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Feeding, food, and attachment: An underestimated relationship? 喂养、食物和依恋:一种被低估的关系?
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-31 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12380
Wiebke Johanna Schmidt, Heidi Keller, Mariano Rosabal-Coto, Karina Fallas Gamboa, Carolina Solís Guillén, Esteban Durán Delgado

According to attachment theory, feeding, including breastfeeding, plays only a marginal role in relationship formation. However, studies—especially in rural traditional non-Western contexts—repeatedly demonstrate that feeding can be an important attachment mechanism. We interviewed 30 urban, middle-class families with 6-to-19-month-old infants in the surrounding greater metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica, to investigate if they consider feeding relevant for attachment formation. Qualitative content analysis revealed that breastfeeding is a key factor in specifying whether caregivers believed feeding to be relevant for attachment formation. The study found that breastfeeding families considered feeding relevant for attachment, and bottle-feeding families associated feeding with mainly alimentary and no attachment-related functions. Furthermore, breastfeeding seems to foster exclusive maternal attachment, while multiple feeding seems to foster multiple attachments. Consequently, the feeding network seems to regulate a child's attachment network in urban middle-class families in San José. A triangulation of caregiver interviews, interviews with key informants, and member checking with key informants support the validity of the findings.

根据依恋理论,喂养,包括母乳喂养,在关系形成中只起到很小的作用。然而,研究——尤其是在农村传统的非西方背景下——一再证明,喂养可能是一种重要的依恋机制。我们采访了哥斯达黎加圣何塞大城市地区的30个有6至19个月婴儿的城市中产阶级家庭,调查他们是否认为喂养与依恋形成有关。定性内容分析显示,母乳喂养是确定护理人员是否认为母乳喂养与依恋形成相关的关键因素。研究发现,母乳喂养的家庭认为喂养与依恋有关,而奶瓶喂养的家庭则认为喂养主要具有消化功能,没有依恋相关功能。此外,母乳喂养似乎会培养出排他性的母性依恋,而多次喂养似乎会培育出多重依恋。因此,喂养网络似乎调节了圣何塞城市中产阶级家庭中儿童的依恋网络。护理人员访谈、关键信息提供者访谈以及成员与关键信息提供者核实的三角测量支持调查结果的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
Mommy brain in the United States 妈妈的大脑在美国
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12381
Valerie Miller, Marcy Price-Crist

Women undergo profound psychological and cognitive shifts throughout their life course, and motherhood entails dramatic mind–body adjustments. Growing maternal responsibilities and evidence from social sciences suggest motherhood enhances cognitive functioning, but mothers typically claim otherwise. This article uses maternal life stories to reveal cultural schemas of mommy brain as told by mothers in the United States. Our findings illustrate what mommy brain is in practice and how cultural narratives promote associations between motherhood and diminished cognitive functioning. We found that interruptions, cognitive overload, and newfound anxieties were fundamental components in mothers’ mommy brain experiences. We believe that these factors, along with social isolation, play a salient role in self-reported deficits in maternal cognition. Understandings of mommy brain must move beyond neurobiology and attention and memory studies and consider how interruptions, overload, and other subjective experiences shape our definitions and what we know about maternal cognition.

女性在一生中经历了深刻的心理和认知转变,而做母亲需要戏剧性的身心调整。越来越多的母亲责任和来自社会科学的证据表明,做母亲可以增强认知功能,但母亲通常声称并非如此。这篇文章用母亲的生活故事来揭示美国母亲所讲述的母亲大脑的文化图式。我们的研究结果说明了妈妈的大脑在实践中是什么,以及文化叙事如何促进母亲身份和认知功能下降之间的联系。我们发现,中断、认知超负荷和新发现的焦虑是母亲妈妈大脑体验的基本组成部分。我们认为,这些因素,加上社会孤立,在自我报告的母亲认知缺陷中发挥着重要作用。对妈妈大脑的理解必须超越神经生物学、注意力和记忆研究,考虑中断、过载和其他主观体验如何塑造我们的定义以及我们对母亲认知的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Tangible pasts: Memory practices among children and adolescents in Germany, an affect-theoretical approach 有形的过去:德国儿童和青少年的记忆实践,一种情感理论方法
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-18 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12377
Birgitt Röttger-Rössler, Franziska Seise

This article highlights the ontogeny of autobiographical memory and its sociocultural foundations as an important and underrepresented field of research in psychological anthropology. It discusses the results of an explorative photovoice study on the emotional experiences of children and adolescents. Our study discovered that memory practices play a major role in young people's daily lives. Participants often referred to emotionally significant past events, relationships, or life periods by relating them to particular memory objects. We assume that the material dimension of children's memory practices not only facilitates an affective engagement with the past but also makes past experiences communicable to oneself and to others. The memory objects used by our research participants were linked in substantial ways to culturally specific modes of remembering, (auto)biographical narration, and the formation of feeling among adolescents. In discussing broader implications of our results, we draw on insights from developmental psychology, affect and emotion theory, and social anthropological research on memory and materiality. We conclude with a brief comparative look at memory practices in the Indonesian context to hint at a significant field of cross-cultural research that opens at the intersection of studies on material culture, memory practices, (auto)biographical remembering and narrating, and the formation of feeling.

本文强调自传体记忆的个体发生及其社会文化基础是心理人类学中一个重要且代表性不足的研究领域。它讨论了一项关于儿童和青少年情感体验的探索性摄影语音研究的结果。我们的研究发现,记忆练习在年轻人的日常生活中发挥着重要作用。参与者通常通过将其与特定的记忆对象联系起来,来提及具有情感意义的过去事件、关系或人生时期。我们认为,儿童记忆实践的物质维度不仅促进了对过去的情感参与,而且使过去的经历能够传达给自己和他人。我们的研究参与者使用的记忆对象在很大程度上与特定文化的记忆模式、(自动)传记叙述和青少年情感的形成有关。在讨论我们的研究结果的更广泛含义时,我们借鉴了发展心理学、情感和情感理论以及社会人类学对记忆和物质性的研究。最后,我们对印尼背景下的记忆实践进行了简短的比较研究,以暗示跨文化研究的一个重要领域,该领域以物质文化、记忆实践、(自动)传记记忆和叙事以及感觉形成的研究为交叉点。
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引用次数: 0
Decolonizing affect: Resonance as an ethnographic technique 去殖民化影响:作为人种学技术的共鸣
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-14 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12366
Anna Iskra

This article is a call to decolonize affect theory through deepening its engagement with fieldwork conducted in the global South. It examines the native Chinese concept of ganying, or resonance, as an ethnographic technique by engaging with the author's fieldwork experiences among Body Mind Spirit practitioners in China. Participating in ganying captures the formation of affective atmospheres through the ethnographer's involvement in their co-creation. Where attunement functions as a normative ideal, resonance becomes a technique of embodying responsiveness and cultivating intimacy that supports efforts to narrativize affect. Examining the genealogy of ganying and its ethnographic applications reveals this concept's alignment with influential theorizations that in recent decades have been constructed as “new” and “paradigm shifting” contributions to the affective turn. It cautions against the risks of erasure resulting from such Eurocentric negligence of kindred notions circulated in scholarly and vernacular contexts outside of the global North.

本文呼吁通过深化情感理论与全球南方实地调查的接触,使其非殖民化。它通过作者在中国身心精神从业者中的实地考察经验,考察了中国本土的甘英概念,即共鸣,作为一种民族志技术。参与《甘英》捕捉到了民族志工作者参与他们共同创作的情感氛围的形成。在调谐作为一种规范理想发挥作用的地方,共鸣成为一种体现反应性和培养亲密感的技术,支持叙事情感的努力。研究甘英的谱系及其民族志应用,可以发现这一概念与近几十年来被构建为对情感转向的“新的”和“范式转换”贡献的有影响力的理论相一致。它警告说,由于这种以欧洲为中心的疏忽,在全球北方以外的学术和本土环境中传播的同类概念可能会被抹去。
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引用次数: 2
Transgenerational transmission of suffering: State violence, memory, and aspiration for alternative intimate lives in contemporary China 苦难的跨代传递:当代中国国家暴力、记忆和对另类亲密生活的渴望
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-08 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12374
Shanni Zhao

In constructing a socialist order, Chinese state-raised political movements inflicted violence on families. Drawing on anthropological studies of violence, memory, haunting, affect, and transgenerational transmission, along with ethnographic investigation in Shanghai and Hunan, China, I demonstrate that individual experiences of political suffering will not be self-contained but inevitably be bequeathed to the offspring, shaping both intergenerational relationship and youth knowledge of intimacies. While most anthropologists have explained contemporary Chinese family intimacy through neoliberal cultures, economic privatization, and the one-child policy, I unravel a political history of affective undercurrents and its potential for generating a desire for nonnormative intimacy among the younger generation. I argue that generational relationships in the postviolence era are tripartite not bipartite; families’ aspirations and reproductive practices respond to an unfulfilled state-family reciprocity. This tripartite relationship further suggests that desire formation in socialist nuclear families differs from that in Freudian bourgeois families.

在构建社会主义秩序的过程中,中国国家发起的政治运动对家庭施加了暴力。通过对暴力、记忆、困扰、情感和跨代传播的人类学研究,以及在中国上海和湖南的民族志调查,我证明了个人的政治苦难经历不会自成体系,但不可避免地会遗传给后代,塑造代际关系和年轻人对亲密关系的认识。虽然大多数人类学家通过新自由主义文化、经济私有化和独生子女政策来解释当代中国的家庭亲密关系,但我揭示了一段情感暗流的政治历史,以及它在年轻一代中产生非规范亲密关系欲望的潜力。我认为,后暴力时代的代际关系是三方的,而不是两方的;家庭的愿望和生育实践是对未实现的国家-家庭互惠的回应。这种三方关系进一步表明,社会主义核心家庭的欲望形成不同于弗洛伊德的资产阶级家庭。
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引用次数: 0
Civil melancholia: Yemenite Jews’ responses to the kidnapping of their children 公民忧郁症:也门犹太人对他们的孩子被绑架的反应
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12365
Tova Gamliel, Haim Hazan

During Yemenite Jews’ stay in Israeli transit camps during 1948–1950, many of their children disappeared in the so-called “Yemenite Children Affair,” undermining the immigrants’ faith in the redemptive ethos of Zionism. To better understand this collective trauma, we return to the original Freudian conceptualization of melancholia as “failed mourning,” locating it within the ethnographic context of the Yemenite Children Affair and integrating its private/individual and public/collective aspects. Moreover, we provide a novel historical reading that integrates the individual loss of children and the collective lack of civic recognition. We use the term “civil melancholia” to reflect on the lingering, hurtful group experience of being overlooked (as refugees and parents) and the continuing collective predicament as “second-rate citizens.” By conceptualizing this civil melancholia and its cultural nuances, the analysis enhances the discussion of cultural traumas and their intergenerational transmission among contemporary ethnic immigrant groups.

1948年至1950年,也门犹太人在以色列的临时营地逗留期间,他们的许多孩子在所谓的“也门儿童事件”中失踪,破坏了移民对犹太复国主义救赎精神的信仰。为了更好地理解这种集体创伤,我们回到弗洛伊德对忧郁症的最初概念,即“失败的哀悼”,将其定位在也门儿童事件的民族志背景中,并整合其私人/个人和公共/集体方面。此外,我们提供了一种新颖的历史阅读,将儿童的个体丧失和公民认知的集体缺乏结合起来。我们使用“公民忧郁症”一词来反映被忽视(作为难民和父母)和作为“二流公民”的持续集体困境的挥之不去的、伤害性的群体经历。通过对这种公民忧郁症及其文化差异的概念化,分析加强了对当代少数民族移民群体文化创伤及其代际传播的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Attaching shame to hierarchy and hierarchy to some versions of attachment 将羞耻感附于等级制度,将等级制度附于某些版本的附件
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12375
Ward Keeler

Attachment theory sees individual autonomy as childrearing practices’ appropriate goal. But many people in the world do not share attachments theorists’ validation of autonomy. They instead believe that they should train their children into behavior appropriate to hierarchical relationships, ones predicated on differences in obligations and privileges. Their childrearing techniques therefore include teaching children to experience shame should they fail to know their place. Little attended to until recently in the social sciences, shame deserves study as hierarchy's enforcer, and doing so counters attachment theory's provincialism.

依恋理论将个体自主性视为育儿实践的适当目标。但世界上许多人并不认同依恋理论家对自主性的认可。相反,他们认为应该训练孩子养成适合等级关系的行为,这种关系基于义务和特权的差异。因此,他们的育儿技巧包括教孩子在不知道自己的位置时感到羞耻。直到最近,社会科学界才很少关注羞耻作为等级制度的执行者值得研究,这样做可以对抗依恋理论的地方主义。
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引用次数: 0
Flucht nach vorne (seeking refuge in the future): Trauma, agency, and the fantasy of onward flight among refugees in Berlin Flucht nach vorne(在未来寻求庇护):柏林难民的创伤、代理和继续逃亡的幻想
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12369
Ulrike Bialas, Jagat Sohail

This article is based on fieldwork we each conducted with refugees in Berlin between 2016 and 2021. We were both puzzled by our interlocutors’ repeated professed desires to leave Germany, often when their lives here were improving. We wondered how they could possibly fantasize about repeating the experiences of their initial flight, which were deeply wounding and traumatic. We argue against a reading of trauma and agency as existing in opposition to or in spite of each other. We revisit the moment of trauma to uncover the transformative potential built into it—a crucial step in explaining the puzzling desires of our interlocutors for onward flight. We contrast popular notions of agentive mobility with the German term Flucht nach vorne (literally, “onward flight”) to indicate the complex contradictions, and even “unreason,” built into these fantasies.

本文基于我们在2016年至2021年期间在柏林对难民进行的实地调查。我们都对对话者一再表示想离开德国感到困惑,而且往往是在他们在德国的生活有所改善的时候。我们想知道他们怎么可能幻想重复他们最初的飞行经历,这是深深伤害和创伤。我们反对将创伤和能动性解读为相互对立或相互排斥。我们重新审视创伤时刻,以揭示其中蕴含的变革潜力——这是解释对话者想要继续飞行的令人困惑的愿望的关键一步。我们将流行的代理流动概念与德语术语Flucht nach vorne(字面意思是“向前飞行”)进行对比,以表明这些幻想中存在的复杂矛盾,甚至是“非理性”。
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引用次数: 1
Subjects to freedom: The entanglements of desire in Upland Indonesia 自由的主体:印尼高地的欲望纠葛
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12368
Aurora Donzelli

This article draws on fieldwork in upland Indonesia to explore how discursive genres mediate political and affective transformations. Since the millennium, IMF-driven governance reforms have disseminated novel ideals of transparent accountability, representative democracy, and individual entrepreneurialism, which at once presuppose and generate a market-oriented subject endowed with the freedom to express desires and choose among multiple options. Transnational discursive genres play a key role in these transformations by foregrounding a consumerist notion of desire as a site of emancipatory imagining. These discursive technologies are, however, only partially successful. By describing their partial uptake I discuss the predicaments posed by the ethnographic scrutiny of reformist rationalities emerging in post-authoritarian contexts. Indeed, while the emancipatory promise of democratic reforms irradiating from transnational lending agencies undermines entrenched social hierarchies, the emphasis on individual aspirations may also conceal new forms of subjection to capitalist valorization, whereby individuals are turned into bundles of measurable desires.

本文借鉴印尼高地的田野调查,探讨话语体裁如何介导政治和情感转变。自千年以来,国际货币基金组织推动的治理改革传播了透明问责制、代议制民主和个人创业主义的新理念,这些理念同时预设并产生了一个以市场为导向的主体,该主体被赋予表达愿望和在多种选择中进行选择的自由。跨国话语流派在这些转变中发挥了关键作用,他们将消费主义的欲望概念作为解放想象的场所。然而,这些散漫的技术只是部分成功。通过描述他们的部分吸收,我讨论了后独裁时代出现的对改革派理性的民族志审查所带来的困境。事实上,尽管跨国贷款机构对民主改革的解放承诺破坏了根深蒂固的社会等级制度,但对个人愿望的强调也可能掩盖了对资本主义价值化的新形式的服从,即个人变成了可衡量的欲望束。
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引用次数: 0
Demoralizing care: Moral and ethical dilemmas of parenting a young adult who lives with a borderline diagnosis 道德败坏的关怀:养育一个患有边缘诊断的年轻人的道德和伦理困境
IF 0.6 4区 社会学 Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-12-25 DOI: 10.1111/etho.12370
Maureen O'Dougherty

This article theorizes chronic crises of care parents face concerning how to morally/ethically support their young adult child diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Grounded in five years’ attendance at a support group for families living with BPD and interviews with parents, the article asks: In the era of deinstitutionalization of those with mental illness, what are the moral/ethical dimensions of parents’ experiences caring for their young adult? The concept of demoralization and “moral breakdown,” an ethical crisis demanding a resolution, characterizes parents’ experiences. The parents featured convey anguished struggles over what they ought to do in a context where risks are high, and nothing parents do seems right. I suggest that dwelling indefinitely in demoralizing care is untenable and that a state of demoralization emerges as a testimony to the parents’ inability to identify a morally/ethically acceptable resolution to the crises of care.

这篇文章理论化了父母如何在道德/伦理上支持被诊断为边缘型人格障碍(BPD)的年轻成年子女所面临的慢性护理危机。这篇文章基于对BPD患者家庭支持小组五年的参与和对父母的采访,提出了这样一个问题:在精神疾病患者去机构化的时代,父母照顾他们的年轻人的道德/伦理层面是什么?道德沦丧和“道德崩溃”的概念,一种需要解决的伦理危机,是父母经历的特征。在这种风险很高的情况下,父母们表现出了痛苦的挣扎,他们应该做什么,父母做什么都不正确。我认为,无限期地停留在道德败坏的护理中是站不住脚的,道德败坏的状态的出现证明了父母无法找到道德/伦理上可接受的解决护理危机的办法。
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引用次数: 0
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Ethos
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