationship between negative family expressiveness (NFE) and adolescents' externalizing behaviour by measuring RSA reactivity during the Parent–Adolescent Interaction Task (PAIT), designed to simulate a naturalistic negative family environment. In this study, 125 Chinese adolescents (M = 13.95 years, SD = 0.95; 48% male) completed questionnaires assessing negative family expressiveness, anger regulation and externalizing problems. Additionally, we collected electrocardiogram and respiration data during both the resting period and a 10-min PAIT. Results showed that anger regulation mediated the relationship between NFE and externalizing problem behaviours. Moreover, adolescents' RSA reactivity moderated this mediation effect, even after controlling for baseline RSA. Greater RSA suppression potentially indicated greater susceptibility, with the relationship between NFE and anger regulation being more pronounced in adolescents with greater RSA suppression compared to those with lesser RSA suppression. These findings highlight the importance of considering physiological systems, especially within the context of adverse family environments, when studying the relationships with externalizing problems.

家庭环境、情绪调节和生物敏感性已被证明与青少年的外化问题行为有关。然而,有关呼吸窦性心律失常(RSA)反应性的研究结果却不尽相同,有时甚至相互矛盾。本研究旨在通过测量父母与青少年互动任务(PAIT)中的呼吸窦性心律失常反应性来阐明呼吸窦性心律失常反应性和愤怒调节在消极家庭表达(NFE)与青少年外化行为之间的关系。在这项研究中,125名中国青少年(中=13.95岁,标差=0.95;48%为男性)填写了调查问卷,对消极家庭表达、愤怒调节和外化问题进行了评估。此外,我们还收集了静息期和 10 分钟 PAIT 期间的心电图和呼吸数据。结果表明,愤怒调节在消极家庭表达与外化问题行为之间起到了中介作用。此外,即使控制了基线 RSA,青少年的 RSA 反应性也会调节这种调节作用。RSA抑制程度越高,可能越容易出现问题,与RSA抑制程度较低的青少年相比,RSA抑制程度越高的青少年的NFE与愤怒调节之间的关系越明显。这些发现强调了在研究外化问题的关系时,考虑生理系统的重要性,尤其是在不利的家庭环境下。
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引用次数: 0
Harnessing the power of nature exposure to mitigate adolescents' Internet addiction: A chain mediation model 利用接触大自然的力量减轻青少年的网瘾:链式调解模型
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12516
Bochen Wang, Baobao Zhao, Cijie Han, Yuhan Tang, Cancan Jin

Previous studies have focused more on the facilitating effect of nature exposure on positive behavioural consequences. However, less attention has been paid to whether nature exposure can inhibit internalized problem behaviours, such as Internet addiction. Within the framework of the stimuli-organism-response theory, the present study examined the relationship between nature exposure and Internet addiction and investigated the mediating roles of anthropomorphism of nature and awe. In China, we recruited 1469 adolescents (mean age = 13.90 years old, SD = 0.59, 53.2% girls). Mediation analyses indicated that awe partially mediated the relationship between nature exposure and adolescents' Internet addiction. The anthropomorphism of nature and awe served as sequential mediating roles in the relationship between nature exposure and adolescents' Internet addiction. This study provides a nature-based perspective on the prevention and intervention of adolescents' Internet addiction.

以往的研究更多地关注自然暴露对积极行为后果的促进作用。然而,人们较少关注自然暴露是否能抑制内化的问题行为,如网络成瘾。本研究在刺激-机体-反应理论的框架下,探讨了自然暴露与网络成瘾之间的关系,并研究了自然拟人化和敬畏的中介作用。我们在中国招募了 1469 名青少年(平均年龄 = 13.90 岁,SD = 0.59,女生占 53.2%)。中介分析表明,敬畏在一定程度上中介了青少年接触自然与网络成瘾之间的关系。大自然的拟人化和敬畏在大自然与青少年网络成瘾之间的关系中起到了连续的中介作用。本研究为预防和干预青少年网络成瘾提供了一个基于自然的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Overcoming socioeconomic adversity: Academic resilience in mathematics achievement among children and adolescents in Ireland 克服社会经济逆境:爱尔兰儿童和青少年数学成绩中的学业适应力。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL Pub Date : 2024-07-29 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12512
Jillian Sheehan, Kristin Hadfield

Although socioeconomic disadvantage is linked with academic underachievement, many children from low-income backgrounds perform well in school. Which modifiable factors predict this academic resilience? We examine between- and within-person predictors of one important academic metric – mathematics performance – across adolescence in 1715 (796 male, 919 female) youth living in poverty in Ireland, using data from three waves (9, 13, and 17/18 years) of the Growing Up in Ireland study. Using linear mixed models, math performance was worse when adolescents had more socioemotional and behavioural difficulties, more child–parent relationship conflict, parents had lower expectations of the adolescent's educational achievement, and when primary caregivers had less education. Adolescents who had better intellectual self-concept and attended a non-disadvantaged school had greater math performance. This research adds to the growing body of work suggesting academic resilience is dynamic and multisystemic; it provides potential targets at multiple levels to promote such resilience.

尽管社会经济劣势与学业成绩不佳有关,但许多低收入家庭的孩子在学校表现良好。哪些可改变的因素可以预测这种学业适应力?我们利用 "爱尔兰成长研究"(Growing Up in Ireland)三次波次(9、13 和 17/18 岁)的数据,研究了 1715 名(796 名男性,919 名女性)爱尔兰贫困青少年在整个青春期的一个重要学业指标--数学成绩--的人际预测因素和人内预测因素。通过线性混合模型发现,如果青少年在社会情感和行为方面遇到更多困难,与子女和父母的关系出现更多冲突,父母对青少年教育成就的期望值较低,以及主要照顾者受教育程度较低,那么他们的数学成绩就会较差。智力自我概念较好且就读于非弱势学校的青少年数学成绩较好。越来越多的研究表明,学业适应能力是动态的、多系统的,这项研究为促进这种适应能力提供了多层次的潜在目标。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
British Journal of Developmental Psychology
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