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Thick concept but thin theories: a case for sector-based anti-corruption strategy 概念厚理论薄:基于部门的反腐败战略案例
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-29 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2080812
David Olusegun Sotola, P. Pillay
ABSTRACT The anti-corruption industry has grown phenomenally in the last three decades with the proliferation of anti-corruption agencies in developing countries. However, there are limited success stories because corruption remains pervasive despite the establishment of these specialised agencies. This article thematically discuss the mismatch between corruption theories and anti-corruption strategies within an African context. We argue that the failing of anti-corruption efforts is rooted in a theoretical insufficiency which does not provide strong enough intellectual resources to battle corruption. Using qualitative thematic analysis techniques, we carried out an extensive review of anticorruption strategies across selected African countries and also dissected sectoral case studies across 12 sectors. Building on this, the article argues that sectorally demarcated anti-corruption strategies would be a better target for anti-corruption. We argue that sector-based anti-corruption strategies would provide a better reflection of corruption realities and help to reduce the conceptual ambiguities around corruption by bridging its theories and reality gap.
在过去的三十年中,随着发展中国家反腐败机构的激增,反腐败行业得到了惊人的发展。然而,成功的故事有限,因为尽管建立了这些专门机构,腐败仍然普遍存在。这篇文章主要讨论了非洲背景下腐败理论和反腐败策略之间的不匹配。我们认为,反腐失败的根源在于理论的不足,没有为反腐败提供足够强大的智力资源。利用定性专题分析技术,我们对选定的非洲国家的反腐败战略进行了广泛审查,并剖析了12个部门的部门案例研究。在此基础上,本文认为,部门划分的反腐败战略将是一个更好的反腐败目标。我们认为,基于部门的反腐败战略将更好地反映腐败现实,并通过弥合理论与现实之间的差距,帮助减少围绕腐败的概念歧义。
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引用次数: 1
Migrant remittances and consumption expenditure under rain-fed agricultural income: micro-level evidence from Ghana 雨养农业收入下的移民汇款和消费支出:来自加纳的微观证据
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-24 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2077924
Eric Akobeng
ABSTRACT Using a repeated cross-section data set from Ghana for 1991/1992, 1998/1999, 2005/2006, 2012/2013 and 2016/17, and a Two-Stage Least Squares estimator, this paper investigates the effect of agricultural income on remittances and consumption expenditure. It is found that households in Ghana use remittances to protect themselves from decline in agricultural income due to rainfall failure. The results suggest that a 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income leads to a 30 Ghana Cedis increase in remittances. The results further posit that rainfall-induced agricultural income changes affect total consumption and food expenditures of rural households. A 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income due to rainfall failure leads to a 60 Ghana Cedis fall in total consumption expenditure, and 36 Ghana Cedis fall in food expenditure of rural households. Very poor households in rural areas are found to be more vulnerable to such rainfall-driven agricultural income changes.
摘要本文利用加纳1991/1992、1998/1999、2005/2006、2012/2013和2016/17年的重复截面数据集和两阶段最小二乘估计量,研究了农业收入对汇款和消费支出的影响。研究发现,加纳的家庭使用汇款来保护自己免受降雨导致的农业收入下降的影响。结果表明,农业收入减少100加纳塞迪,汇款增加30加纳塞迪。研究结果进一步表明,降雨引起的农业收入变化会影响农村家庭的总消费和粮食支出。由于降雨中断,农业收入减少了100加纳塞迪,导致总消费支出减少了60加纳塞迪;农村家庭的粮食支出减少了36加纳塞迪。农村地区的贫困家庭更容易受到降雨导致的农业收入变化的影响。
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引用次数: 0
The association between terrorist attacks and mental health: evidence from Nigeria 恐怖袭击与心理健康之间的联系:来自尼日利亚的证据
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-05-06 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2072448
J. Ajefu, Soazic Elise Wang Sonne
ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between the Boko Haram conflict in Northeast Nigeria and the mental health of heads of households. The information on depressive symptoms (as a proxy for mental health) of household heads was collected using the Centre of Epidemiological Studies Short Depression Scale (CESD-10). The information on household coordinates provided in the 2015 wave of the Nigerian General Household Survey (GHS) was used to measure households’ exposure to violent conflict through the number of conflict attacks as well as the number of fatalities within a local government area. To explore the pathways of the association between conflict and depressive symptoms, we employed mediation analysis to unpack mechanisms such as unemployment, illness or injury, and food security as potential channels through which violent conflict is associated with depressive symptoms.
摘要本研究探讨了尼日利亚东北部博科圣地冲突与家庭户主心理健康之间的关系。使用流行病学研究中心抑郁短期量表(CESD-10)收集了户主的抑郁症状(作为心理健康的替代指标)信息。2015年尼日利亚综合家庭调查(GHS)中提供的家庭坐标信息用于通过冲突袭击次数和地方政府辖区内的死亡人数来衡量家庭受暴力冲突影响的程度。为了探索冲突与抑郁症状之间的关联途径,我们采用中介分析来揭示诸如失业、疾病或伤害以及食品安全等机制,作为暴力冲突与抑郁症状相关的潜在渠道。
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引用次数: 0
Molecular insight into 2-phosphoglycolate activation of the phosphatase activity of bisphosphoglycerate mutase. 2-磷酸甘油酸激活双磷酸甘油酸突变酶的磷酸酶活性的分子洞察。
IF 2.6 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Epub Date: 2022-03-11 DOI: 10.1107/S2059798322001802
Anfal S Aljahdali, Faik N Musayev, John W Burgner, Mohini S Ghatge, Vibha Shekar, Yan Zhang, Abdelsattar M Omar, Martin K Safo

Bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) is an erythrocyte-specific multifunctional enzyme that is responsible for the regulation of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) in red blood cells through its synthase and phosphatase activities; the latter enzymatic function is stimulated by the endogenous activator 2-phosphoglycolate (2-PG). 2,3-BPG is a natural allosteric effector of hemoglobin (Hb) that is responsible for decreasing the affinity of Hb for oxygen to facilitate tissue oxygenation. Here, crystal structures of BPGM with 2-PG in the presence and absence of 3-phosphoglycerate are reported at 2.25 and 2.48 Å resolution, respectively. Structure analysis revealed a new binding site for 2-PG at the dimer interface for the first time, in addition to the expected active-site binding. Also, conformational non-equivalence of the two active sites was observed as one of the sites was found in an open conformation, with the residues at the active-site entrance, including Arg100, Arg116 and Arg117, and the C-terminus disordered. The kinetic result is consistent with the binding of 2-PG to an allosteric or noncatalytic site as well as the active site. This study paves the way for the rational targeting of BPGM for therapeutic purposes, especially for the treatment of sickle cell disease.

二磷酸甘油酯突变酶(BPGM)是一种红细胞特异性多功能酶,通过其合成酶和磷酸酶活性负责调节红细胞中的 2,3-二磷酸甘油酯(2,3-BPG);后一种酶的功能受到内源性活化剂 2-磷酸甘油酸(2-PG)的刺激。2,3-BPG是血红蛋白(Hb)的天然异构效应物,负责降低Hb对氧的亲和力,从而促进组织氧合。在此,我们分别以 2.25 和 2.48 Å 的分辨率报告了在有 3-磷酸甘油酸存在和没有 3-磷酸甘油酸存在的情况下 BPGM 与 2-PG 的晶体结构。结构分析首次发现,除了预期的活性位点结合外,2-PG 在二聚体界面上还有一个新的结合位点。此外,还观察到两个活性位点的构象不等,其中一个位点处于开放构象,活性位点入口处的残基(包括 Arg100、Arg116 和 Arg117)和 C 端处于无序状态。这一动力学结果与 2-PG 与异构或非催化位点以及活性位点的结合一致。这项研究为 BPGM 的合理靶向治疗,尤其是镰状细胞病的治疗铺平了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Examining microcredit self-help groups through the lens of feminist dignity 从女权主义尊严的角度审视小额信贷自助团体
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-03-20 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2038118
Annabel Dulhunty
ABSTRACT Despite decades of controversy, microcredit initiatives continue to be championed by government aid agencies as a ‘win-win’ for both international development and women’s empowerment, bolstered by ideas of ‘smart economics.’ Most scholarship critiques these programs from a Marxist or poststructuralist perspective. This article instead investigates microcredit programming through the lens of feminist dignity and demonstrates the use of a framework founded on this idea. By using this framework to interrogate evidence from in-depth qualitative field research in West Bengal, India, this article argues that a focus on feminist dignity can improve women’s agency and wellbeing.
尽管存在数十年的争议,政府援助机构仍然支持小额信贷倡议,认为这是国际发展和妇女赋权的“双赢”,并受到“聪明经济学”理念的支持。大多数学术研究都是从马克思主义或后结构主义的角度来批评这些项目的。本文通过女权主义尊严的视角来研究小额信贷规划,并展示了基于这一理念的框架的使用。通过使用这一框架对来自印度西孟加拉邦的深入定性实地研究的证据进行询问,本文认为关注女权主义尊严可以改善妇女的能力性和福祉。
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引用次数: 1
The grower-trader relationship: experiments with coffee value chain actors in Uganda 种植户与贸易商的关系:乌干达咖啡价值链参与者的实验
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.2007232
Alexandra Peralta, Robert Shupp, Cansın Arslan
ABSTRACT In this study, we explore the nature of the relationship between smallholder growers and local traders in the coffee value chain in Eastern Uganda. Analysing the results of two lab-in-the-field experiments (trust and dictator games), we highlight the complex relationship between these two value chain actors. We develop three competing hypotheses: (1) coffee growers will send more to fellow growers than local traders due to social identity and fairness motives as well as because of past opportunistic behaviour of traders (2) coffee growers will send more to traders to curry favour, and (3) growers will send growers and traders the same amount because in a relatively competitive market setting there is little room for opportunistic trader behaviour. We fail to reject our third hypothesis. Our results highlight the importance of fully understanding value chain actor relationships and contexts to better design interventions to improve rural markets.
摘要在本研究中,我们探讨了乌干达东部咖啡价值链中小农户和当地贸易商之间关系的性质。通过分析两个实验室实地实验(信任和独裁者游戏)的结果,我们强调了这两个价值链参与者之间的复杂关系。我们提出了三个相互竞争的假设:(1)由于社会身份和公平动机,以及贸易商过去的机会主义行为,咖啡种植者会向同行种植者发送比当地贸易商更多的咖啡,(3)种植者将向种植者和贸易商发送相同的金额,因为在相对竞争的市场环境中,机会主义贸易商行为的空间很小。我们没有否定我们的第三个假设。我们的研究结果强调了充分理解价值链参与者关系和背景的重要性,以更好地设计干预措施来改善农村市场。
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引用次数: 1
Rural economic activities of persons with disabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa 撒哈拉以南非洲残疾人的农村经济活动
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2039606
Smriti Tiwari, S. Savastano, P. Winters, Martina Improta
ABSTRACT Despite the high prevalence of disabilities and evidence that persons with disabilities are marginalised in rural areas of developing countries, little is known about their economic lives. The literature is limited to studying how disability affects participation in labour markets and hours worked. This paper extends the current literature by exploring the extent to which disability is associated with participation in, and income generated from, different types of rural activities, such as agriculture, non-agriculture, and wage labour, in three of the most populous Sub-Saharan African countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania). Findings based on panel data and a split first-difference model demonstrate that correlations between changes in disability and changes in economic activities and outcomes are highly contextual. A disaggregated look at various rural economic activities provides a more nuanced understanding of ways in which households cope with changing disability status within a given context. Analyses of disability severity and physical disabilities provide consistent results.
尽管残疾人在发展中国家农村地区的患病率很高,而且有证据表明残疾人被边缘化,但人们对他们的经济生活知之甚少。文献仅限于研究残疾如何影响劳动力市场的参与和工作时间。本文扩展了现有文献,探讨了在撒哈拉以南非洲人口最多的三个国家(埃塞俄比亚、尼日利亚、坦桑尼亚),残疾与参与不同类型的农村活动(如农业、非农业和雇佣劳动)以及从中产生的收入之间的关联程度。基于面板数据和分裂第一差异模型的发现表明,残疾变化与经济活动和结果变化之间的相关性高度相关。对各种农村经济活动进行分类分析,可以更细致地了解家庭在特定背景下应对不断变化的残疾状况的方式。对残疾严重程度和身体残疾的分析提供了一致的结果。
{"title":"Rural economic activities of persons with disabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Smriti Tiwari, S. Savastano, P. Winters, Martina Improta","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2039606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2039606","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite the high prevalence of disabilities and evidence that persons with disabilities are marginalised in rural areas of developing countries, little is known about their economic lives. The literature is limited to studying how disability affects participation in labour markets and hours worked. This paper extends the current literature by exploring the extent to which disability is associated with participation in, and income generated from, different types of rural activities, such as agriculture, non-agriculture, and wage labour, in three of the most populous Sub-Saharan African countries (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Tanzania). Findings based on panel data and a split first-difference model demonstrate that correlations between changes in disability and changes in economic activities and outcomes are highly contextual. A disaggregated look at various rural economic activities provides a more nuanced understanding of ways in which households cope with changing disability status within a given context. Analyses of disability severity and physical disabilities provide consistent results.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"321 - 335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48184222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Investigating project sustainability: technology as a development object in a community-based project in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan 调查项目可持续性:吉尔吉斯斯坦纳林一个社区项目中技术作为发展对象
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-02-16 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2039607
K. Cieslik, A. Dewulf, J. Foggin
ABSTRACT The imperative of project sustainability has become explicit policy within development. This is especially true for technology transfer: ‘development objects’ are to be used by prospective beneficiaries long after the project’s closure. We argue that the link between project sustainability, technology and ‘success’ requires deeper scrutiny. We investigate a community-based project in Naryn, Kyrgyzstan, which included the transfer of smartphones, weather stations and camera traps. Upon the project’s closure, we compare the stakeholders’ viewpoints regarding the future use of the equipment, showing how technological objects attract new actors into the project’s network, change its course and enhance its impact. We use actor-network theory to explain how development objects shape development processes by generating own networks and transforming social relations of power. We propose a dynamic view of sustainability as: (i) continuation of delivery of project’s goods and services, (ii) durability of the achieved changes and (iii) feasibility of independent growth..
项目可持续性的必要性已成为发展领域的明确政策。技术转让尤其如此:“开发对象”将在项目结束后很长一段时间内被潜在受益人使用。我们认为,项目可持续性、技术和“成功”之间的联系需要更深入的审查。我们调查了吉尔吉斯斯坦纳林的一个社区项目,该项目包括智能手机、气象站和相机陷阱的转移。项目结束后,我们比较了利益相关者对设备未来使用的看法,展示了技术对象如何吸引新的参与者进入项目网络,改变其进程并增强其影响力。我们使用行动者网络理论来解释发展对象如何通过生成自己的网络和转变社会权力关系来塑造发展过程。我们提出了一种动态的可持续性观点,即:(i)项目商品和服务的持续交付,(ii)所实现的变化的持久性,以及(iii)独立增长的可行性。。
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引用次数: 0
Criminality and socioeconomic disadvantage: a spatial analysis throughout Brazilian municipalities 犯罪和社会经济劣势:巴西各城市的空间分析
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-02-06 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2022.2033190
A. Raiher
ABSTRACT This study uses situational action theory (SAT) to analyse the effects of socioeconomic disadvantages on criminality rates (namely, robbery) in Brazilian municipalities. To achieve this objective, the variation of robberies per thousand inhabitants was used as a proxy for criminality, estimating its determinants using a spatial panel data set. As a result, we identified social disadvantage greater effect (i.e. variation of the mean Education and Health Firjan indices) when compared to economic disadvantage on the criminality in Brazilian municipalities. This effect was more noticeable in regions with poorer social infrastructure. Moreover, the crime environment to which individuals are exposed has a positive association in the determination of illegal acts, confirming arguments made by SAT.
摘要本研究采用情景行动理论(SAT)分析了社会经济劣势对巴西城市犯罪率(即抢劫)的影响。为了实现这一目标,每千名居民抢劫案的变化被用作犯罪的指标,使用空间面板数据集估计其决定因素。因此,我们发现,与经济劣势相比,社会劣势对巴西城市犯罪的影响更大(即平均教育和健康Firjan指数的变化)。这种影响在社会基础设施较差的地区更为明显。此外,个人所处的犯罪环境与非法行为的确定有着积极的联系,这证实了SAT的论点。
{"title":"Criminality and socioeconomic disadvantage: a spatial analysis throughout Brazilian municipalities","authors":"A. Raiher","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2022.2033190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2022.2033190","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study uses situational action theory (SAT) to analyse the effects of socioeconomic disadvantages on criminality rates (namely, robbery) in Brazilian municipalities. To achieve this objective, the variation of robberies per thousand inhabitants was used as a proxy for criminality, estimating its determinants using a spatial panel data set. As a result, we identified social disadvantage greater effect (i.e. variation of the mean Education and Health Firjan indices) when compared to economic disadvantage on the criminality in Brazilian municipalities. This effect was more noticeable in regions with poorer social infrastructure. Moreover, the crime environment to which individuals are exposed has a positive association in the determination of illegal acts, confirming arguments made by SAT.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"225 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47739280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Women in paid employment: a role for public policies and social norms in Guatemala 妇女从事有偿就业:危地马拉公共政策和社会规范的作用
IF 1.3 Q3 DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2023.2202384
Rita Almeida, Mariana Viollaz
ABSTRACT With only 32% of women in the labor market, Guatemala has one of the lowest rates of female labor force participation (FLFP) in the Latin America and Caribbean region and in the world. We explore information from different micro data sets, including the most recent population censuses (2002 and 2018) to assess the drivers of recent progress. Between 2002 and 2018, FLFP increased from an average of 26% to 32% nationwide. This increase was partly explained by increases in the school attainment of women, reduction in fertility and the country’s structural transformation towards services. However, a large part of the increase remains unexplained. Exploring 2018 data, we show that social norms, attitudes towards women and public policies are important determinants of FLFP. The analysis suggests that, taken together, these factors can all become an important source of increased participation of women in the labor market moving forward 1 .
摘要危地马拉只有32%的女性进入劳动力市场,是拉丁美洲和加勒比地区以及世界上女性劳动力参与率最低的国家之一。我们探索了不同微观数据集的信息,包括最近的人口普查(2002年和2018年),以评估最近进展的驱动因素。2002年至2018年间,全国FLFP从平均26%增长到32%。这一增长的部分原因是妇女入学率的提高、生育率的下降以及该国向服务业的结构转型。然而,增长的很大一部分仍然无法解释。通过研究2018年的数据,我们发现社会规范、对妇女的态度和公共政策是FLFP的重要决定因素。分析表明,综合起来,这些因素都可以成为女性参与劳动力市场的重要来源1。
{"title":"Women in paid employment: a role for public policies and social norms in Guatemala","authors":"Rita Almeida, Mariana Viollaz","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2023.2202384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2202384","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT With only 32% of women in the labor market, Guatemala has one of the lowest rates of female labor force participation (FLFP) in the Latin America and Caribbean region and in the world. We explore information from different micro data sets, including the most recent population censuses (2002 and 2018) to assess the drivers of recent progress. Between 2002 and 2018, FLFP increased from an average of 26% to 32% nationwide. This increase was partly explained by increases in the school attainment of women, reduction in fertility and the country’s structural transformation towards services. However, a large part of the increase remains unexplained. Exploring 2018 data, we show that social norms, attitudes towards women and public policies are important determinants of FLFP. The analysis suggests that, taken together, these factors can all become an important source of increased participation of women in the labor market moving forward 1 .","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"51 1","pages":"252 - 279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44545986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
期刊
Oxford Development Studies
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