D. Carpentras, Adrian Lueders, P. Maher, C. O'Reilly, M. Quayle
: Polarization is a key phenomenon which has been linked to increasing disliking between people of opposite political groups. Furthermore, polarization can extend to new topics such as the debate on COVID-19 vaccines, making it more complex to coordinate efforts for such a problem. The social identity approach (SIA) offers a robust theoretical framework for understanding identity-based social processes. This approach suggests that people’s perceptions and behaviour depend on their group identity (e.g., Democrat vs Republican). In this article, we developed an opinion-dynamics model integrating SIA to explore how polarization can extend to new topics. Furthermore, we developed this model from experiments with human participants. This allows us to use already validated micro-dynamic rules in the model. Empirical results show lack of repulsive effects, more attraction during in-group interactions and a new effect: increased stubbornness when people are exposed to opinions of an out-group member. The model was built mimicking the interaction structure of the experiment. At each iteration, an agent observes the opinion of another agent. Depending on their respective groups the agent will experience a stronger or weaker attractive force, together with some noise. This model was able to produce polarization without the use of repulsive forces. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis tells us that polarization in new topics can appear when all the following conditions are satisfied: (1) each person recognizes who is belonging to which political group, (2) there are more in-group than out-group interactions and (3) there is some initial asymmetry on the topic.
{"title":"How Polarization Extends to New Topics: An Agent-Based Model Derived from Experimental Data","authors":"D. Carpentras, Adrian Lueders, P. Maher, C. O'Reilly, M. Quayle","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5105","url":null,"abstract":": Polarization is a key phenomenon which has been linked to increasing disliking between people of opposite political groups. Furthermore, polarization can extend to new topics such as the debate on COVID-19 vaccines, making it more complex to coordinate efforts for such a problem. The social identity approach (SIA) offers a robust theoretical framework for understanding identity-based social processes. This approach suggests that people’s perceptions and behaviour depend on their group identity (e.g., Democrat vs Republican). In this article, we developed an opinion-dynamics model integrating SIA to explore how polarization can extend to new topics. Furthermore, we developed this model from experiments with human participants. This allows us to use already validated micro-dynamic rules in the model. Empirical results show lack of repulsive effects, more attraction during in-group interactions and a new effect: increased stubbornness when people are exposed to opinions of an out-group member. The model was built mimicking the interaction structure of the experiment. At each iteration, an agent observes the opinion of another agent. Depending on their respective groups the agent will experience a stronger or weaker attractive force, together with some noise. This model was able to produce polarization without the use of repulsive forces. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis tells us that polarization in new topics can appear when all the following conditions are satisfied: (1) each person recognizes who is belonging to which political group, (2) there are more in-group than out-group interactions and (3) there is some initial asymmetry on the topic.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolutionary Model Discovery of Human Behavioral Factors Driving Decision-Making in Irrigation Experiments","authors":"Lux Miranda, O. Garibay, J. Baggio","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5069","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207751800024767-2
Dmitry Koshkin
The digital society provides great opportunities for the development of public services, business and the financial sector. Consumers of services appreciated the convenience and efficiency. At the same time, with any positive developments, there are also risks. Growing advances in technology have led to the emergence and proliferation of new risks for both government and business, in particular cyber risks. The authors use the example of the insurance industry to demonstrate the importance of the IT sphere in public life and the growing need for effective cyber security tools. The study analyses the risks that pose a threat to the development of society through the example of cyber risks through the prism of the cyber insurance market. The authors argue that cyber risk insurance can reduce these risks. Due to the growing dependence of society and the state on technology and the increasing sophistication of cybercriminals, it is critical for governments and businesses to be proactive in protecting against potential cyber-attacks and other technology-driven threats. In this environment, instruments such as cyber risk insurance provide the necessary protection for the economy and society in the digital age. In addressing this issue, the authors aim to contribute to greater security in the digital world.
{"title":"Cyber risks: Prospective Control Instruments (using the example of Cyber Insurance)","authors":"Dmitry Koshkin","doi":"10.18254/s207751800024767-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207751800024767-2","url":null,"abstract":"The digital society provides great opportunities for the development of public services, business and the financial sector. Consumers of services appreciated the convenience and efficiency. At the same time, with any positive developments, there are also risks. Growing advances in technology have led to the emergence and proliferation of new risks for both government and business, in particular cyber risks. The authors use the example of the insurance industry to demonstrate the importance of the IT sphere in public life and the growing need for effective cyber security tools. The study analyses the risks that pose a threat to the development of society through the example of cyber risks through the prism of the cyber insurance market. The authors argue that cyber risk insurance can reduce these risks. Due to the growing dependence of society and the state on technology and the increasing sophistication of cybercriminals, it is critical for governments and businesses to be proactive in protecting against potential cyber-attacks and other technology-driven threats. In this environment, instruments such as cyber risk insurance provide the necessary protection for the economy and society in the digital age. In addressing this issue, the authors aim to contribute to greater security in the digital world.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79242213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207751800024813-3
N. Ravochkin
Currently, the usual system of social relations is being reformatted. With the onset of the digital age, the role of advanced technologies in intersubjective contact is increasing. Man-made artificial agents are increasingly involved in communications at various levels. Many individual and collective subjects are increasingly striving to expand their networks of communicators through modern programs and services. The article discusses the ways of participation of these products of artificial intelligence in various spheres of public life. The nature of programmable agents is presented. The state and level of development of these products of science and technology are analyzed. The vectors of transformation of the modern communication landscape are shown. The functions performed by agents of social relations are highlighted. The expediency of using messengers, robots and chat bots that free up human resources is revealed. Based on practical examples, the possibilities, limitations and prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in the fields of media, marketing, commerce and HR are determined. The influence of messengers and bots on the transformation of communication practices has been studied. It is substantiated that today artificial agents are capable of performing only a number of technical tasks, one way or another requiring the connection of the human mind for non-trivial solutions. In conclusion, generalizations are given that constitute the theoretical and methodological basis for subsequent studies of the influence of artificial agents on the transformation of social ties and relationships.
{"title":"Artificial agents of social relations","authors":"N. Ravochkin","doi":"10.18254/s207751800024813-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207751800024813-3","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, the usual system of social relations is being reformatted. With the onset of the digital age, the role of advanced technologies in intersubjective contact is increasing. Man-made artificial agents are increasingly involved in communications at various levels. Many individual and collective subjects are increasingly striving to expand their networks of communicators through modern programs and services. The article discusses the ways of participation of these products of artificial intelligence in various spheres of public life. The nature of programmable agents is presented. The state and level of development of these products of science and technology are analyzed. The vectors of transformation of the modern communication landscape are shown. The functions performed by agents of social relations are highlighted. The expediency of using messengers, robots and chat bots that free up human resources is revealed. Based on practical examples, the possibilities, limitations and prospects for the use of artificial intelligence in the fields of media, marketing, commerce and HR are determined. The influence of messengers and bots on the transformation of communication practices has been studied. It is substantiated that today artificial agents are capable of performing only a number of technical tasks, one way or another requiring the connection of the human mind for non-trivial solutions. In conclusion, generalizations are given that constitute the theoretical and methodological basis for subsequent studies of the influence of artificial agents on the transformation of social ties and relationships.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"9 18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80540101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.18254/s207751800026418-8
Georgii Malinetskiy
Since 1950, scientists have been discussing the Fermi paradox – the lack of signs of life and reason of other civilizations. This is surprising, since the latter can be millions, or maybe billions older than the earth and therefore must have the appropriate technological capabilities. The article addresses this problem from the point of view of mathematical modeling and the theory of self-organization. The dynamics of other worlds are investigated, and it is shown that their existence is determined by social instability. This instability relates to the contradiction between "cosmic people," insisting on the expansion of their civilization and "molecular," who believe that the main thing is to preserve what has been achieved. The results obtained make us take a fresh look at the management of the risks of the development of terrestrial civilization and attempts to contact other worlds.
{"title":"Sociological approach to the Fermi paradox","authors":"Georgii Malinetskiy","doi":"10.18254/s207751800026418-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18254/s207751800026418-8","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1950, scientists have been discussing the Fermi paradox – the lack of signs of life and reason of other civilizations. This is surprising, since the latter can be millions, or maybe billions older than the earth and therefore must have the appropriate technological capabilities. The article addresses this problem from the point of view of mathematical modeling and the theory of self-organization. The dynamics of other worlds are investigated, and it is shown that their existence is determined by social instability. This instability relates to the contradiction between \"cosmic people,\" insisting on the expansion of their civilization and \"molecular,\" who believe that the main thing is to preserve what has been achieved. The results obtained make us take a fresh look at the management of the risks of the development of terrestrial civilization and attempts to contact other worlds.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77773631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Assimilation Anomaly: Averaging-Induced Reversal of Overall Opinion in Two Interacting Societies","authors":"Jacob Landsberg, Adam Landsberg","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135318955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martina Testori, Francesca Giardini, Charlotte K Hemelrijk, Terence D Dores Cruz, Bianca Beersma
: Gossip provides individuals a great volume of information, which allows them to make informed decisions and better adapt to the environment around them. Like all pieces of information, however, if not correctly interpreted, gossip can lead to harmful consequences for individuals. Indeed, computational models have portrayed a complex picture on how gossip impacts cooperation, identifying several limitations of the mechanism. Recent theoretical models and empirical studies have shown how interpreting the information received through gossip is a key component to understand how gossip influences individuals and groups. Thus, we built an agent-based model where we examine two reaction mechanisms for different reputation systems, in which agents first interpret the motive behind gossip and then react on the basis of this interpretation. While the first mechanism relies on an encompassing reputation system in which all pieces of information are used to inform future decisions with other group members, the second mechanism comprises a two-layer reputation system, in which agents’ actions are separate from agents’ reliability as gossipers. Our results support previous empirical findings asserting gossip as an effective way to sustain initial cooperation, and offer a solution for gossipdrivenbynegativemotives: aslongasgossipreceiversignoretheinformationprovidedbygossipersthey deem unreliable and don’t punish them by refraining from cooperative interactions with them, cooperation can be sustained.
{"title":"What Matters Most in Supporting Cooperation, the Gossip Content or the Gossiper’s Intention? Simulating Motive Interpretation in Gossip Dynamics","authors":"Martina Testori, Francesca Giardini, Charlotte K Hemelrijk, Terence D Dores Cruz, Bianca Beersma","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5194","url":null,"abstract":": Gossip provides individuals a great volume of information, which allows them to make informed decisions and better adapt to the environment around them. Like all pieces of information, however, if not correctly interpreted, gossip can lead to harmful consequences for individuals. Indeed, computational models have portrayed a complex picture on how gossip impacts cooperation, identifying several limitations of the mechanism. Recent theoretical models and empirical studies have shown how interpreting the information received through gossip is a key component to understand how gossip influences individuals and groups. Thus, we built an agent-based model where we examine two reaction mechanisms for different reputation systems, in which agents first interpret the motive behind gossip and then react on the basis of this interpretation. While the first mechanism relies on an encompassing reputation system in which all pieces of information are used to inform future decisions with other group members, the second mechanism comprises a two-layer reputation system, in which agents’ actions are separate from agents’ reliability as gossipers. Our results support previous empirical findings asserting gossip as an effective way to sustain initial cooperation, and offer a solution for gossipdrivenbynegativemotives: aslongasgossipreceiversignoretheinformationprovidedbygossipersthey deem unreliable and don’t punish them by refraining from cooperative interactions with them, cooperation can be sustained.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135318962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Geeske Scholz, Nanda Wijermans, Rocco Paolillo, Martin Neumann, Torsten Masson, É. Chappin, A. Templeton, G. Kocheril
: Simulating collective decision-making and behaviour is at the heart of many agent-based models (ABMs). However, the representation of social context and its influence on an agent’s behaviour remains challenging. Here, the Social Identity Approach (SIA) from social psychology, offers a promising explanation, as it describes how people behave while being part of a group, how groups interact and how these interactions and ingroup norms can change over time. SIA is valuable for various application domains while also being challenging to formalise. To address this challenge and enable modellers to learn from existing work, we took stock of ABM formalisations of SIA and present a systematic review of SIA in ABMs. Our results show a diversity of application areas and formalisations of (parts of) SIA without any converging practice towards a default formalisation. Models range from simple to (cognitively) rich, with a group of abstract models in the tradition of opinion dynamics employing SIA to specify group-based social influence. We also found some complex cognitive SIA formalisations incorporating contextual behaviour. When considering the function of SIA in the models, representing collectives, modelling group-based social influence and unpacking contextual behaviour all stood out. Our review was also an inventory of the formalisation challenge attached to using a very promising social-psychological theory in ABMs, revealing a tendency for reference to domain-specific theories to remain vague.
{"title":"Social Agents? A Systematic Review of Social Identity Formalizations","authors":"Geeske Scholz, Nanda Wijermans, Rocco Paolillo, Martin Neumann, Torsten Masson, É. Chappin, A. Templeton, G. Kocheril","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5066","url":null,"abstract":": Simulating collective decision-making and behaviour is at the heart of many agent-based models (ABMs). However, the representation of social context and its influence on an agent’s behaviour remains challenging. Here, the Social Identity Approach (SIA) from social psychology, offers a promising explanation, as it describes how people behave while being part of a group, how groups interact and how these interactions and ingroup norms can change over time. SIA is valuable for various application domains while also being challenging to formalise. To address this challenge and enable modellers to learn from existing work, we took stock of ABM formalisations of SIA and present a systematic review of SIA in ABMs. Our results show a diversity of application areas and formalisations of (parts of) SIA without any converging practice towards a default formalisation. Models range from simple to (cognitively) rich, with a group of abstract models in the tradition of opinion dynamics employing SIA to specify group-based social influence. We also found some complex cognitive SIA formalisations incorporating contextual behaviour. When considering the function of SIA in the models, representing collectives, modelling group-based social influence and unpacking contextual behaviour all stood out. Our review was also an inventory of the formalisation challenge attached to using a very promising social-psychological theory in ABMs, revealing a tendency for reference to domain-specific theories to remain vague.","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Corrigendum to 'Arguments as Drivers of Issue Polarisation in Debates Among Artificial Agents', Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 25 (1) 4, 2022","authors":"Felix Kopecky","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5068","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rory Greig, Chris Major, Michalina Pacholska, S. Bending, Jordi Arranz
{"title":"Learning Interpretable Logic for Agent-Based Models from Domain Independent Primitives","authors":"Rory Greig, Chris Major, Michalina Pacholska, S. Bending, Jordi Arranz","doi":"10.18564/jasss.5087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.5087","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51498,"journal":{"name":"Jasss-The Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67492851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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