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Roles and Responsibilities for Peer Reviewers of International Journals 国际期刊同行审稿人的角色与责任

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-06-02 DOI: 10.3390/publications11020032

Carol Nash

There is a noticeable paucity of recently published research on the roles and responsibilities of peer reviewers for international journals. Concurrently, the pool of these peer reviewers is decreasing. Using a narrative research method developed by the author, this study questioned these roles and responsibilities through the author’s assessment in reviewing for five publishing houses July–December 2022, in comparison with two recent studies regarding peer review, and the guidelines of the five publishing houses. What should be most important in peer review is found discrepant among the author, those judging peer review in these publications, and the five publishing houses. Furthermore, efforts to increase the pool of peer reviewers are identified as ineffective because they focus on the reviewer qua reviewer, rather than on their primary role as researchers. To improve consistency, authors have regularly called for peer review training. Yet, this advice neglects to recognize the efforts of journals in making their particular requirements for peer review clear, comprehensive and readily accessible. Consequently, rather than peer reviewers being trained and rewarded as peer reviewers, journals are advised to make peer review a requirement for research publication, and their guidelines necessary reading and advise to follow for peer reviewers.

最近发表的关于国际期刊同行审稿人的角色和责任的研究明显缺乏。同时，这些同行审稿人的数量正在减少。本研究采用作者开发的叙事研究方法，通过作者在2022年7月至12月期间对五家出版社的评审进行评估，并与最近两项关于同行评审的研究和五家出版社的指导方针进行比较，对这些角色和责任进行了质疑。同行评议中最重要的是什么在作者、这些出版物的同行评议评审人员和五家出版社之间存在差异。此外，增加同行审稿人的努力被认为是无效的，因为他们关注的是审稿人本身，而不是他们作为研究人员的主要角色。为了提高一致性，作者们定期呼吁进行同行评议培训。然而，这一建议忽视了期刊在使其对同行评议的特殊要求清晰、全面和易于获取方面所做的努力。因此，与其将同行评议者作为同行评议者进行培训和奖励，不如建议期刊将同行评议作为研究发表的一项要求，并将其指南作为同行评议者必须阅读和遵循的建议。

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引用次数: 0

Measuring the Impact and Influence of Scientific Activity in the Humanities and Social Sciences 衡量人文社会科学中科学活动的影响和影响

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.3390/publications11020031

D. D. Filippo, F. Morillo, B. González-Albo

Scientific activity in the Humanities and Social Sciences (HSS) presents special characteristics that require the use of various sources and methodologies to adequately assess its impact and influence on both academic and non-academic audiences. This study aims to explore the validity of traditional and alternative information sources for the analysis of the characteristics of HSS research and its academic impact and influence (considering social, media, informative and political influence). It is also intended to highlight the differences between Humanities (H) and Social Sciences (SS) and analyse the variables that determine the different types of impact and influence of research in each of them. The following sources of information are used: Web of Science, conCIENCIA (institutional database), Google Scholar, Unpaywall, Altmetric.com and Overton, focused on the study of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC). The results obtained show that institutional sources make local research visible, which has high percentages of open access. The usefulness of alternative sources to measure social, media, informative and political influence is verified, since HSS publications have an important number of mentions. Significant differences are observed between H and SS in terms of publication coverage (higher in H in the institutional database), language (more Spanish in H), open access (higher percentages in SS) and impact measured through conCIENCIA (the greatest number of documents with a high impact is found in H). In addition, the influence on non-academic audiences is increased by the international orientation of research, the greater academic impact, the participation of SS centres and the immediacy of publications. This study is a starting point for future research, as it explores several tools and data sources to analyse the influence of HSS research on different audiences. A comprehensive analysis will also facilitate the proposal of new metrics applied to the HSS assessment, highlighting its importance for society as a whole.

人文和社会科学的科学活动具有特殊的特点，需要使用各种来源和方法来充分评估其对学术和非学术受众的影响和影响。本研究旨在探讨传统和替代信息来源的有效性，以分析HSS研究的特征及其学术影响和影响(考虑社会、媒体、信息和政治影响)。它还旨在突出人文科学(H)和社会科学(SS)之间的差异，并分析决定每种研究的不同类型的影响和影响的变量。使用了以下信息来源:Web of Science, conCIENCIA(机构数据库)，Google Scholar, Unpaywall, Altmetric.com和Overton，重点研究西班牙国家研究委员会(CSIC)的研究。结果表明，机构资源使本地研究可见，具有较高的开放获取比例。衡量社会、媒体、信息和政治影响的替代来源的有用性得到证实，因为HSS出版物有大量提及。H和SS在发表覆盖率(H在机构数据库中较高)、语言(H中更多的西班牙语)、开放获取(SS中百分比较高)和通过conCIENCIA测量的影响(H中发现的高影响文献数量最多)方面存在显著差异。此外，研究的国际化取向增加了对非学术受众的影响，学术影响越大;党卫军中心的参与和出版物的即时性。本研究是未来研究的起点，因为它探索了几种工具和数据来源来分析HSS研究对不同受众的影响。全面的分析也将有助于提出适用于HSS评估的新指标，突出其对整个社会的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Human- and AI-based authorship: Principles and ethics 基于人类和人工智能的作者:原则和伦理

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1002/leap.1547

Jaime A. Teixeira da Silva, Panagiotis Tsigaris

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommendations for authorship are the dominant guidelines that guide who, and under what circumstances, an individual can be an author of an academic paper.
Large language models (LLMs) and AI, like ChatGPT, given their ability and versatility, pose a challenge to the human-based authorship model.
Several journals and publishers have already prohibited the assignment of authorship to AI, LLMs, and even ChatGPT, not recognizing them as valid authors.
We debate this premise, and asked ChatGPT to opine on this issue. ChatGPT considers itself as an invalid author.
We applied the CRediT criteria to AI, finding that it was definitively able to satisfy three out of the 14 criteria, but only in terms of assistance. This was validated by ChatGPT itself.

国际医学期刊编辑委员会（ICMJE）对作者身份的建议是指导谁以及在什么情况下可以成为学术论文作者的主要指南。大型语言模型（LLM）和人工智能，如ChatGPT，鉴于其能力和多功能性，对基于人类的作者模型提出了挑战。一些期刊和出版商已经禁止将作者分配给AI、LLM，甚至ChatGPT，不承认他们是有效作者。我们对这一前提进行了辩论，并请ChatGPT就这一问题发表意见。ChatGPT认为自己是一个无效的作者。我们将CRediT标准应用于AI，发现它完全能够满足14个标准中的3个，但仅在援助方面。这是由ChatGPT自己验证的。

引用次数: 8

Legalize text recycling 使文本回收合法化

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1002/leap.1550

Cary Moskovitz, David R. Hansen, Mitchell Yelverton

文本回收是指在新文档中重复使用作者先前作品中的材料。虽然文本回收的伦理方面受到了相当大的关注，但法律方面在很大程度上被忽视或描述不准确。版权法和出版商合同很难解释，而且变化很大，这使得作者或编辑很难知道研究写作中的文本回收是合法还是非法。我们认为，只要作者遵循基于道德的准则，出版商就应该修改他们的作者合同，使文本回收明确合法。

引用次数: 0

Opening research data contributes to the citations of related research articles: Evidence from Data in Brief 开放研究数据有助于引用相关研究文章：来自简要数据的证据

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.1002/leap.1551

Jiangyang Fu, Liang Tian, Chengzhi Zhang, Jiang Li

This paper explores the effect of publishing a data paper in the Open Access journal Data in Brief (DIB) on the citation counts of the related research paper. Using regression analysis, citation content analysis and a survey method, we investigate whether research papers with a related data paper have higher citation counts and the potential reasons. After controlling variables that correlate with the citation counts, research papers with a related data paper were found to have higher citation counts than those published in the same issue of the same journal. Next, we explored the causal relationship between the two variables by surveying the corresponding authors of 618 papers who shared datasets in DIB from 2014 to 2021. The results show that the authors acknowledge the benefits of sharing data in DIB, including citation increase and career reputation enhancement. We further explored how the data papers in DIB increase the citations of the related research papers by using citation content analysis. We found that scientists co-cite the data papers and their related research papers for the purpose of reusing the underlying data or portraying a better understanding of the underlying data and related research articles.

本文探讨了在开放获取期刊《简要数据》上发表数据论文对相关研究论文引用计数的影响。使用回归分析、引用内容分析和调查方法，我们调查了具有相关数据论文的研究论文是否具有较高的引用次数及其潜在原因。在控制了与引用次数相关的变量后，发现具有相关数据论文的研究论文的引用次数高于在同一期刊的同一期上发表的论文。接下来，我们通过调查2014年至2021年在DIB中共享数据集的618篇论文的通讯作者，探讨了这两个变量之间的因果关系。结果表明，作者承认在DIB中共享数据的好处，包括引文的增加和职业声誉的提高。我们进一步探讨了DIB中的数据论文如何通过引用内容分析来增加相关研究论文的引用。我们发现，科学家们共同引用数据论文及其相关研究论文的目的是重复使用基础数据或更好地理解基础数据和相关研究文章。

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引用次数: 1

Panorama of Undergraduate Research in Brazil: Profile, Scientific Production, and Perceptions 巴西本科研究全景:概况、科学成果和看法

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-05-26 DOI: 10.3390/publications11020030

Angelica Ferreira Melo, Woska Pires da Costa, Rhanya Rafaella Rodrigues, Lorena de Almeida Cavalcante Brandão Nunes, P. R. S. Noll, M. Noll

Undergraduate Research (UR) is an institutional program that introduces undergraduate students to scientific research. The program selects research projects proposed by advisors and students for execution. Despite the importance of knowing the stages of research activities in undergraduate research, only a few studies have evaluated data on this subject. Therefore, this study aims to outline an overview of UR in a Brazilian educational institution, considering the profiles of students and advisors, students’ scientific productions, and perceptions about the experience of both. The study was a mixed-approach case study conducted through a questionnaire and interviews. The sample consisted of 213 undergraduate students and 167 UR supervisors. The results show that the largest group of students were aged 21 and 22 (46.6%) and supervisors 33 to 38 years (38.9%). Regarding the scientific productions of students, those who participated twice or more in undergraduate research had higher indicators compared to those who were participating for the first time. Students’ perceptions of their evolution and perceptions of the advisors were mostly positive, with a greater number of responses classified as very good to good. Thus, the satisfaction of researchers in being part of this experience was perceived and the need to improve the scientific production indicators of students, mediated by the advisors stimulating the writing of articles, abstracts, and books, as well as participation in events and patent development, was shown. We conclude that undergraduate research activities promote the integral development of students’ academic, scientific, personal, and professional terms, which ultimately reflect critical and emancipatory actions in society.

本科研究(UR)是一个引导本科生进行科学研究的机构项目。该计划选择导师和学生提出的研究项目进行实施。尽管了解研究活动的阶段在本科生研究中很重要，但只有少数研究对这一主题的数据进行了评估。因此，本研究旨在概述巴西教育机构的UR概况，考虑到学生和导师的概况，学生的科学成果，以及对两者经验的看法。本研究采用问卷调查和访谈相结合的案例研究方法。样本包括213名本科生和167名UR导师。结果表明:21 ~ 22岁的学生占比最大(46.6%)，导师占比最大(38.9%);在学生的科学成果方面，两次或两次以上参加本科研究的学生的指标高于第一次参加的学生。学生们对自己的演变和对导师的看法大多是积极的，更多的回答被归类为非常好到好。因此，研究人员作为这一经历的一部分的满意度被感知到，并且需要提高学生的科学生产指标，通过顾问刺激文章，摘要和书籍的写作，以及参与活动和专利开发，被显示出来。我们的结论是，本科生的研究活动促进了学生在学术、科学、个人和专业方面的整体发展，最终反映了社会的批判性和解放性行动。

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引用次数: 0

What to communicate in retraction notices? 在撤稿通知中要传达什么信息?

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1002/leap.1548

Shaoxiong Brian Xu, Guangwei Hu

Retraction notices are widely criticized for pervasive opacity and uninformativeness.
Retraction notices as a high-stakes academic genre serve three communicative purposes, namely correcting the literature, deterring potential offence, and repairing the tarnished image.
A comprehensive content inventory of retraction notices is developed, drawing on de jure and de facto retraction notice contents.
Five criteria for disclosing information in retraction notices are proposed.
Retraction notices following the content inventory and the disclosure criteria can maximize their transparency.

撤稿通知因普遍不透明和缺乏信息而受到广泛批评。撤稿通知作为一种高风险的学术类型，有三个交际目的，即纠正文献，阻止潜在的冒犯，修复受损的形象。根据法律上和事实上的撤稿通知内容，制定了撤稿通知的全面内容清单。提出了撤销通知信息披露的五个标准。遵循内容清单和披露标准的撤稿通知可以最大限度地提高其透明度。

引用次数: 0

Anonymous editorials in biomedical research journals: Few in number but potentially problematic 生物医学研究期刊上的匿名社论：数量很少，但可能存在问题

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-05-24 DOI: 10.1002/leap.1549

James L. Nuzzo

社论通常是期刊主编或副主编对期刊新闻、研究结果或科学或实践趋势的简短评论。匿名社论占PubMed索引社论的1%-3%，是指作者姓名缺失或被期刊名称取代的社论。不能假设主编是匿名社论的作者，这会引发多个问题。匿名社论阻止读者评估作者潜在的利益冲突以及他们讨论社论主题的可信度。匿名社论也使社论中的观点难以建立可信度和问责制，并增加了作者错误归因的可能性。这篇文章建议在发表社论时注明作者的姓名、隶属关系和潜在的利益冲突。

引用次数: 0

Enter the dragon: China and global academic publishing 巨龙进场:中国与全球学术出版

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1002/leap.1545

Ken Hyland

One of the most dramatic changes in global publishing in the last decade has been the emergence of China. China now has more researchers than the United States, outspends the United States and European Union in research and publishes more scientific papers each year than any other nation in the world. The quality of these papers is also increasing, with more appearing in top-ranked journals and gaining more citations overall. Despite this success, China has gained an unenviable reputation for research misconduct and geopolitical issues threaten its continuation. Given the impact of China's growing presence on editors, publishers and non-Chinese authors seeking to publish in the same journals, it is important to understand the reasons, directions and outcomes of these changes, their effect on Chinese scholars and local Chinese journals, and where they might be leading. In this review paper I explore the rise of Chinese scholarship, its influence on global publishing and on Chinese scholars, and how the Chinese government is responding to its new role in global academic publishing.

在过去十年中，全球出版界最引人注目的变化之一就是中国的崛起。中国现在拥有比美国更多的研究人员，在研究方面的支出超过美国和欧盟，每年发表的科学论文比世界上任何其他国家都多。这些论文的质量也在提高，越来越多的论文出现在排名靠前的期刊上，总体上获得了更多的引用。尽管取得了这样的成功，但中国在科研不端行为方面获得了不令人羡慕的声誉，地缘政治问题威胁着它的延续。考虑到中国日益增长的影响力对编辑、出版商和寻求在同一期刊上发表文章的非中国作者的影响，了解这些变化的原因、方向和结果，以及它们对中国学者和中国本土期刊的影响，以及它们可能引领的方向是很重要的。在这篇综述文章中，我探讨了中国学术的崛起，它对全球出版和中国学者的影响，以及中国政府如何应对其在全球学术出版中的新角色。

引用次数: 1

The Transformation of the Green Road to Open Access 绿色道路向开放通道的转变

IF 2.8 3区管理学 Q1 Social Sciences

Learned Publishing

Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.3390/publications11020029

Joachim Schöpfel, Stéphane Chaudiron, Bernard Jacquemin, E. Kergosien, Hélène Prost, Florence Thiault

(1) Background: The 2002 Budapest Open Access Initiative recommended the self-archiving of scientific articles in open repositories, which has been described as the “green road” to open access. Twenty years later, only one part of the researchers deposits their publications in open repositories; moreover, one part of the repositories’ content is not based on self-archived deposits but on mediated nonfaculty contributions. The purpose of the paper is to provide more empirical evidence on this situation and to assess the impact on the future of the green road. (2) Methods: We analyzed the contributions to the French national HAL repository from more than 1000 laboratories affiliated with the ten most important French research universities, with a focus on 2020, representing 14,023 contributor accounts and 164,070 deposits. (3) Results: We identified seven different types of contributor accounts, including deposits from nonfaculty staff and import flows from other platforms. Mediated nonfaculty contributions (deposits by libraries, import of bibliographic records, migration from other platforms, etc.) account for at least 48% of the 2020 deposits. We also identified differences between institutions and disciplines. (4) Conclusions: Our empirical results reveal a transformation of open repositories from self-archiving and direct scientific communication towards research information management. Repositories like HAL are somewhere in the middle of the process. The paper describes data quality as the main issue and major challenge of this transformation.

(1)背景:2002年布达佩斯开放获取倡议(Budapest Open Access Initiative)建议在开放知识库中对科学论文进行自归档，这被称为开放获取的“绿色之路”。二十年后，只有一部分研究人员将他们的出版物存放在开放的知识库中;此外，知识库的一部分内容不是基于自我存档的存款，而是基于中介的非教师贡献。本文的目的是为这种情况提供更多的经验证据，并评估对未来绿色道路的影响。(2)方法:我们分析了法国10所最重要的研究型大学的1000多个实验室对法国国家HAL知识库的贡献，重点是2020年，代表了14,023个贡献者账户和164,070个存款。(3)结果:我们确定了七种不同类型的贡献者账户，包括来自非教职员工的存款和来自其他平台的导入流量。中介的非教师贡献(图书馆保证金、书目记录导入、从其他平台迁移等)至少占2020年保证金的48%。我们还发现了机构和学科之间的差异。(4)结论:研究结果揭示了开放知识库从自归档和直接科学交流向科研信息管理的转变。像HAL这样的存储库就在这个过程的中间。本文将数据质量描述为这种转变的主要问题和主要挑战。

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