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Perfectionism, Self-Image Goals and Compassionate Goals in Health and Mental Health: A Longitudinal Analysis 健康和心理健康中的完美主义、自我形象目标和同情心目标:纵向分析
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1177/07342829241239997
Taryn Nepon, Gordon L. Flett, Paul L. Hewitt
This research focuses on ego-focused self-image goals as central to understanding the vulnerability inherent in perfectionism and the link that perfectionism has with poorer health and emotional well-being. The present study expands theory and research on perfectionism from a unique motivational perspective through a longitudinal investigation of perfectionism, the pursuit of self-image goals related to self-improvement, and mental and physical health among 187 university students. Our central finding was that trait and self-presentational perfectionism were associated longitudinally with self-image goals and poorer mental and physical health. Longitudinal analyses showed that perfectionistic self-presentation predicted subsequent self-image goals, controlling for initial self-image goals. Additionally, self-image goals were associated with worse mental and physical health and greater loneliness and social anxiety. Collectively, our results illustrate the benefits of assessing problematic personal goals in perfectionism and the need to revise existing motivational accounts by recognizing the important role ego-involved goals play in guiding much of what perfectionists do and how they act in their daily lives.
本研究重点关注以自我为中心的自我形象目标,这是理解完美主义内在脆弱性以及完美主义与较差的健康和情感福祉之间联系的核心所在。本研究通过对 187 名大学生的完美主义、追求与自我完善相关的自我形象目标以及身心健康的纵向调查,从独特的动机角度扩展了有关完美主义的理论和研究。我们的主要发现是,特质完美主义和自我表现完美主义与自我形象目标和较差的身心健康有纵向联系。纵向分析表明,完美主义的自我表现可以预测后续的自我形象目标,这与最初的自我形象目标是一致的。此外,自我形象目标还与更差的身心健康以及更严重的孤独感和社交焦虑有关。总之,我们的研究结果表明了评估完美主义中存在问题的个人目标的益处,以及通过认识到自我目标在指导完美主义者在日常生活中的许多行为和举止方面所起的重要作用来修正现有动机描述的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting Achievement From WISC-V Composites: Do Cognitive-Achievement Relations Vary Based on General Intelligence? 从 WISC-V 复合材料预测成就:认知与成就之间的关系是否因一般智力而异?
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2024-03-19 DOI: 10.1177/07342829241240346
Jacqueline M. Caemmerer, Stephanie Ruth Young, Danika Maddocks, Natalie R. Charamut, Eunice Blemahdoo
In order to make appropriate educational recommendations, psychologists must understand how cognitive test scores influence specific academic outcomes for students of different ability levels. We used data from the WISC-V and WIAT-III ( N = 181) to examine which WISC-V Index scores predicted children’s specific and broad academic skills and if cognitive-achievement relations varied by general intelligence. Verbal abilities predicted most academic skills for children of all ability levels, whereas processing speed, working memory, visual processing, and fluid reasoning abilities differentially predicted specific academic skills. Processing speed and working memory demonstrated significant interaction effects with full-scale IQ when predicting youth’s essay writing. Findings suggest generalized intelligence may influence the predictive validity of certain cognitive tests, and replication studies in larger samples are encouraged.
为了提出适当的教育建议,心理学家必须了解认知测试分数如何影响不同能力水平学生的具体学业成绩。我们利用WISC-V和WIAT-III(N = 181)的数据,研究了哪些WISC-V指数得分可以预测儿童的具体和广泛的学业技能,以及认知成就关系是否因一般智力而异。对于各种能力水平的儿童来说,语言能力可以预测大多数学业技能,而处理速度、工作记忆、视觉处理和流体推理能力则对特定学业技能有不同的预测作用。在预测青少年作文时,处理速度和工作记忆与全面智商之间有显著的交互效应。研究结果表明,广义智力可能会影响某些认知测试的预测有效性,我们鼓励在更大的样本中进行重复研究。
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引用次数: 0
The Social Comparison Rumination Scale: Development, Psychometric Properties, and Associations With Perfectionism, Narcissism, Burnout, and Distress 社会比较反刍量表:社会比较反刍量表:开发、心理测量特性以及与完美主义、自恋、职业倦怠和压力的关系
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2024-03-09 DOI: 10.1177/07342829241238300
Gordon L. Flett, Taryn Nepon, Paul L. Hewitt, Chang Su, Christa Yacyshyn, Kimberley Moore, Atieh Lahijanian
In the current article, we describe the development and validation of the Social Comparison Rumination Scale. This measured was developed as a supplement to existing social comparison measures and to enable us to determine its potential relevance to perfectionism and other personality constructs. The Social Comparison Rumination Scale (SCRS) is a six-item inventory assessing the extent to which an individual is cognitively preoccupied and thinking repetitively about social comparison outcomes and information. Three studies with five samples of university students are described. Psychometric analyses established the SCRS consists of one factor assessed with high internal consistency and the measure is reliable and valid. Analyses showed that elevated levels of social comparison rumination are associated with trait perfectionism, perfectionistic automatic thoughts, perfectionistic self-presentation, ruminative brooding, burnout, depression, and fear of negative evaluation. Links were also established between social comparison rumination and both narcissism and dispositional envy. Overall, our findings support the further use of the SCRS and highlight the tendency of many people to think in deleterious ways about social comparisons long after the actual comparisons have taken place. We discuss social comparison rumination within the context of concerns about excessive social media use and young people being exposed to seemingly perfect lives that became a vexing cognitive preoccupation.
在本文中,我们介绍了社会比较遐想量表的开发和验证过程。该量表是作为现有社会比较测量方法的补充而开发的,目的是使我们能够确定其与完美主义和其他人格结构的潜在相关性。社会比较遐想量表(SCRS)是一个由六个项目组成的量表,用于评估个体在认知上对社会比较结果和信息的专注程度和重复思考程度。本文介绍了对五个大学生样本进行的三项研究。心理测量分析表明,SCRS 包含一个评估因子,具有较高的内部一致性,测量结果可靠有效。分析表明,社会比较遐想水平的升高与特质完美主义、完美主义的自动想法、完美主义的自我表现、喋喋不休的唠叨、职业倦怠、抑郁和对负面评价的恐惧有关。社会比较反刍与自恋和倾向性嫉妒之间也存在联系。总之,我们的研究结果支持进一步使用 SCRS,并强调了许多人在实际比较发生后很长时间内仍会以有害的方式思考社会比较的倾向。我们讨论社会比较反刍的背景是人们对过度使用社交媒体和年轻人接触看似完美的生活的担忧,这已成为一种令人烦恼的认知困扰。
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引用次数: 0
Perfectionism, Feelings of Not Mattering, and Suicide Ideation: An Integrated Test of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model and the Existential Model of Perfectionism 完美主义、不完美感和自杀意念:完美主义社会断裂模型和完美主义存在主义模型的综合测试
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2024-03-02 DOI: 10.1177/07342829241237421
Marianne E. Etherson, Martin M. Smith, Andrew P. Hill, Simon B. Sherry, Thomas Curran, Gordon L. Flett, Paul L. Hewitt
The Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model (PSDM) and the Existential Model of Perfectionism and Depressive Symptoms (EMPDS) are promising models of perfectionism and psychopathology. However, research examining suicide ideation within the PSDM is scarce, and no research has examined suicide ideation as an outcome in the EMPDS. Moreover, tests of the PSDM and EMPDS have been conducted separately and most research has examined the PSDM and EMPDS using cross-sectional or two-wave longitudinal designs, which do not provide a satisfactory test of mediation. In the current study, we addressed these limitations by testing whether perfectionism confers vulnerability to suicide ideation via feelings of mattering and anti-mattering (from the PSDM) and via difficulty accepting the past (from the EMPDS) in a three-wave longitudinal design in two independent samples of undergraduate students and community adults. Participants completed measures on three occasions over 6 weeks. Findings revealed that socially prescribed perfectionism indirectly predicted suicide ideation via difficulty accepting the past in both samples. In addition, in the undergraduate sample only, socially prescribed perfectionism indirectly predicted higher suicide ideation via anti-mattering, and self-oriented perfectionism indirectly predicted higher suicide ideation via mattering. Based on our findings, we advocate for future research to include suicide ideation in the PSDM and EMPDS, to integrate explanatory models, and to examine a mattering-specific EMPDS.
完美主义社会断裂模型(PSDM)和完美主义与抑郁症状存在模型(EMPDS)是研究完美主义和精神病理学的有前途的模型。然而,有关 PSDM 中自杀意念的研究很少,也没有研究将自杀意念作为 EMPDS 的结果之一。此外,对 PSDM 和 EMPDS 的测试都是分开进行的,而且大多数研究都是采用横截面或两波纵向设计来测试 PSDM 和 EMPDS,这无法提供令人满意的中介测试。在本研究中,我们针对这些局限性,在两个独立的大学生和社区成年人样本中,通过三波纵向设计,测试了完美主义是否会通过 "重要感 "和 "反重要感"(来自 PSDM)以及 "难以接受过去"(来自 EMPDS)而导致自杀倾向。受试者在 6 周内完成了三次测量。研究结果显示,在这两个样本中,社会规定的完美主义通过难以接受过去间接地预测了自杀意念。此外,仅在本科生样本中,社会规定完美主义通过 "反物质化 "间接预测了较高的自杀意念,而自我导向完美主义则通过 "物质化 "间接预测了较高的自杀意念。基于我们的研究结果,我们主张在未来的研究中将自杀意念纳入 PSDM 和 EMPDS,整合解释模型,并研究针对物质的 EMPDS。
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引用次数: 0
Criterion Validity of the Autism Spectrum Rating Scales Teacher Report 自闭症谱系评定量表的标准有效性 教师报告
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/07342829241234697
Amy Camodeca
There is a need to investigate the diagnostic utility of autism diagnostic questionnaires in school-age children, who are increasingly being referred for autism assessment. Aside from the standardization sample, little research has been conducted on the Autism Spectrum Rating Scales, particularly regarding teacher reports. This study investigated the criterion validity of the Autism Spectrum Rating Scales-Teacher report for ages 6–18 (ASRS-T6-18) in a well-characterized community sample of 409 children (autism [AUT] n = 122; non-autism [NOT] n = 287; [Formula: see text] age = 9.91) evaluated with the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2, a well-validated autism diagnostic measure. Significant mean differences with small to moderate effect sizes ( d = 0.28–0.56) were observed for all scores except Self-Regulation, Adult interaction, and Attention. Logistic Regression and Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses conducted for the Summary, ASRS, and two Treatment scales (Peer and Social-Emotional Reciprocity) indicated low ORs (<|1.08|) and AUCs in the poor range (<.67). Total and Unusual Behavior emerged as comparatively stronger scales with covariates (age and IQ); other scales were generally similar with/without control variables. Sensitivity and specificity could not be optimized. The suggested 60 t-cutpoint had fair or good sensitivity (76.23–83.61) for all examined scales except Unusual Behavior (68.03). However, specificity was poor (46.93–54.36), with high false positive rates (45.64%–63.07%). In complex community samples, the ASRS-T6-18 behaves more like a screener as opposed to a diagnostic measure.
越来越多的学龄儿童被转介接受自闭症评估,因此有必要研究自闭症诊断问卷对学龄儿童的诊断效用。除了标准化样本外,有关自闭症评分量表的研究很少,尤其是有关教师报告的研究。本研究调查了自闭症谱系评定量表--6-18 岁教师报告(ASRS-T6-18)的标准效度,该量表是由 409 名儿童(自闭症 [AUT] n = 122;非自闭症 [NOT] n = 287;[公式:见正文] 年龄 = 9.91)组成的特征明确的社区样本,使用自闭症诊断观察表-2 进行评估。除自我调节、成人互动和注意力外,所有得分均有显著的平均差异,且效应大小为中小规模(d = 0.28-0.56)。对 "摘要"、"ASRS "和两个治疗量表(同伴互惠和社会情感互惠)进行的逻辑回归和受试者操作特征分析表明,OR 值较低 (<|1.08|),AUC 值在较低范围内 (<.67)。在使用协变量(年龄和智商)时,"总行为 "和 "异常行为 "成为相对较强的量表;而在使用/不使用控制变量时,其他量表的表现基本相似。灵敏度和特异性无法优化。除异常行为(68.03)外,建议的 60 t 切点对所有受检量表的灵敏度(76.23-83.61)都尚可或较好。但是,特异性较差(46.93-54.36),假阳性率较高(45.64%-63.07%)。在复杂的社区样本中,ASRS-T6-18 更像是一个筛查工具,而不是诊断工具。
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引用次数: 0
Perceived Pressure for Perfection Within Friendships Triggers Conflict Behaviors, Depressive Symptoms, and Problematic Drinking: A Longitudinal Actor–Partner Interdependence Model 在朋友关系中感知到的完美压力会引发冲突行为、抑郁症状和问题性饮酒:纵向行为者-伙伴相互依赖模型
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1177/07342829241230710
Andy J. Kim, Simon B. Sherry, Sean P. Mackinnon, Ivy-Lee Kehayes, Martin M. Smith, Sherry H. Stewart
Friendships are important for the mental well-being of emerging adults. Socially prescribed perfectionism, where individuals feel pressured to be perfect by others, can be destructive, leading to conflict with others, depressive symptoms, and problematic drinking. However, its impact on friendships is not well-explored. This study examined 174 emerging adult friendship dyads using a 4-wave, 4-month dyadic design. Data were analyzed using longitudinal actor–partner interdependence models. Using a novel friend-specific measure of socially prescribed perfectionism, we found that an individual’s perceived expectation to be perfect from a friend was positively associated with increased conflict between friends, as well as with higher levels of depressive symptoms and problematic drinking in the individual. Findings lend credence to longstanding theoretical accounts and case histories suggesting socially prescribed perfectionism leads to harmful individual and relational outcomes and extends them to the specific context of friendships.
友谊对新成人的心理健康非常重要。社会规定的完美主义,即个人感到被他人要求完美的压力,可能具有破坏性,导致与他人的冲突、抑郁症状和酗酒问题。然而,它对友谊的影响却没有得到很好的研究。本研究采用 4 波、4 个月的二元组设计,对 174 个新兴成人友谊二元组进行了研究。数据采用纵向行为者-伙伴相互依赖模型进行分析。通过使用一种新的针对朋友的社会规定完美主义测量方法,我们发现,个人对朋友完美的期望与朋友间冲突的增加以及个人抑郁症状和问题性饮酒的增加呈正相关。研究结果证明,社会规定的完美主义会导致有害的个人和关系结果,这一理论和案例历史由来已久,并将其延伸至特定的友谊关系中。
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引用次数: 0
Informant Screening Profiles of Social and Emotional Learning: Exploring Teacher and Student Agreement 社会和情感学习的信息员筛选概况:探索教师和学生的一致意见
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2023-12-26 DOI: 10.1177/07342829231223856
Kristy L. Brann, C. Anthony, Stephen N. Elliott, Ashley Flora, Courtney A. DiOrio
When conducting universal social and emotional learning (SEL) screening, schools need clear decision-making guidelines for selecting informants. The current study examined informant profiles for screening SEL functioning using latent profile analysis with the student and teacher forms of the SSIS SEL Brief Scales for 536 students in grades 3–7. Teacher and student models each had three profiles emerge with roughly similar meanings of the profiles (Developing, Competent, and Advanced profiles), although a larger percentage of students were identified in the developing profile for the student rater. Profile categories aligned for 42% of students, with the most disagreement according between the Competent and Advanced SEL categories. For the teacher and student combined model, five profiles emerged (Competent-Developing, Developing-Competent, Competent-High Competent, Competent-Competent, and Advanced-Competent), with one profile indicating informant agreement. We explore gender and grade setting covariates and discuss implications for multi-informant research and practice.
在进行普遍的社会和情感学习(SEL)筛查时,学校需要明确的决策指南来选择信息提供者。本研究通过对学生和教师形式的 SSIS SEL 简要量表进行潜特征分析,对 536 名三至七年级学生进行了 SEL 功能筛查的线人特征进行了研究。教师和学生模型各有三个特征,其含义大致相同(发展中特征、胜任特征和高级特征),但学生测评者在发展中特征中识别出的学生比例较大。有 42% 的学生的自我评价类别是一致的,其中 "胜任 "和 "高级 "自我评价类别之间的分歧最大。在教师和学生的综合模型中,出现了五种情况(胜任-发展中、发展中-胜任、胜任-高胜任、胜任-胜任和高级-胜任),其中一种情况表明信息提供者意见一致。我们探讨了性别和年级设置的协变量,并讨论了对多信息提供者研究和实践的影响。
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引用次数: 0
How The Challenge Initiative Adapted and Used Pause and Reflect Responsive Feedback Sessions for Adaptive Management in Nigeria. 挑战倡议 "如何在尼日利亚调整和使用 "暂停与反思 "响应式反馈会议,进行适应性管理。
IF 2.5 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-22-00209
Nneoma Anieto, Lekan Ajijola, Victor Igharo, Sarah Jane Holcombe, Lisa Mwaikambo

Background: The Challenge Initiative (TCI) supports state governments to effectively and sustainably scale up family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH) programming in Nigeria. Given the limited evidence on successful scale-up of health interventions, TCI has established responsive feedback (RF) approaches to regularly review and reflect upon its strategies to quickly adapt and document lessons for scaling FP/RH interventions. One of the RF components adopted was pause and reflect (P&R) exercises to facilitate adaptive management.

Methods: TCI conducted quarterly P&R exercises to identify what works, adapt strategies where needed, and document lessons learned. These exercises were typically conducted as focus group discussions where staff members deliberated on a topic, strategy, or action and discussed how best to refine, diffuse, or discard it. About 10-15 staff participated in each session, including country office technical advisors, state program managers, and technical leads.

Results: TCI has conducted 4 P&R exercises to date. The first P&R focused on identifying effective strategies for scaling up FP/RH interventions and led to the recognition of TCI's coaching strategy and FP in-reaches as evidence-based approaches. The second P&R focused on how to improve TCI's Reflection and Action to Improve Self-reliance and Effectiveness tool to effectively measure governments' capacity to implement FP/RH interventions. The third P&R on graduation activities of TCI's first phase states revealed best practices for planning graduation activities for its second phase states. The fourth P&R on TCI's coaching strategy showed that geographies require a more structured coaching plan to effectively manage their coaching interventions. Implementation of identified actions from the P&R exercises contributed to noticeable improvements in programming.

Conclusion: The P&R exercise has contributed to improvements in adaptive management in TCI programming in Nigeria and is recommended for use by implementing partners, government officials, and other community stakeholders as a useful RF tool.

背景:挑战倡议(TCI)支持各州政府有效、可持续地扩大尼日利亚计划生育和生殖健康(FP/RH)计划的规模。鉴于成功推广保健干预措施的证据有限,TCI 建立了反应反馈(RF)方法,定期审查和反思其战略,以迅速调整和记录推广计划生育/生殖保健干预措施的经验教训。采用的反应反馈方法之一是暂停和反思(P&R)活动,以促进适应性管理:TCI 每季度开展一次暂停与反思活动,以确定哪些措施行之有效,根据需要调整战略,并记录经验教训。这些活动通常以焦点小组讨论的形式进行,工作人员就某个主题、战略或行动进行讨论,并讨论如何以最佳方式完善、分散或放弃该主题、战略或行动。每次会议约有 10-15 名工作人员参加,包括国家办事处技术顾问、州计划经理和技术负责人:迄今为止,培训和能力建设倡议已开展了 4 次规划和审查活动。第一次 P&R 的重点是确定扩大 FP/RH 干预措施的有效战略,并使 TCI 的辅导战略和 FP 内覆盖被确认为以证据为基础的方法。第二项计划和审查的重点是如何改进 TCI 的 "反思和行动以提高自力更生能力和效率 "工具,以有效衡量政府实施 FP/RH 干预措施的能力。关于 TCI 第一阶段各州毕业活动的第三次规划和审查揭示了为第二阶段各州规划毕业活动的最佳做法。关于 TCI 指导战略的第四份计划与成果报告表明,各地区需要更有条理的指导计 划,以有效管理其指导干预措施。实施 "计划与审查 "活动中确定的行动有助于明显改善计划编制:规划和审查工作有助于改进尼日利亚 TCI 计划的适应性管理,建议实施伙伴、政府官员和其他社区利益相关者将其作为有用的 RF 工具使用。
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引用次数: 0
Measuring the Complexity of Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Challenges for Adolescents in Canada 衡量加拿大青少年自我调节学习和学业挑战的复杂性
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.1177/07342829231221851
Meng Qi Wu, Violet V. Cieslik, Safoura Askari, Allyson F. Hadwin, Moira Hood
Research that uses self-report measures to examine the complexity of self-regulated learning (SRL) and academic challenges for adolescents is limited. This study examined the psychometric property of the Self-Regulated Learning Profile and Self-Diagnostic (SRL-PSD) instrument and addressed the multi-components of SRL and academic challenges for adolescents. Participants were 358 adolescents from a Canadian middle school. The subscales of SRL-PSD were administered to students through LimeSurvey during a 25-min instructional session over two days. Results demonstrated the SRL-PSD was a reliable and valid self-report instrument to measure adolescents’ SRL practices and academic challenges. Also, all types of SRL practices and academic challenges were significantly intercorrelated. Additionally, all types of SRL practices were positively associated with school engagement, whereas all types of academic challenges were negatively associated with school engagement. Overall, this study provides a validated self-report measure for educators and researchers to examine adolescents’ SRL practices and academic challenges.
使用自我报告测量方法来研究青少年自我调节学习(SRL)的复杂性和学业挑战的研究十分有限。本研究考察了自我调节学习档案和自我诊断(SRL-PSD)工具的心理测量特性,并探讨了青少年自我调节学习和学业挑战的多重因素。参与者是来自加拿大一所中学的 358 名青少年。在为期两天、每次 25 分钟的教学过程中,通过 LimeSurvey 对学生进行了 SRL-PSD 的分量表测量。结果表明,SRL-PSD 是一种可靠有效的自我报告工具,可用于测量青少年的自学能力实践和学业挑战。同时,所有类型的自学能力实践和学业挑战都有明显的相互关联。此外,所有类型的自律学习实践与学校参与度呈正相关,而所有类型的学业挑战与学校参与度呈负相关。总之,本研究为教育工作者和研究人员提供了一种有效的自我报告测量方法,用于考察青少年的自律学习实践和学业挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Stage Fright Scale – Children & Youth: Development and Validation of a New Questionnaire 舞台恐惧量表--儿童与青少年:新问卷的开发与验证
IF 1.7 4区 心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, EDUCATIONAL Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/07342829231219785
Kamil Jaros, Aleksandra Gajda
Stage fright is a natural and very common phenomenon that affects everyone who must present themselves in public. However, it has a negative impact on the health and voice emission of children and adolescents, which is why it is important to study and measure it. Unfortunately, there are no appropriate tools for examining public presentation anxiety intended for children and adolescents, and that would also include the context of voice production. The main aim of this study was to describe stage fright and to present the stages of creating a tool based on the three-factor theory of stage fright constructs. The text describes the steps of developing the questionnaire, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity. The results of the conducted analyses confirmed the three-factor structure of the tool and suggest that the Stage Fright Scale – Children & Youth is a reliable and consistent questionnaire for measuring stage fright in children and adolescents.
怯场是一种自然而又普遍的现象,它影响着每一个必须在公共场合露面的人。然而,它对儿童和青少年的健康和声音排放有负面影响,这就是为什么研究和测量它很重要的原因。不幸的是,没有合适的工具来检查儿童和青少年的公共演讲焦虑,这也包括声音制作的背景。本研究的主要目的是描述怯场,并提出基于怯场结构的三因素理论创建工具的阶段。本文描述了开发问卷的步骤,验证性因素分析,信度,收敛和判别效度。所进行的分析结果证实了该工具的三因素结构,并表明怯场量表-儿童和青少年是一份可靠和一致的调查问卷,用于测量儿童和青少年的怯场。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
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