Mental Health and Physical Activity最新文献

Objective

To analyze the association between participation in physical education (PE) classes and social isolation among adolescents.

Methods

We used data from the Global School-based Health Survey, comprising 266,156 adolescents from 69 countries/territories. Participation in PE classes (days/week) was reported by the students. Social isolation was assessed through questions regarding the number of friends and loneliness perception. Poisson regression models were used to identify the association of weekly participation in PE classes with social isolation, and harmonized meta-analyses were used to estimate a summary association. Results were expressed through prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective confidence intervals (95%CI).

Results

Adolescents who participated in PE classes on one [PR:0.87 (95%CI:0.83; 0.92)], two [0.84 (0.79; 0.89)], and three or more days per week [0.77 (0.73; 0.82)] had a lower prevalence of having a low number of friends than their peers with no PE classes. The loneliness perception was lower among those who participated in PE classes on one [0.86 (0.81; 0.90)], two [ 0.93 (0.87; 0.98)], and three or more days per week [0.94 (0.90; 0.98)] than among those who did not participate in PE classes. Participation in PE classes was also associated with lower social isolation (combined indicator: a low number of friends + loneliness perception) [1 PE day/wk: 0.88 (0.85; 0.92); 2PE days/wk: 0.88 (0.84; 0.92); ≥3 PE days/wk: 0.85 (0.82; 0.89)].

Conclusions

Participating in at least one PE class per week is associated with a lower perception of social isolation among adolescents. Countries should seek to promote student participation in PE classes as a way of reducing social isolation.

Introduction

Clinical staff who work in healthcare settings experience work-related stress which can lead to emotional and physical burnout, anxiety, depression, and poorer mental wellbeing. In the general population, exercise and physical activity are associated with greater mental wellbeing, reduced incidence of depression, improvements in mood and sleep quality, and reductions in stress. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effects of exercise and physical activity interventions, delivered both in the workplace and outside of work, on mental wellbeing, stress, burnout, depression, anxiety, and sleep in healthcare professionals.

Methods

Major databases were searched from inception to June 2023 for intervention studies investigating aerobic, non-aerobic exercise and resistance training, or interventions designed to increase physical activity amongst healthcare workers. Study quality was assessed using Cochrane and Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) checklists.

Results

The search retrieved 16 intervention studies, including 11 randomised controlled trials (RCTs). There was consistent evidence of a reduction in psychological stress (3/3, 100% of RCTs) and improvement of sleep quality (3/4, 75%) following exercise compared to non-active controls. There was inconclusive evidence regarding the effects of exercise and physical activity on mental wellbeing, depression severity, burnout, traumatic stress, and fatigue. Neither exercise nor physical activity appeared to reduce symptoms of anxiety.

Discussion

Exercise and interventions to increase physical activity may be a viable and effective intervention to improve some aspects of mental wellbeing in healthcare professionals, although more large-scale, high-quality trials are needed to establish the full range of benefits.

The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects of aerobic exercise with different intensities on executive-related oculomotor control and cerebral dopamine/serotonin/norepinephrine metabolite concentrations in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). Twenty-eight PD individuals completed acute bouts of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), and REST sessions. The order of the three sessions was counterbalanced. We assessed the concentrations of homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), as well as neuropsychological and oculomotor performance indices in the saccade paradigm at baseline and following each session. The present study found that there was no significant effect of acute HIIE or MICE on the coefficient of variation of reaction time (RT) in individuals with PD. However, HIIE resulted in significantly shorter RTs in the antisaccade condition, and MICE achieved the same in both the prosaccade and antisaccade conditions. For oculomotor performance, we observed a change in saccade peak velocity only following MICE but not HIIE. Neither of the two aerobic exercise modes significantly affected saccade amplitude and latency. In addition, concentrations of HVA and MHPG, but not 5-HIAA, significantly increased following both MICE and HIIE in individuals with PD. Notably, MICE had a greater impact on HVA compared to HIIE. We also found significant correlations between the changes in MHPG concentration, but not HVA and 5-HIAA, and RTs before and after the two aerobic exercise interventions. These results suggest that although acute HIIE and MICE protocols could not improve oculomotor control, the two aerobic exercise modes induced distinct beneficial effects on executive function and cerebral neurotransmitter concentrations in individuals with PD.

Background

Exercise interventions have become more important in the treatment of mental disorders. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has achieved promising results in the treatment of different mental disorders, like depression or panic disorder. To our knowledge, no study investigated the efficacy of HIIT as a sole treatment in a sample of individuals with fully diagnosed PTSD.

Methods

40 participants with PTSD were randomized to either HIIT or a control group (low intensity training, LIT). They underwent a 12-day training period. The primary outcome were PTSD symptoms as assessed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Secondary outcome were self-reported posttraumatic, depressive and dissociative symptoms and overall psychological distress assessed at baseline, post treatment (one week after training) and follow up (six weeks post treatment). We used linear mixed models to assess the differential effects of the two trainings on clinical symptoms.

Results

In both HIIT and LIT group, clinician- and self-rated PTSD symptom severity as well as depressive and dissociative symptoms and overall psychological distress decreased significantly from baseline to follow up with medium effect sizes related to PTSD symptomatology (Cohen’s d = 0.76, p < .001) and small effect sizes related to depressive (Cohen’s d = 0.45, p < .001), dissociative symptoms (Cohen’s d = 0.42, p < .001) and overall psychological distress (Cohen’s d = 0.43, p < .001). There were no differences in symptom change between groups.

Conclusion

In our pilot study, HITT did not seem to be superior to LIT in a sample of individuals with PTSD.

Background and aims

Older persons with serious mental illness (SMI) have compromised physical function (endurance, strength, mobility). Multicomponent exercise is effective at improving function in older adults but has been minimally examined in older people with SMI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in physical function for older adults with SMI enrolled in a clinical exercise program.

Methods

This study was a retrospective analysis of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) electronic health record and national clinical exercise program (“Gerofit”) data. One hundred fifty older veterans with SMI and 1264 older veterans without SMI enrolled in eight Gerofit sites between 2010 and 2019. Veterans completed five objective measures of physical function assessing endurance (6-min walk test), strength (arm curl, chair stand), and mobility (10-m walk, 8-foot-up-and-go) at Gerofit enrollment and at three, six, and 12 months. Demographic and health information were obtained from VHA electronic health records. Propensity-score matching (1:3) was conducted followed by linear mixed modeling analyses to evaluate differences in trajectories of functional changes between groups.

Results

Results showed significant improvements in all function measures over time adjusting for SMI status and control variables; however, there were no significant differences in physical function changes between SMI and non-SMI groups.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that multicomponent exercise can improve physical function in older veterans with SMI.

Objective

To investigate the relationship between exercise and seeking treatment for substance use disorder (SUD) in college students.

Methods

Data from Fall 2015 through Spring 2019, from the National College Health Assessment, were used in multivariable logistic regression models. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were used to estimate the effect size of associations. The models controlled for individual and contextual characteristics based on Andersen's “Behavioral Model of Health Services Use”.

Results

Of the sample data of 5,223 college students with SUD, 34.5 % met the American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) aerobic exercise and muscle strengthening guidelines. Students who met the guidelines had a 30.6 % increase in the odds of seeking SUD treatment compared to students who did not meet the guidelines (aOR = 1.306; 95 % CI 1.142–1.493). Specifically, for every additional session of moderate or vigorous aerobic exercise over the span of 7 days, there was a 3.2 % increase in the odds of seeking SUD treatment (aOR = 1.032; 95 % CI 1.014–1.050).

Conclusion

This study highlights the significant association between exercise and the likelihood of seeking treatment for SUD among college students. However, given the cross-sectional nature of the data, we cannot definitively establish the directionality of this relationship, thus further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm this potential causal relationship. Despite this, the observed association underscores the potential value of considering exercise and physical activity in the development of SUD treatment strategies for college students, suggesting that promoting a physically active lifestyle may be beneficial in encouraging treatment-seeking behavior among this population.

Background

The release of serum BDNF after aerobic exercise and its influence on cognition have yielded contradictory results. Furthermore, the impact of different levels of physical activity on BDNF release has not been clarified. This study aims to determine the effect of a single session of acute aerobic exercise on serum BDNF levels and inhibitory control in college students with varying levels of physical activity.

Method

A total of 62 college students (48.4 % male) with different levels of physical activity, according to IPAQ scores, participated in the study: athletes (n = 20); regular fitness (n = 19) and sedentary (n = 23). Serum BDNF levels and performance on the Victoria Stroop test were measured before and after a 30-min aerobic exercise session.

Results

Sedentary subjects have higher baseline serum BDNF levels compared to the other two groups, with athletes having the lowest levels. We found significant differences in serum BDNF levels between regular fitness and sedentary (p = 0.031) and athletes and sedentary (p = 0.030) groups after the aerobic exercise. No significant difference was found between regular fitness and athletes (p > 0.999) groups. Inhibitory control did not show differences between groups or time.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that active young adults and athletes demonstrate an exercise training adaptation, displaying low serum BDNF concentration baselines, as well as sufficient sensitivity to increase BDNF concentration with a single bout of exercise. Sedentary young adults also benefit from acute exercise, although to a lesser extent than observed in active individuals and athletes, possibly indicating lower cardiovascular fitness.

Increasing young people's physical activity, along with their motivation and confidence to be active, is widely advocated for supporting desirable health outcomes. Trans and gender diverse (henceforth; trans) young people experience significant physical activity-related barriers compared to cisgender (i.e., an individual for whom gender identity and sex presumed at birth are in alignment) peers. This scoping review aimed to synthesise information relating to physical activity, sport, and exercise, as well as participation experiences among trans young people aged 10–25 years. Database searches of CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PsychINFO, and SportDiscus were conducted for publication until August 2023. Broad search terms included exercise, physical activity, sport, transgender, gender diverse, youth, child, and adolescents, with 24 studies identified for full text review. Following title, abstract, and full text review, 12 studies were retained for data extraction. Methodological quality was assessed with scores ranging from 0.14 to 0.95. Eleven studies reported trans young people participated in less physical activity compared to cisgender peers. All 12 studies reported on barriers to exercise participation—resulting from gender-based isolation, exclusion, and rejection in sports or school physical education—that were associated with mental health-related concerns. Findings demonstrate trans young people typically have lower physical activity participation levels, feel less safe while playing sport, and face more barriers to participation than their cisgender peers, resulting in isolation and exclusion. Findings suggest a need to create more inclusive opportunities and harness motivating factors (e.g., gender affirmation, social capital) to assist the adoption of healthy exercise behaviours.

Background and aims

Physical inactivity and poor sleep are common in older adults and may interact to contribute to age- and disease-related cognitive decline. However, prior work regarding the associations among physical activity, sleep, and cognition in older adults is primarily limited to subjective questionnaires that are susceptible to inaccuracies and recall bias. Therefore, this study examined whether objectively measured physical activity and sleep characteristics, each estimated using actigraphy, are independently or interactively associated with cognitive performance.

Methods

The study included 157 older adults free of dementia (136 cognitively unimpaired; 21 MCI; M age = 71.7) from the BIOCARD cohort.

Results

Using multiple linear regression, cognition was regressed on estimated total volume of physical activity (TVPA), sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset (WASO), and total sleep time (TST) (adjusted for age, sex, education, diagnosis, vascular risk factors, and Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-e4 genetic status). Models were also run for domain-specific cognitive composite scores. TVPA and SE each were positively associated with a global cognitive composite score. TVPA was positively associated with executive function and language composites, and SE was positively related to executive function, visuospatial, and language composites. Importantly, a TVPA by SE interaction (p = .015) suggested that adults with the poorest SE experienced the greatest benefit from physical activity in relation to global cognition. The other sleep metrics were unrelated to cognitive performance.

Conclusion

These results suggest that TVPA and SE may synergistically benefit cognition in older adults.

Background

Physical activity and mindfulness practice both have established psychological benefits, yet research into their interaction and combined use is sparse. This systematic review aimed to pool the evidence examining the impact of interventions that combined physical activity and mindfulness on mental health and wellbeing outcomes, and their potential mechanisms of action.

Methods

Six databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) were searched for trials reporting interventions that included 1) physical activity and mindfulness as primary treatments, 2) comparative control condition(s), 3) an adult sample, and 4) at least one mental health or wellbeing outcome. Screening, data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two researchers. Findings are presented narratively due to clinical and methodological heterogeneity.

Results

Out of 7682 search results, 35 trials were included. Most eligible studies had pilot or feasibility designs (n = 19, 54%) or small sample sizes. Combined interventions were feasible to deliver and improved psychological health relative to passive controls (25/33 outcome comparisons reported across trials). Effects on psychological health outcomes compared to active controls were mixed (12/38 comparisons favoured combination over physical activity only, 5/18 favoured combination over mindfulness only), as were results regarding physical activity engagement.

Conclusions

Interventions combining physical activity with mindfulness are effective for improving mental health and wellbeing, possibly more so than either approach alone. Further research, including larger randomised controlled trials, is required to determine effectiveness and optimal intervention parameters. Exploring mechanisms of change will clarify their effects on mental health, wellbeing, and potential for behaviour change.