Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126
J. Gledhill, Richard Caplan, Maline Meiske
ABSTRACT Peacekeeping and development assistance are two of the United Nations’ (UN) defining activities. While there have been extensive studies of UN engagement in each of these areas, respectively, less attention has been given to the relationship between peacekeeping and development. We examine that relationship in this article. We do so by first considering whether concepts and principles that underpin peacekeeping and development cohere. We then combine original quantitative data with qualitative analyses in order to document the degree to which development goals and activities have been incorporated into UN peacekeeping operations since their inception over 70 years ago. While we observe a steady increase in the level of engagement of peacekeeping with development over time, we argue that short-term security goals have been prioritized over longer-term development objectives in a number of recent UN peacekeeping operations, as peacekeepers have been deployed to contexts of ongoing conflict.
{"title":"Developing peace: the evolution of development goals and activities in United Nations peacekeeping","authors":"J. Gledhill, Richard Caplan, Maline Meiske","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Peacekeeping and development assistance are two of the United Nations’ (UN) defining activities. While there have been extensive studies of UN engagement in each of these areas, respectively, less attention has been given to the relationship between peacekeeping and development. We examine that relationship in this article. We do so by first considering whether concepts and principles that underpin peacekeeping and development cohere. We then combine original quantitative data with qualitative analyses in order to document the degree to which development goals and activities have been incorporated into UN peacekeeping operations since their inception over 70 years ago. While we observe a steady increase in the level of engagement of peacekeeping with development over time, we argue that short-term security goals have been prioritized over longer-term development objectives in a number of recent UN peacekeeping operations, as peacekeepers have been deployed to contexts of ongoing conflict.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"201 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1924126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43409244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-23DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914
Ece Kocabicak
ABSTRACT By investigating the implications of gendered property and labour relations in agriculture for socio-economic transformation, this article extends development theories and contributes to feminist analysis of unpaid family labour. Drawing on the case of Turkey, it demonstrates that gendered patterns of agriculture limit women’s mobility, access to education, and paid employment in non-agricultural sectors. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods, the paper finds that patriarchal property and labour relations prevent the movement of labour from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors, constrain labour supply, and increase subsistence earnings thereby putting upward pressure on urban wages.
{"title":"Gendered property and labour relations in agriculture: implications for social change in Turkey","authors":"Ece Kocabicak","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT By investigating the implications of gendered property and labour relations in agriculture for socio-economic transformation, this article extends development theories and contributes to feminist analysis of unpaid family labour. Drawing on the case of Turkey, it demonstrates that gendered patterns of agriculture limit women’s mobility, access to education, and paid employment in non-agricultural sectors. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods, the paper finds that patriarchal property and labour relations prevent the movement of labour from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors, constrain labour supply, and increase subsistence earnings thereby putting upward pressure on urban wages.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"91 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1929914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46733298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559
Yoshimichi Murakami, Nobuaki Hamaguchi
ABSTRACT Following a neo-structuralist perspective, this study presents a development puzzle for Latin American countries (LACs): a triangular relation amongst peripherality (increased terms-of-trade volatility and technological backwardness), income inequality, and per-capita income. We employ a simultaneous equation model using three-stage least squares (3SLS) to analyse this triangular relation. We find that a decrease in income inequality and an increase in per-capita income were mutually reinforcing in 14 LACs between 1995 and 2014. Although technological progress increases per-capita income, it partly mitigates this increase by increasing income inequality. Additionally, the increasing effects of foreign sources of technology, including foreign direct investment (FDI), on income inequality are mitigated in countries with higher technological capabilities. While an improvement in commodity terms-of-trade expectedly increases per-capita income and decreases income inequality in South American countries, their volatility is mostly insignificant.
{"title":"Peripherality, income inequality, and economic development in Latin American countries","authors":"Yoshimichi Murakami, Nobuaki Hamaguchi","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Following a neo-structuralist perspective, this study presents a development puzzle for Latin American countries (LACs): a triangular relation amongst peripherality (increased terms-of-trade volatility and technological backwardness), income inequality, and per-capita income. We employ a simultaneous equation model using three-stage least squares (3SLS) to analyse this triangular relation. We find that a decrease in income inequality and an increase in per-capita income were mutually reinforcing in 14 LACs between 1995 and 2014. Although technological progress increases per-capita income, it partly mitigates this increase by increasing income inequality. Additionally, the increasing effects of foreign sources of technology, including foreign direct investment (FDI), on income inequality are mitigated in countries with higher technological capabilities. While an improvement in commodity terms-of-trade expectedly increases per-capita income and decreases income inequality in South American countries, their volatility is mostly insignificant.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"133 - 148"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1880559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42364127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-03DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572
Benedikte Bjerge, Nina Torm, Neda Trifković
ABSTRACT Firm-provided training is generally seen as an important tool for bridging the skills gap between the labour force and what the private sector demands. Little is known about how successful such training can be in closing the gender wage gap. We use a matched employer-employee panel dataset to assess why firms train and whether formal training affects wage outcomes in Vietnamese SMEs. Training is generally found to be firm-sponsored and specific in nature. We find that training is associated with higher wages for trained women as compared to both untrained women and men. However, we do not find a statistically significant wage difference between trained women and men. Furthermore, the wage increase is only associated with on-the-job training. Our findings indicate that, at least in Vietnam, firm-sponsored on-the-job training could help increase women’s labour productivity and thus contribute to closing the gender wage gap.
{"title":"Can training close the gender wage gap? Evidence from Vietnamese SMEs","authors":"Benedikte Bjerge, Nina Torm, Neda Trifković","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Firm-provided training is generally seen as an important tool for bridging the skills gap between the labour force and what the private sector demands. Little is known about how successful such training can be in closing the gender wage gap. We use a matched employer-employee panel dataset to assess why firms train and whether formal training affects wage outcomes in Vietnamese SMEs. Training is generally found to be firm-sponsored and specific in nature. We find that training is associated with higher wages for trained women as compared to both untrained women and men. However, we do not find a statistically significant wage difference between trained women and men. Furthermore, the wage increase is only associated with on-the-job training. Our findings indicate that, at least in Vietnam, firm-sponsored on-the-job training could help increase women’s labour productivity and thus contribute to closing the gender wage gap.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"119 - 132"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1883572","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46066721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979
Peter Agamile, D. Lawson
ABSTRACT The increasing frequency of negative rainfall shocks presents households with the challenging choice of whether to send their children to school or to withdraw them in order for them to provide support in the household. We use high-resolution spatial rainfall data matched with the georeferenced Uganda National Panel Survey data to estimate the effect of negative rainfall shocks on children’s school attendance. We find that exposure to negative rainfall shocks significantly reduces children’s school attendance by almost 10%. These results have important policy implications for improving children’s schooling, particularly in geographical areas that receive particularly erratic rainfalls, in Uganda.
{"title":"Rainfall shocks and children’s school attendance: evidence from Uganda","authors":"Peter Agamile, D. Lawson","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The increasing frequency of negative rainfall shocks presents households with the challenging choice of whether to send their children to school or to withdraw them in order for them to provide support in the household. We use high-resolution spatial rainfall data matched with the georeferenced Uganda National Panel Survey data to estimate the effect of negative rainfall shocks on children’s school attendance. We find that exposure to negative rainfall shocks significantly reduces children’s school attendance by almost 10%. These results have important policy implications for improving children’s schooling, particularly in geographical areas that receive particularly erratic rainfalls, in Uganda.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"291 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1895979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44980046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-31DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866
G. Carswell, G. De Neve
ABSTRACT What are the effects of biometric and digital technologies on social protection for the poor in India? Drawing on ethnographic research from rural Tamil Nadu, this paper presents evidence of how new technologies are experienced by beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (PDS), and analyses the impacts of technology innovations on transparency, exclusion and mediation. The authors focus on the implementation of ‘smartcards,’ new digitised and Aadhaar-enabled ration cards, introduced in ration shops across Tamil Nadu in 2017. They first document how digitised smartcards and mobile text messages transform transparency for beneficiaries by introducing new opacities and information gaps. They then demonstrate how a lack of transparency (re)produces forms of exclusion that remain a challenge under the automated PDS. Finally, the paper highlights how novel forms of kin and non-kin mediation play a mitigating role in accessing PDS, and constitute a vital part of the infrastructure underpinning social welfare delivery.
{"title":"Transparency, exclusion and mediation: how digital and biometric technologies are transforming social protection in Tamil Nadu, India","authors":"G. Carswell, G. De Neve","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT What are the effects of biometric and digital technologies on social protection for the poor in India? Drawing on ethnographic research from rural Tamil Nadu, this paper presents evidence of how new technologies are experienced by beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System (PDS), and analyses the impacts of technology innovations on transparency, exclusion and mediation. The authors focus on the implementation of ‘smartcards,’ new digitised and Aadhaar-enabled ration cards, introduced in ration shops across Tamil Nadu in 2017. They first document how digitised smartcards and mobile text messages transform transparency for beneficiaries by introducing new opacities and information gaps. They then demonstrate how a lack of transparency (re)produces forms of exclusion that remain a challenge under the automated PDS. Finally, the paper highlights how novel forms of kin and non-kin mediation play a mitigating role in accessing PDS, and constitute a vital part of the infrastructure underpinning social welfare delivery.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"50 1","pages":"126 - 141"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1904866","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45490038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-19DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154
Nayana Bose, Shreyasee Das
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the intergenerational effects following the positive changes in women’s inheritance rights in India. Using the Indian Human Development Survey data for rural India and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that the property rights reform significantly empowered women through increased education. However, we find no intergenerational effect of the reform on children’s education. We explore two potential mechanisms to explain these results: the role of status conflict among spouses and that of a child’s birth-order and gender. Given that a woman’s bargaining power may depend on her relative position to that of her husband, we investigate this channel and find a significant decrease in children’s education in households where fathers are less educated than mothers. Accounting for a child’s birth-order and gender, we find no evidence of son-preference through the education channel.
{"title":"Intergenerational effects of improving women’s property rights: evidence from India","authors":"Nayana Bose, Shreyasee Das","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the intergenerational effects following the positive changes in women’s inheritance rights in India. Using the Indian Human Development Survey data for rural India and a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that the property rights reform significantly empowered women through increased education. However, we find no intergenerational effect of the reform on children’s education. We explore two potential mechanisms to explain these results: the role of status conflict among spouses and that of a child’s birth-order and gender. Given that a woman’s bargaining power may depend on her relative position to that of her husband, we investigate this channel and find a significant decrease in children’s education in households where fathers are less educated than mothers. Accounting for a child’s birth-order and gender, we find no evidence of son-preference through the education channel.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"277 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1899154","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44213749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-25DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706
D. Nguyen
ABSTRACT The services sector and multinational corporations have played an increasingly essential role in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment in labour markets. This paper examines whether the entry of foreign firms into the services sector can affect the gender workforce composition of their domestic counterparts, and to what extent. The empirical analyses utilise a large panel dataset of firms in the labour-abundant economy of Vietnam. The data show a higher proportion of women employed in foreign firms than local ones across two-digit industries and regions. The estimations indicate that foreign entry induces domestic firms to hire women more intensively. Large, state-owned and less capital-intensive firms tend to employ men at a higher rate. Further analyses reveal divergent effects of foreign affiliates. While increased foreign entry strongly stimulates the hiring of women among local firms in male-intensive industries, it exerts an insignificant impact on gender workforce composition in the female-intensive group.
{"title":"Foreign entry in the services sector and gender workforce composition","authors":"D. Nguyen","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The services sector and multinational corporations have played an increasingly essential role in promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment in labour markets. This paper examines whether the entry of foreign firms into the services sector can affect the gender workforce composition of their domestic counterparts, and to what extent. The empirical analyses utilise a large panel dataset of firms in the labour-abundant economy of Vietnam. The data show a higher proportion of women employed in foreign firms than local ones across two-digit industries and regions. The estimations indicate that foreign entry induces domestic firms to hire women more intensively. Large, state-owned and less capital-intensive firms tend to employ men at a higher rate. Further analyses reveal divergent effects of foreign affiliates. While increased foreign entry strongly stimulates the hiring of women among local firms in male-intensive industries, it exerts an insignificant impact on gender workforce composition in the female-intensive group.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"261 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2021.1890706","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47952552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-07DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901
David Landry
ABSTRACT China’s breakneck economic growth has been accompanied by an expanding development finance agenda. Many have hypothesized that China is undermining the West’s drive to promote good governance globally, and in Africa in particular, by predominantly distributing money to poorly governed countries. This paper explores whether the determinants of Chinese development finance in Africa differ from those of Western countries. It finds that Western countries send more development finance than China to better governed African countries—those with lower corruption levels, better democratic outcomes, and a better human rights track record (though only the latter two have a negative relationship with Chinese development finance in absolute terms). This paper also finds that bilateral trade and UN voting alignment have a stronger impact on China’s development finance than that of Western countries and that China allocates more development finance than the West to richer and more resource-dependent African countries.
{"title":"Under a money tree? Comparing the determinants of Western and Chinese development finance flows to Africa","authors":"David Landry","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT China’s breakneck economic growth has been accompanied by an expanding development finance agenda. Many have hypothesized that China is undermining the West’s drive to promote good governance globally, and in Africa in particular, by predominantly distributing money to poorly governed countries. This paper explores whether the determinants of Chinese development finance in Africa differ from those of Western countries. It finds that Western countries send more development finance than China to better governed African countries—those with lower corruption levels, better democratic outcomes, and a better human rights track record (though only the latter two have a negative relationship with Chinese development finance in absolute terms). This paper also finds that bilateral trade and UN voting alignment have a stronger impact on China’s development finance than that of Western countries and that China allocates more development finance than the West to richer and more resource-dependent African countries.","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"149 - 168"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2020.1865901","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44505163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-07DOI: 10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312
Eric Rougier, C. Gondard-Delcroix, J. Ballet
ABSTRACT “What explains the feeling of being disempowered? The literature on aspirations suggests subjectively deprived people may feel disempowered because they consider that any improvement to their lot is simply out of their reach. The present paper provides original and robust evidence that, alongside the well-known objective capabilities related to skills, assets and opportunities, psychological capabilities linked to aspirations also matter. Based on a Central African household survey and tackling endogeneity issues, we show that: (i) feeling subjectively more deprived decreases the probability of reporting a high level of empowerment, defined as power from within, that is the power to change one’s life; (ii) the probability of reporting empowerment decreases with the size of the aspirations gap, defined as the negative gap between one’s level of subjective wealth and the locality’s mean level; (iii) the capability framework is a relevant one to address the complex links between aspirations and empowerment.”
{"title":"‘Just out of reach’: examining the link between subjective wealth, aspirations gaps and empowerment in Central African Republic","authors":"Eric Rougier, C. Gondard-Delcroix, J. Ballet","doi":"10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT “What explains the feeling of being disempowered? The literature on aspirations suggests subjectively deprived people may feel disempowered because they consider that any improvement to their lot is simply out of their reach. The present paper provides original and robust evidence that, alongside the well-known objective capabilities related to skills, assets and opportunities, psychological capabilities linked to aspirations also matter. Based on a Central African household survey and tackling endogeneity issues, we show that: (i) feeling subjectively more deprived decreases the probability of reporting a high level of empowerment, defined as power from within, that is the power to change one’s life; (ii) the probability of reporting empowerment decreases with the size of the aspirations gap, defined as the negative gap between one’s level of subjective wealth and the locality’s mean level; (iii) the capability framework is a relevant one to address the complex links between aspirations and empowerment.”","PeriodicalId":51612,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Development Studies","volume":"49 1","pages":"245 - 260"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/13600818.2020.1864312","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49370968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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