: Humans heavily depend on communication. We constantly share new ideas, catch up on current news, and exchange gossip. Much of the information conveyed in this way is, however, not first-hand. As a result, we run the risk of being misinformed and of spreading potentially harmful messages via large social networks. Current research argues that we are endowed with a set of cognitive mechanisms capable of targeting such risks. These mechanisms, known as mechanisms of epistemic vigilance, help us evaluate communicated information by i) critically evaluating presented arguments, ii) checking the plausibility of messages against pre-existing background beliefs, and iii) assessing the competence of a sender based on cues of trustworthiness. So far, the mechanisms exist only as verbal theory, which do not allow a thorough systemic analysis of the interplay between them. In this paper, we implement an agent-based computational model of epistemic vigilance to add to the existing microscopic (individual level) and macroscopic (societal level) understanding of the mechanisms. Through simulations of different multi-agent societies we are able to show that the mechanisms of epistemic vigilance are sufficient to explain a wide variety of phenomena: (a) The locality of critics in social groups is a deciding factor when it comes to quickly correcting false messages. (b) Plausibility checking can create impeding group structures that exclude other agents from receiving surrounding information. (c) Im-peding group structures can be overcome through competence checking. (d) And on a societal level, increasing the proportion of agents performing plausibility checks, creates an abrupt shift from consensus to polarization.
{"title":"On the Interplay of Gullibility, Plausibility, and Criticism: A Computational Model of Epistemic Vigilance","authors":"D. Reisinger, M. L. Kogler, Georg Jäger","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5136","url":null,"abstract":": Humans heavily depend on communication. We constantly share new ideas, catch up on current news, and exchange gossip. Much of the information conveyed in this way is, however, not first-hand. As a result, we run the risk of being misinformed and of spreading potentially harmful messages via large social networks. Current research argues that we are endowed with a set of cognitive mechanisms capable of targeting such risks. These mechanisms, known as mechanisms of epistemic vigilance, help us evaluate communicated information by i) critically evaluating presented arguments, ii) checking the plausibility of messages against pre-existing background beliefs, and iii) assessing the competence of a sender based on cues of trustworthiness. So far, the mechanisms exist only as verbal theory, which do not allow a thorough systemic analysis of the interplay between them. In this paper, we implement an agent-based computational model of epistemic vigilance to add to the existing microscopic (individual level) and macroscopic (societal level) understanding of the mechanisms. Through simulations of different multi-agent societies we are able to show that the mechanisms of epistemic vigilance are sufficient to explain a wide variety of phenomena: (a) The locality of critics in social groups is a deciding factor when it comes to quickly correcting false messages. (b) Plausibility checking can create impeding group structures that exclude other agents from receiving surrounding information. (c) Im-peding group structures can be overcome through competence checking. (d) And on a societal level, increasing the proportion of agents performing plausibility checks, creates an abrupt shift from consensus to polarization.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Confirmation Bias as a Mechanism to Focus Attention Enhances Signal Detection","authors":"Michael Vogrin, Guilherme Wood, T. Schmickl","doi":"10.18564/jasss.4954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.4954","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67493002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207751800024139-1
D. Bylieva
The spread of misinformation on the Internet today is a serious problem due to the vast impact on society of network information. The most obvious technology aimed at combating false information is fact-checking, which allows to identify the presence of facts in the message and compare them with the base of true information. Such technologies are applicable for tracking information distortions, but do not allow evaluating a random message. An alternative approach is to identify false messages based on indirect signs: its linguistic and paralinguistic features, as well as on the communicative history (author, creation and distribution) and other features. Database-trained artificial intelligence concludes that messages are false, without resorting to comparison with true judgments and logical procedures. The ability of a person to independently evaluate the truth of messages is limited by the economy of cognitive effort, and people are even able to generate their own memories that confirm false messages.
{"title":"Technologies of truth on the web","authors":"D. Bylieva","doi":"10.18254/s207751800024139-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207751800024139-1","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of misinformation on the Internet today is a serious problem due to the vast impact on society of network information. The most obvious technology aimed at combating false information is fact-checking, which allows to identify the presence of facts in the message and compare them with the base of true information. Such technologies are applicable for tracking information distortions, but do not allow evaluating a random message. An alternative approach is to identify false messages based on indirect signs: its linguistic and paralinguistic features, as well as on the communicative history (author, creation and distribution) and other features. Database-trained artificial intelligence concludes that messages are false, without resorting to comparison with true judgments and logical procedures. The ability of a person to independently evaluate the truth of messages is limited by the economy of cognitive effort, and people are even able to generate their own memories that confirm false messages.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89880280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bruce Miller, Ivan Garibay, Jacopo Baggio, Edwin Nassiff
{"title":"Network Structure Can Amplify Innovation Adoption and Polarization in Group-Structured Populations with Outgroup Aversion","authors":"Bruce Miller, Ivan Garibay, Jacopo Baggio, Edwin Nassiff","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5167","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135318949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edoardo Baccini, Zoé Christoff, Stephan Hartmann, Rineke Verbrugge
{"title":"The Wisdom of the Small Crowd: Myside Bias and Group Discussion","authors":"Edoardo Baccini, Zoé Christoff, Stephan Hartmann, Rineke Verbrugge","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135318953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bounded Confidence Revisited: What We Overlooked, Underestimated, and Got Wrong","authors":"Rainer Hegselmann","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5257","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135318967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research incorporates Bayesian game theory into pedestrian evacuation in an agent-based model. Three pedestrian behaviours were compared: Random Follow, Shortest Route and Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE), as well as combinations of these. The results showed that BNE pedestrians were able to evacuate more quickly as they predict congestion levels in their next step and adjust their directions to avoid congestion, closely matching the behaviours of evacuating pedestrians in reality. A series of simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate whether and how BNE affects pedestrian evacuation procedures. The results showed that: 1) BNE has a large impact on reducing evacuation time; 2) BNE pedestrians displayed more intelligent and efficient evacuating behaviours; 3) As the proportion of BNE users rises, average evacuation time decreases, and average comfort level increases. A detailed description of the model and relevant experimental results is provided in this paper. Several limitations as well as further works are also identified.
{"title":"An Agent-Based Simulation Model of Pedestrian Evacuation Based on Bayesian Nash Equilibrium","authors":"Yiyu Wang, Jiaqi Ge, Alexis Comber","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5037","url":null,"abstract":"This research incorporates Bayesian game theory into pedestrian evacuation in an agent-based model. Three pedestrian behaviours were compared: Random Follow, Shortest Route and Bayesian Nash Equilibrium (BNE), as well as combinations of these. The results showed that BNE pedestrians were able to evacuate more quickly as they predict congestion levels in their next step and adjust their directions to avoid congestion, closely matching the behaviours of evacuating pedestrians in reality. A series of simulation experiments were conducted to evaluate whether and how BNE affects pedestrian evacuation procedures. The results showed that: 1) BNE has a large impact on reducing evacuation time; 2) BNE pedestrians displayed more intelligent and efficient evacuating behaviours; 3) As the proportion of BNE users rises, average evacuation time decreases, and average comfort level increases. A detailed description of the model and relevant experimental results is provided in this paper. Several limitations as well as further works are also identified.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135734081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
: This paper discusses a prominent way in which social simulations can contribute (and have contributed) to the advance of science; namely, by refuting some of our incorrect beliefs about how the real world works. More precisely, social simulations can produce counter-examples that reveal something is wrong in a prevailing scientific assumption. Indeed, here we argue that this is a role that many well-known social simulation models have played, and it may be one of the main reasons why such well-known models have become so popular. To test this hypothesis, here we examine several popular models in the social simulation literature and we find that all these models are most naturally interpreted as providers of compelling and reproducible (computer-generated) evidence that refuted some assumption or belief in a prevailing theory. By refuting pre-vailing theories, these models have greatly advanced science and, in some cases, have even opened a new field of research.
{"title":"Social Simulation Models as Refuting Machines","authors":"N. Mauhe, L. Izquierdo, Segismundo S. Izquierdo","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5076","url":null,"abstract":": This paper discusses a prominent way in which social simulations can contribute (and have contributed) to the advance of science; namely, by refuting some of our incorrect beliefs about how the real world works. More precisely, social simulations can produce counter-examples that reveal something is wrong in a prevailing scientific assumption. Indeed, here we argue that this is a role that many well-known social simulation models have played, and it may be one of the main reasons why such well-known models have become so popular. To test this hypothesis, here we examine several popular models in the social simulation literature and we find that all these models are most naturally interpreted as providers of compelling and reproducible (computer-generated) evidence that refuted some assumption or belief in a prevailing theory. By refuting pre-vailing theories, these models have greatly advanced science and, in some cases, have even opened a new field of research.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Superiority Bias and Communication Noise Can Enhance Collective Problem Solving","authors":"Amin Boroomand, P. Smaldino","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5154","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207751800024370-6
A. Alekseev
The article is devoted to the problem of using intellectual systems corresponding to the concept of an artificial personality in socio-political communication. The components of the artificial personality project are considered, it is shown that the currently existing technologies already correspond to one of the levels of implementation of this project. These are the so-called social bots. Scenarios for the use of social bots in socio-political communication are considered, from the point of view of both risks and a possible increase in the effectiveness of socio-political communication using this technology. Approximate stages of development and application of a social bot are demonstrated. The issue of criteria for trusted artificial intelligence in relation to an artificial personality used in socio-political communication is also considered.
{"title":"Artificial Personality in socio-political communication","authors":"A. Alekseev","doi":"10.18254/s207751800024370-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207751800024370-6","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the problem of using intellectual systems corresponding to the concept of an artificial personality in socio-political communication. The components of the artificial personality project are considered, it is shown that the currently existing technologies already correspond to one of the levels of implementation of this project. These are the so-called social bots. Scenarios for the use of social bots in socio-political communication are considered, from the point of view of both risks and a possible increase in the effectiveness of socio-political communication using this technology. Approximate stages of development and application of a social bot are demonstrated. The issue of criteria for trusted artificial intelligence in relation to an artificial personality used in socio-political communication is also considered.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"447 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77897127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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