In its efforts to control the mobility and whereabouts of its refugee populations, Turkey enforces registration requirements for refugees, tying refugee rights to continuing residency in a particular province. Drawing on the literature on rescaling of borders and illegalization of refugee mobilities, this article argues that the Turkish asylum regime creates internal borders, producing the province as the key legal geography of asylum. Based on qualitative data collected in 2018–19, this article illustrates that refugees gain their liminal legality only at the scale of the province. As a result, Turkey systematically creates a type of refugee illegality defined relative to internal borders. Unauthorized presence outside the province through illegalized, yet mundane, mobilities makes refugees susceptible to forced relocations to other provinces, detention centres, and refugee camps.
{"title":"Refugee Illegality: Governing Refugees via Rescaling Borders in Turkey","authors":"Mert Pekşen","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In its efforts to control the mobility and whereabouts of its refugee populations, Turkey enforces registration requirements for refugees, tying refugee rights to continuing residency in a particular province. Drawing on the literature on rescaling of borders and illegalization of refugee mobilities, this article argues that the Turkish asylum regime creates internal borders, producing the province as the key legal geography of asylum. Based on qualitative data collected in 2018–19, this article illustrates that refugees gain their liminal legality only at the scale of the province. As a result, Turkey systematically creates a type of refugee illegality defined relative to internal borders. Unauthorized presence outside the province through illegalized, yet mundane, mobilities makes refugees susceptible to forced relocations to other provinces, detention centres, and refugee camps.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41638031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents evidence that refugee status decision makers make assumptions about how humans think and act that are contrary to decades of scientific evidence about human behaviour and cognition (e.g. memory, risk assessment) – including studies and reviews of studies specifically focused on the RSD context. This evidence is not made available to decision makers. In contrast, decision makers regularly benefit from systems and procedures providing relevant, up to date, methodologically sound, impartial, independent, balanced expert evidence pertaining to country of origin information (COI). This paper proposes similar processes for the collation, assessment, and presentation of psychological evidence in order to ensure fairer, more sustainable refugee status decisions.
{"title":"Psychological Research Evidence in Refugee Status Determination","authors":"Jane Herlihy, Hilary Evans Cameron, S. Turner","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead043","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper presents evidence that refugee status decision makers make assumptions about how humans think and act that are contrary to decades of scientific evidence about human behaviour and cognition (e.g. memory, risk assessment) – including studies and reviews of studies specifically focused on the RSD context. This evidence is not made available to decision makers. In contrast, decision makers regularly benefit from systems and procedures providing relevant, up to date, methodologically sound, impartial, independent, balanced expert evidence pertaining to country of origin information (COI). This paper proposes similar processes for the collation, assessment, and presentation of psychological evidence in order to ensure fairer, more sustainable refugee status decisions.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article features a long-term refugee in Greece who decided to return to his home country in the face of severe illness. I ask what his illness and treatment in Greece, and ultimately his return to Sudan, reveal about protection regimes: as he sought care, respite from pain, and a good—or at least dignified—death. His return enabled him to be among family again, in once-familiar places, and to be laid to rest among ancestors. Yet rather than reading his return as a form of closure or resolution, I probe its afterlives: the frayed, tangled, still-unfurling edges of the story, which speak to the ongoing nature of displacement.
{"title":"The Afterlives of Return and the Limits of Refugee Protection","authors":"Heath Cabot","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead047","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article features a long-term refugee in Greece who decided to return to his home country in the face of severe illness. I ask what his illness and treatment in Greece, and ultimately his return to Sudan, reveal about protection regimes: as he sought care, respite from pain, and a good—or at least dignified—death. His return enabled him to be among family again, in once-familiar places, and to be laid to rest among ancestors. Yet rather than reading his return as a form of closure or resolution, I probe its afterlives: the frayed, tangled, still-unfurling edges of the story, which speak to the ongoing nature of displacement.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45887351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reconsiders refugee studies’ longstanding commitment to the notion of a near-total separation between the UNHCR and UNRWA through an historical investigation of both organizations’ early approaches to refugee encampment. Without disputing the importance of the historical and institutional divisions between the two, it seeks to point out that with respect to the practice of encampment, the two agencies gradually drew nearer to each other during their first two decades of operation, as the UNHCR extended its reach into the decolonizing world and UNRWA expanded its operations across the Middle East. The parallels became particularly clear in 1967, when the ‘Protocol on the Status of Refugees’ formalized the UNHCR’s encampment-focused expansion into the decolonizing world at roughly the same time that the second Arab-Israeli war created the conditions for UNRWA to enshrine encampment as a more or less permanent institutional strategy.
{"title":"Towards a Shared Practice of Encampment: An Historical Investigation of UNRWA and the UNHCR to 1967","authors":"L. Robson","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead045","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article reconsiders refugee studies’ longstanding commitment to the notion of a near-total separation between the UNHCR and UNRWA through an historical investigation of both organizations’ early approaches to refugee encampment. Without disputing the importance of the historical and institutional divisions between the two, it seeks to point out that with respect to the practice of encampment, the two agencies gradually drew nearer to each other during their first two decades of operation, as the UNHCR extended its reach into the decolonizing world and UNRWA expanded its operations across the Middle East. The parallels became particularly clear in 1967, when the ‘Protocol on the Status of Refugees’ formalized the UNHCR’s encampment-focused expansion into the decolonizing world at roughly the same time that the second Arab-Israeli war created the conditions for UNRWA to enshrine encampment as a more or less permanent institutional strategy.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44142892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Refugees have often been housed in camps made by ‘adaptive reuse’ of a wide range of existing sites. We argue that any given refugee camp’s previous uses shape the experiences of its residents and may indicate how that displaced population is viewed by the responsible authorities. We test this argument on three historical case studies drawn from an important but under-researched episode in the history of the refugee camp: the far-flung network of camps established by the Allies in North Africa and the Middle East in the 1940s for European refugees from Fascism. They range from a former hotel housing under 50 people to a vast tented encampment housing over 20,000, adapted from an army ‘rear camp’. We argue that research on any given camp should include analysis of the site’s architectural origins. This is a step towards a more fully articulated methodological approach to researching refugee camps, the ‘site biography’.
{"title":"What Becomes a Refugee Camp? Making Camps for European Refugees in North Africa and the Middle East, 1943–46","authors":"Katherine Mackinnon, B. White","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Refugees have often been housed in camps made by ‘adaptive reuse’ of a wide range of existing sites. We argue that any given refugee camp’s previous uses shape the experiences of its residents and may indicate how that displaced population is viewed by the responsible authorities. We test this argument on three historical case studies drawn from an important but under-researched episode in the history of the refugee camp: the far-flung network of camps established by the Allies in North Africa and the Middle East in the 1940s for European refugees from Fascism. They range from a former hotel housing under 50 people to a vast tented encampment housing over 20,000, adapted from an army ‘rear camp’. We argue that research on any given camp should include analysis of the site’s architectural origins. This is a step towards a more fully articulated methodological approach to researching refugee camps, the ‘site biography’.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44165825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article explores the idea of the border as a connective space using the concepts of ‘border’s capture’, ‘borderizations’, and ‘border as horizon’ to highlight ‘practices of relationality’ where borders ‘run the risk of themselves being captured’. This article discusses refugee/migrant solidarity activism as citizenship politics through two examples from Germany across different snapshots in time, illustrating bordering through the camp and the dispersal of borders throughout the city. This article shows why ‘border’s capture’ is central to solidarity mobilizing as citizenship politics, exploring how borders, while integral to violent orderings, are also productive of relations across them in ways that transgress physical and ontological borders of status and belonging. This article argues for conceptualizing the border as horizon to highlight relationality and shows through the two examples why doing so matters politically in terms of how we relate to those identified as ‘outsiders’.
{"title":"Capturing the Border in Refugee Solidarity Camp Visits and City Tours in Germany: Theorizing Relationality through the Border as Horizon in Refugee/Migrant Solidarity Activism as Citizenship Politics","authors":"Kim Rygiel","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead040","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article explores the idea of the border as a connective space using the concepts of ‘border’s capture’, ‘borderizations’, and ‘border as horizon’ to highlight ‘practices of relationality’ where borders ‘run the risk of themselves being captured’. This article discusses refugee/migrant solidarity activism as citizenship politics through two examples from Germany across different snapshots in time, illustrating bordering through the camp and the dispersal of borders throughout the city. This article shows why ‘border’s capture’ is central to solidarity mobilizing as citizenship politics, exploring how borders, while integral to violent orderings, are also productive of relations across them in ways that transgress physical and ontological borders of status and belonging. This article argues for conceptualizing the border as horizon to highlight relationality and shows through the two examples why doing so matters politically in terms of how we relate to those identified as ‘outsiders’.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42105084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The humanitarian, political, and socio-economic crisis in Venezuela has generated an unprecedented migration to other South American countries. In the last six years, Peru has become the second receptor of Venezuelan people after Colombia and the first regarding asylum seekers. In this article, we follow recent contributions regarding the concept of care circulation to ask: how the case of older Venezuelans on the move illustrates the multidimensionality of care circulation? How these care arrangements can be understood from an age and gender perspective? Through three life stories, we discuss how older Venezuelans on the move practice care for the benefit of the whole family based on family arrangements and negotiations and how, as a result, care circulates in multiple directions and can generate conflicts and power imbalance for the older ones.
{"title":"‘My Family Needed Me’: Exploring Caring Dimensions and Care Circulation among Older Venezuelans on the Move in Peru","authors":"C. Blouin, Stéphanie Borios","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead041","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The humanitarian, political, and socio-economic crisis in Venezuela has generated an unprecedented migration to other South American countries. In the last six years, Peru has become the second receptor of Venezuelan people after Colombia and the first regarding asylum seekers. In this article, we follow recent contributions regarding the concept of care circulation to ask: how the case of older Venezuelans on the move illustrates the multidimensionality of care circulation? How these care arrangements can be understood from an age and gender perspective? Through three life stories, we discuss how older Venezuelans on the move practice care for the benefit of the whole family based on family arrangements and negotiations and how, as a result, care circulates in multiple directions and can generate conflicts and power imbalance for the older ones.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46419335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Charlotte Mohn, Francesco Tonnarelli, Jonathan Weaver, Winston Njuguna, Abdirahman Barkhadle
These field reflections contribute to the discussion on durable solutions to displacement by providing empirical evidence of how intended spillover effects of carefully designed interventions and hybrid settlements can facilitate local integration and return and reintegration. A comparison between Dadaab and Kismayo reveals humanitarian and development aid’s influence and spillover effects on economic, social, cultural, and political life beyond the borders of refugee camps and returnee settlements. We argue for leveraging such spillover—in particular in the form of hybrid settlements—for achieving durable solutions to displacement cost-effectively and inclusively. Our observations show that several local stakeholders have recognized the potential of spillover, too and are actively embracing it to drive local socio-economic development. Lastly, we highlight the need for further research into the factors that enable or prevent spillover effects and hybrid settlements from reaching their full potential: the achievement of durable solutions for displacement-affected communities.
{"title":"From Dadaab Camp to Kismayo City: A Call for Local Evidence to Inform Durable Solutions","authors":"Charlotte Mohn, Francesco Tonnarelli, Jonathan Weaver, Winston Njuguna, Abdirahman Barkhadle","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 These field reflections contribute to the discussion on durable solutions to displacement by providing empirical evidence of how intended spillover effects of carefully designed interventions and hybrid settlements can facilitate local integration and return and reintegration. A comparison between Dadaab and Kismayo reveals humanitarian and development aid’s influence and spillover effects on economic, social, cultural, and political life beyond the borders of refugee camps and returnee settlements. We argue for leveraging such spillover—in particular in the form of hybrid settlements—for achieving durable solutions to displacement cost-effectively and inclusively. Our observations show that several local stakeholders have recognized the potential of spillover, too and are actively embracing it to drive local socio-economic development. Lastly, we highlight the need for further research into the factors that enable or prevent spillover effects and hybrid settlements from reaching their full potential: the achievement of durable solutions for displacement-affected communities.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48615713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marte Nilsen, J. Olney, Khint Maung, Lucky Kabir, Shabbir Ahmad, Nurul Haque, H. Mubarak
The academic literature on refugee education and education in emergencies is understandably preoccupied with how to improve educational tools and learning platforms for refugees. However, political restrictions on education from host governments are among the main obstacles for quality education in many refugee settings. This article contributes to the refugee education literature by exploring ways in which refugees themselves can mitigate the denial of the right to education through a combination of traditional community mobilization and the use of new technologies. Specifically, the article analyses the educational strategies that Rohingya youths and community-based education networks manoeuvre to secure basic education in the refugee camps in Bangladesh, despite severe political restrictions. Based on qualitative interviews in 2019 and 2021 (in person and phone interviews) with 38 community teachers and 16 refugee students, and digital data collection, including reviews of learning tools of 21 online programmes, the article presents new knowledge on the strategies that Rohingya youths and adolescents pursue to access learning tools and education. It also shows how community-based education networks and teachers tackle political restrictions on education. These networks represent an educated wellspring of untapped resources with close ties to the refugee community, and insights into the grievances and aspirations of Rohingya youths, that humanitarian education providers should engage with to improve their response.
{"title":"Community-Led Education among Rohingya Refugees and the Politics of Refugee Education in Bangladesh","authors":"Marte Nilsen, J. Olney, Khint Maung, Lucky Kabir, Shabbir Ahmad, Nurul Haque, H. Mubarak","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead037","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The academic literature on refugee education and education in emergencies is understandably preoccupied with how to improve educational tools and learning platforms for refugees. However, political restrictions on education from host governments are among the main obstacles for quality education in many refugee settings. This article contributes to the refugee education literature by exploring ways in which refugees themselves can mitigate the denial of the right to education through a combination of traditional community mobilization and the use of new technologies. Specifically, the article analyses the educational strategies that Rohingya youths and community-based education networks manoeuvre to secure basic education in the refugee camps in Bangladesh, despite severe political restrictions. Based on qualitative interviews in 2019 and 2021 (in person and phone interviews) with 38 community teachers and 16 refugee students, and digital data collection, including reviews of learning tools of 21 online programmes, the article presents new knowledge on the strategies that Rohingya youths and adolescents pursue to access learning tools and education. It also shows how community-based education networks and teachers tackle political restrictions on education. These networks represent an educated wellspring of untapped resources with close ties to the refugee community, and insights into the grievances and aspirations of Rohingya youths, that humanitarian education providers should engage with to improve their response.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44646713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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