Abstract In 1948, thousands of Palestinians fled to the Old City of Jerusalem, where many Orthodox Christians were housed by the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. This article asks how Jerusalem refugee histories change when we consider the patriarchate’s characteristics as an informal camp. The religious dimensions of camps are often overlooked, and the article suggests that recognizing them affords a better understanding of the forms of historical consciousness that refugee camps foster. Drawing on memoirs of Palestinian Orthodox refugees and ethnography from contemporary Jerusalem, the article highlights the powerful role sacred sites have played in the preservation of refugee history since the war, and the effect they have on the political dynamics of the church and the Old City of Jerusalem.
{"title":"The Convent Camp: Sacred Places in Palestinian Refugee History","authors":"Clayton Goodgame","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead070","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 1948, thousands of Palestinians fled to the Old City of Jerusalem, where many Orthodox Christians were housed by the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. This article asks how Jerusalem refugee histories change when we consider the patriarchate’s characteristics as an informal camp. The religious dimensions of camps are often overlooked, and the article suggests that recognizing them affords a better understanding of the forms of historical consciousness that refugee camps foster. Drawing on memoirs of Palestinian Orthodox refugees and ethnography from contemporary Jerusalem, the article highlights the powerful role sacred sites have played in the preservation of refugee history since the war, and the effect they have on the political dynamics of the church and the Old City of Jerusalem.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135303806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In 1974, the Cyprus War turned the seaside resort of Varosha into a derelict and decaying town, captured by the Turkish army and held for subsequent decades as a political bargaining chip in the peace negotiations of the unresolved reconflict. In 2020, the city partially opened to public visits, allowing its former residents to tour a landscape of ruination. This paper explores the contested narratives of the city’s future revival that have emerged in the wake of this opening. In particular, the paper describes forcibly displaced Varoshians’ narratives as discursive practices that reclaim the lost ‘homeplace’ and insist on the right to return. These narratives, the paper shows, become a mnemonic means of communicative meaning-making, with four main themes: loss, threshold, transformation, and the future. The paper uses these themes to show how such narratives may enable refugees to maintain hope even in the ruins of hoped-for futures. The thematic analysis also shows how place attachment narratives transmitting memories of home may transform with a vibrant present-ness related to people’s imaginations of a future Varosha. Speaking to the possibilities of return, this study calls for further explorations towards the narrative of restitution beyond legal property and political territory.
{"title":"Hope in the Ruins of Home: Narrative Meaning-Making of Forced Displacement, Place Attachment, and Deferred Future Resettlement in Varosha","authors":"Nafia Akdeniz","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead068","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In 1974, the Cyprus War turned the seaside resort of Varosha into a derelict and decaying town, captured by the Turkish army and held for subsequent decades as a political bargaining chip in the peace negotiations of the unresolved reconflict. In 2020, the city partially opened to public visits, allowing its former residents to tour a landscape of ruination. This paper explores the contested narratives of the city’s future revival that have emerged in the wake of this opening. In particular, the paper describes forcibly displaced Varoshians’ narratives as discursive practices that reclaim the lost ‘homeplace’ and insist on the right to return. These narratives, the paper shows, become a mnemonic means of communicative meaning-making, with four main themes: loss, threshold, transformation, and the future. The paper uses these themes to show how such narratives may enable refugees to maintain hope even in the ruins of hoped-for futures. The thematic analysis also shows how place attachment narratives transmitting memories of home may transform with a vibrant present-ness related to people’s imaginations of a future Varosha. Speaking to the possibilities of return, this study calls for further explorations towards the narrative of restitution beyond legal property and political territory.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135740081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article The Glass Wall. By Goran Baba Ali Get access The Glass Wall. By Goran Baba Ali. London: Afsana Press. 2021 344 pages. £14.99 (hardback), ISBN 9781739982409. Doğuş Şimşek Doğuş Şimşek Department of Criminology, Politics and Sociology, Kingston University London d.simsek@kingston.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-5390 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Refugee Studies, fead069, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead069 Published: 29 September 2023 Article history Received: 28 May 2023 Revision received: 06 September 2023 Published: 29 September 2023
{"title":"<i>The Glass Wall.</i> By Goran Baba Ali","authors":"Doğuş Şimşek","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead069","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article The Glass Wall. By Goran Baba Ali Get access The Glass Wall. By Goran Baba Ali. London: Afsana Press. 2021 344 pages. £14.99 (hardback), ISBN 9781739982409. Doğuş Şimşek Doğuş Şimşek Department of Criminology, Politics and Sociology, Kingston University London d.simsek@kingston.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-5390 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Refugee Studies, fead069, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead069 Published: 29 September 2023 Article history Received: 28 May 2023 Revision received: 06 September 2023 Published: 29 September 2023","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135246516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Some formal UN camps in Lebanon are becoming ‘over-researched’ while ‘gatherings’ remain unexplored despite their distinctive features. This article is a historical ethnography of encampment defined as the iterative undertaking of settling in while in exile. It contends that any history of Palestinian encampment must attend to entwined histories of presence, dispersal, and absence. Based on interviews conducted in the gathering of Bar Elias in the Bekaa Valley and on archival research concerned with the quiet disappearance, during the 1950s, of the three camps of Qaraoun, Aanjar and Gouraud, also in the Bekaa, this article explores, through the conceptual frame of presence, the forces shaping Palestinian experience in Lebanon both inside camps and outside of them. Shaped by absence, presence appears as the expression, in each historical situation, of the reality of lived experience and is a lens through which to read the archive of international organizations which rarely encompasses refugee voice.
{"title":"Chronicles of Disappearance: Palestinian Encampment in the Bekaa Valley (1948–1951)","authors":"Cynthia Kreichati","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead067","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Some formal UN camps in Lebanon are becoming ‘over-researched’ while ‘gatherings’ remain unexplored despite their distinctive features. This article is a historical ethnography of encampment defined as the iterative undertaking of settling in while in exile. It contends that any history of Palestinian encampment must attend to entwined histories of presence, dispersal, and absence. Based on interviews conducted in the gathering of Bar Elias in the Bekaa Valley and on archival research concerned with the quiet disappearance, during the 1950s, of the three camps of Qaraoun, Aanjar and Gouraud, also in the Bekaa, this article explores, through the conceptual frame of presence, the forces shaping Palestinian experience in Lebanon both inside camps and outside of them. Shaped by absence, presence appears as the expression, in each historical situation, of the reality of lived experience and is a lens through which to read the archive of international organizations which rarely encompasses refugee voice.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135769902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Laura Peitz, Ghassan Baliki, Neil T N Ferguson, Tilman Brück
Abstract The integration of refugees into host countries’ formal labor markets is increasingly recommended as a durable solution to forced migration. Yet, this policy response is a contentious political topic with little empirical evidence, especially in low- and middle-income host countries available to support policy. This article examines the impacts of integrating Syrian refugees into Jordan’s formal labor market. We use robust greedy one-to-one propensity score matching on comprehensive high-quality data from almost 75,000 Syrian refugee households collected between 2017 and 2019 to generate novel evidence on the socio-economic benefits of refugee labor market integration. Our findings show that the ability to access formal jobs, reflected by holding a work permit, is significantly associated with increased refugee income, strengthens food security, and reduces protection needs and child labor. These findings contribute to a better and knowledge-based understanding of a prominent policy response for forced migrants.
{"title":"Do Work Permits Work? The Impacts of Formal Labor Market Integration of Syrian Refugees in Jordan","authors":"Laura Peitz, Ghassan Baliki, Neil T N Ferguson, Tilman Brück","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead064","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The integration of refugees into host countries’ formal labor markets is increasingly recommended as a durable solution to forced migration. Yet, this policy response is a contentious political topic with little empirical evidence, especially in low- and middle-income host countries available to support policy. This article examines the impacts of integrating Syrian refugees into Jordan’s formal labor market. We use robust greedy one-to-one propensity score matching on comprehensive high-quality data from almost 75,000 Syrian refugee households collected between 2017 and 2019 to generate novel evidence on the socio-economic benefits of refugee labor market integration. Our findings show that the ability to access formal jobs, reflected by holding a work permit, is significantly associated with increased refugee income, strengthens food security, and reduces protection needs and child labor. These findings contribute to a better and knowledge-based understanding of a prominent policy response for forced migrants.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135257219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Many Syrian refugees are being forcibly repatriated under the guise of the war’s end, while other refugees are returning to Syria voluntarily. Drawing on an interview study with displaced Syrians, and an analysis of conflict-era policy and legal changes, I show how the Syrian government’s repatriation regime has been constructed outside of international norms and practices. An absentee must apply to return through a settlement process in which the state determines who is a ‘loyal returnee’ and thus permitted to return. Returnees must construct a genealogy of loyalty that attributes responsibility for their displacement towards several of the Syrian government’s enemies. Wartime Housing, Land, and Property (HLP) laws have created a surrogate legal category for the displaced as absentee subjects who are targeted for punishment through HLP seizures. As Syria’s repatriation regime is delinked from restitution, returnees are forced to navigate HLP laws to regain ownership of assets and property.
{"title":"‘The Decision to Return to Syria Is Not in My Hands’: Syria’s Repatriation Regime as Illiberal Statebuilding","authors":"Samer Abboud","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead065","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many Syrian refugees are being forcibly repatriated under the guise of the war’s end, while other refugees are returning to Syria voluntarily. Drawing on an interview study with displaced Syrians, and an analysis of conflict-era policy and legal changes, I show how the Syrian government’s repatriation regime has been constructed outside of international norms and practices. An absentee must apply to return through a settlement process in which the state determines who is a ‘loyal returnee’ and thus permitted to return. Returnees must construct a genealogy of loyalty that attributes responsibility for their displacement towards several of the Syrian government’s enemies. Wartime Housing, Land, and Property (HLP) laws have created a surrogate legal category for the displaced as absentee subjects who are targeted for punishment through HLP seizures. As Syria’s repatriation regime is delinked from restitution, returnees are forced to navigate HLP laws to regain ownership of assets and property.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135257220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article draws on a study with Syrian refugee youth and their teachers to examine how young people, holding liminal social and legal statuses in Jordan, manage uncertainty. Through an analysis of students' experiences, this article describes the varying strategies that they developed to protect their sense of hope across time by maintaining ontological security, or an understanding of self. These findings suggested that refugee youth, unable to navigate uncertainty through their educational spaces, explored alternative ways to actively build hope and sustain a sense of control in their lives. They nurtured hope by constructing a continuous narrative of their experiences, exploring their skills and potential, and forming attachments to ideas of place and possibility. Buildings on these findings, this article argues for the importance of integrating practices within education which respond to refugee youths’ needs to maintain ontological security and hope in the face of uncertainty.
{"title":"Education, Ontological Security, and Preserving Hope in Liminality: Learning from the Daily Strategies Exercised by Syrian Refugee Youth in Jordan","authors":"Hiba Salem","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead055","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article draws on a study with Syrian refugee youth and their teachers to examine how young people, holding liminal social and legal statuses in Jordan, manage uncertainty. Through an analysis of students' experiences, this article describes the varying strategies that they developed to protect their sense of hope across time by maintaining ontological security, or an understanding of self. These findings suggested that refugee youth, unable to navigate uncertainty through their educational spaces, explored alternative ways to actively build hope and sustain a sense of control in their lives. They nurtured hope by constructing a continuous narrative of their experiences, exploring their skills and potential, and forming attachments to ideas of place and possibility. Buildings on these findings, this article argues for the importance of integrating practices within education which respond to refugee youths’ needs to maintain ontological security and hope in the face of uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"237 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135352746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Journal Article Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew. By Avi Shlaim Get access Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew. By Avi Shlaim. London: OneWorld, 2023. 374pp. £25. ISBN 978 0 86154 463 9. Anne Irfan Anne Irfan Department of Arts and Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK anne.irfan@ucl.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0323-5353 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Refugee Studies, fead066, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead066 Published: 15 September 2023 Article history Received: 01 September 2023 Published: 15 September 2023
{"title":"Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew. By Avi Shlaim","authors":"Anne Irfan","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead066","url":null,"abstract":"Journal Article Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew. By Avi Shlaim Get access Three Worlds: Memoirs of an Arab-Jew. By Avi Shlaim. London: OneWorld, 2023. 374pp. £25. ISBN 978 0 86154 463 9. Anne Irfan Anne Irfan Department of Arts and Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK anne.irfan@ucl.ac.uk https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0323-5353 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Refugee Studies, fead066, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead066 Published: 15 September 2023 Article history Received: 01 September 2023 Published: 15 September 2023","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135438036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although participatory approaches in health research are increasingly used, critical voices are being raised around lack of diversity among the public contributors involved. This article explores enabling and hindering factors in participatory meetings with forced migrants involved as public contributors in health research, using a convergent parallel mixed methods design including behavioural observations and questionnaires, with the aim of contributing to practices of meaningful and inclusive involvement in research. Our findings indicated that relationship-building and adapting to team development over time were key. Additionally, researcher responsivity and transparency enabled relevant contributions, but few decisions were taken. Although linguistic barriers existed and were rated higher by the researchers, engaging interpreters as co-facilitators of the meetings enabled nuanced discussions. In addition to following PPI recommendations, involving public contributors with experience of forced migration requires considering relationship-focused factors; inclusive communication, relationships and trust, and process-focused factors: where and how decisions are taken.
{"title":"Standard Involvement Is Not Enough: A Mixed Method Study of Enablers and Barriers in Research Meetings with Forced Migrants","authors":"Elin Inge, A. Sarkadi, A. Tökés, G. Warner","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead062","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although participatory approaches in health research are increasingly used, critical voices are being raised around lack of diversity among the public contributors involved. This article explores enabling and hindering factors in participatory meetings with forced migrants involved as public contributors in health research, using a convergent parallel mixed methods design including behavioural observations and questionnaires, with the aim of contributing to practices of meaningful and inclusive involvement in research. Our findings indicated that relationship-building and adapting to team development over time were key. Additionally, researcher responsivity and transparency enabled relevant contributions, but few decisions were taken. Although linguistic barriers existed and were rated higher by the researchers, engaging interpreters as co-facilitators of the meetings enabled nuanced discussions. In addition to following PPI recommendations, involving public contributors with experience of forced migration requires considering relationship-focused factors; inclusive communication, relationships and trust, and process-focused factors: where and how decisions are taken.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44102990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Using the framework of microhistory, the following article explores the notion of ‘encampment’ in relation to economically displaced labourers who crossed into Palestine in the 1930s and 1940s. It considers what a new reading of ‘encampment’ might offer to the historical and inter-disciplinary studies of refugeehood, migration, borders, and forced displacement. The article traces the story of one such labourer, displaced from Egypt to the port city of Haifa. Using this man’s archival record, the article analyses how historians might depict other such men and women as ‘encamped’ by the nature of their economic displacement and their inability to return to the places from which they came. These migrants often fell into the categorization of ‘forcibly displaced’ twice: they were forced by economic circumstances to migrate, and many were subsequently deported from Palestine because they had no authorization to have entered the country.
{"title":"Sayed’s Journey to Encampment: Examining Sites and Scenes of Economic Migrant Displacement in Mandate Palestine","authors":"Lauren Banko","doi":"10.1093/jrs/fead059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fead059","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using the framework of microhistory, the following article explores the notion of ‘encampment’ in relation to economically displaced labourers who crossed into Palestine in the 1930s and 1940s. It considers what a new reading of ‘encampment’ might offer to the historical and inter-disciplinary studies of refugeehood, migration, borders, and forced displacement. The article traces the story of one such labourer, displaced from Egypt to the port city of Haifa. Using this man’s archival record, the article analyses how historians might depict other such men and women as ‘encamped’ by the nature of their economic displacement and their inability to return to the places from which they came. These migrants often fell into the categorization of ‘forcibly displaced’ twice: they were forced by economic circumstances to migrate, and many were subsequently deported from Palestine because they had no authorization to have entered the country.","PeriodicalId":51464,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Refugee Studies","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135402726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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