Pub Date : 2021-01-18DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.02
J. Salinero, J. Coso
Objective. The aim of this study was to analyse the trend in the use of rotational vs. glide shot-put techniques in World Championships in the last two decades and their association with shot-put performance. Methods. The technique used, and the throwing distance obtained by the finalists in the shot-put competitions (56 men and 55 women) in the World Championships between 2001 to 2019 were analysed. Results. In men, the use of the glide technique was less frequent than in women (30.6 vs. 87.7%; p < .01). In men, there has been a progressive reduction in the use of the glide technique (from 7 out of 10 shot putters in Paris in 2003 to 0 out of 12 shot putters in Doha in 2019). Although a similar tendency is observed in women athletes, the glide technique is still the principal style employed by women throwers (7 out of 12 women shot putters in Doha 2019). Throwing distance was similar between glide throwers and rotational shot putters in both men (20.66 ± 0.67 vs. 20.92 ± 0.88 m; d = 0.32; p = .128) and women athletes (18.85 ± 0.91 vs. 18.75 ± 0.71 m; d = 0.10; p = .753). In summary, the use of the rotational style in shot-put has increased in men athletes. A clear trend towards the use of the rotational technique is also present in women although the glide style is still the most prevalent. However, there are no differences in shot-put performance between techniques that justify the use of the rotational over the glide technique.
{"title":"Rotational versus glide technique in elite shot put: Trend analysis in the 21st century","authors":"J. Salinero, J. Coso","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.02","url":null,"abstract":"Objective. The aim of this study was to analyse the trend in the use of rotational vs. glide shot-put techniques in World Championships in the last two decades and their association with shot-put performance. Methods. The technique used, and the throwing distance obtained by the finalists in the shot-put competitions (56 men and 55 women) in the World Championships between 2001 to 2019 were analysed. Results. In men, the use of the glide technique was less frequent than in women (30.6 vs. 87.7%; p < .01). In men, there has been a progressive reduction in the use of the glide technique (from 7 out of 10 shot putters in Paris in 2003 to 0 out of 12 shot putters in Doha in 2019). Although a similar tendency is observed in women athletes, the glide technique is still the principal style employed by women throwers (7 out of 12 women shot putters in Doha 2019). Throwing distance was similar between glide throwers and rotational shot putters in both men (20.66 ± 0.67 vs. 20.92 ± 0.88 m; d = 0.32; p = .128) and women athletes (18.85 ± 0.91 vs. 18.75 ± 0.71 m; d = 0.10; p = .753). In summary, the use of the rotational style in shot-put has increased in men athletes. A clear trend towards the use of the rotational technique is also present in women although the glide style is still the most prevalent. However, there are no differences in shot-put performance between techniques that justify the use of the rotational over the glide technique.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42154371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-18DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.01
M. Vernetta-Santana, L. Ariza-Vargas, M. Martínez-Patiño, J. López-Bedoya
Acrobatic gymnastics is associated with injury risk. The aim of the study was to gain knowledge on injury incidence, type and severity in acrobatic gymnasts of both sexes. An epidemiologic, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 54 gymnasts: 23 males and 31 females aged 14 to 23. The training characteristics (training time: days and hours), as well as the injuries suffered (site, type, severity and moment of injury) were assessed. A total of 89 injuries were recorded. Injury incidence was 9.85/1,000 h of exposure among women and 9.15 among men. The highest percentage of injuries was located in the lower limb, with no significant differences based on sex. Ligament injuries were the most common among women, while tendonitis prevailed among men. The majority of injuries occurred while performing group skills in the technical part of the session (27% during dynamic and 23.6% during static skills), bases suffered a greater number of injuries than tops. It was concluded that muscle and ligament injuries were the most common injury types, the lower limb the most frequently affected body region and moderate the most frequent severity level in both sexes. The variables sex and role were associated with injury incidence.
{"title":"Injury profile in elite acrobatic gymnasts compared by gender","authors":"M. Vernetta-Santana, L. Ariza-Vargas, M. Martínez-Patiño, J. López-Bedoya","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.01","url":null,"abstract":"Acrobatic gymnastics is associated with injury risk. The aim of the study was to gain knowledge on injury incidence, type and severity in acrobatic gymnasts of both sexes. An epidemiologic, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 54 gymnasts: 23 males and 31 females aged 14 to 23. The training characteristics (training time: days and hours), as well as the injuries suffered (site, type, severity and moment of injury) were assessed. A total of 89 injuries were recorded. Injury incidence was 9.85/1,000 h of exposure among women and 9.15 among men. The highest percentage of injuries was located in the lower limb, with no significant differences based on sex. Ligament injuries were the most common among women, while tendonitis prevailed among men. The majority of injuries occurred while performing group skills in the technical part of the session (27% during dynamic and 23.6% during static skills), bases suffered a greater number of injuries than tops. It was concluded that muscle and ligament injuries were the most common injury types, the lower limb the most frequently affected body region and moderate the most frequent severity level in both sexes. The variables sex and role were associated with injury incidence.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46640491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-18DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.04
Yasushi Kurihara, H. Ohsugi, Hiroshi Karasuno, M. Tagami, T. Matsuda, Daigo Fujikawa
This cohort study aimed to i) clarify the relationship between abduction of the knee joint and trunk motion during running in the stance phase, and ii) clarify the relationship between abduction of the knee joint during running in the stance phase and the amount of trunk rotation measured in a static position. Twenty-nine female collegiate middle- and long-distance runners participated. The knee abduction angle and absolute angles to the floor were calculated using a three-dimensional motion analysis device. Static trunk rotation was calculated. Trunk rotation angle to the supporting side (r = 0.525), thigh posterior tilt angle (r = -0.510), thigh adduction angle (r = 0.417), lower leg anterior tilt angle (r = -0.483), and static trunk rotation to the supporting side (r = -0.429) were significantly correlated with knee abduction angle. Trunk rotation angle to the supporting side (s = 0. 465), thigh adduction angle (s = 0.374), lower leg anterior tilt angle (s = 0.228), and static trunk rotation to the supporting side (s = -0.256) (R 2 = .556) were significantly correlated with the knee abduction angle. The increase or decrease in the knee abduction angle should consider the mutual influence of the lower limb and trunk motion.
{"title":"Trunk rotation enhances movement of the knee abduction angle while running among female collegiate middle- and long-distance runners","authors":"Yasushi Kurihara, H. Ohsugi, Hiroshi Karasuno, M. Tagami, T. Matsuda, Daigo Fujikawa","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.174.04","url":null,"abstract":"This cohort study aimed to i) clarify the relationship between abduction of the knee joint and trunk motion during running in the stance phase, and ii) clarify the relationship between abduction of the knee joint during running in the stance phase and the amount of trunk rotation measured in a static position. Twenty-nine female collegiate middle- and long-distance runners participated. The knee abduction angle and absolute angles to the floor were calculated using a three-dimensional motion analysis device. Static trunk rotation was calculated. Trunk rotation angle to the supporting side (r = 0.525), thigh posterior tilt angle (r = -0.510), thigh adduction angle (r = 0.417), lower leg anterior tilt angle (r = -0.483), and static trunk rotation to the supporting side (r = -0.429) were significantly correlated with knee abduction angle. Trunk rotation angle to the supporting side (s = 0. 465), thigh adduction angle (s = 0.374), lower leg anterior tilt angle (s = 0.228), and static trunk rotation to the supporting side (s = -0.256) (R 2 = .556) were significantly correlated with the knee abduction angle. The increase or decrease in the knee abduction angle should consider the mutual influence of the lower limb and trunk motion.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48235053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-13DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.17
André Engel, Nina Schaffert, Roy Ploigt, K. Mattes
Sports scientists and coaches strive to identify and analyse performance relevant parameters and to optimize them in the training practice. In swimming, this process is time-consuming and requires expensive and professional video equipment, which is currently considered the gold standard. Since inertial measurement units (IMUs) are increasingly interesting for athletes, are more easily accessible and are less disturbing to wear, they offer an ideal alternative to classic video-supported motion analysis. In addition, IMUs provide further data of interest to scientists and trainers. The present study aims to transfer the findings from the video analysis data to the data measured with an IMU. The focus is on the frontal crawl and its key movements, body roll, angular velocity and forward acceleration in relation to their intra-cyclic variations. Ten athletes from regional to national level swam 100 m front crawl and the video recording was combined with the IMU to analyse the key positions and find similarities and differences between the swimmers. The findings are the basis for an automatic pattern recognition system to provide coaches and scientists with immediate feedback on the execution of movements and to decide which parameters should be specifically trained to improve performance.
{"title":"Intra-cyclic analysis of the front crawl swimming technique with an inertial measurement unit","authors":"André Engel, Nina Schaffert, Roy Ploigt, K. Mattes","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.17","url":null,"abstract":"Sports scientists and coaches strive to identify and analyse performance relevant parameters and to optimize them in the training practice. In swimming, this process is time-consuming and requires expensive and professional video equipment, which is currently considered the gold standard. Since inertial measurement units (IMUs) are increasingly interesting for athletes, are more easily accessible and are less disturbing to wear, they offer an ideal alternative to classic video-supported motion analysis. In addition, IMUs provide further data of interest to scientists and trainers. The present study aims to transfer the findings from the video analysis data to the data measured with an IMU. The focus is on the frontal crawl and its key movements, body roll, angular velocity and forward acceleration in relation to their intra-cyclic variations. Ten athletes from regional to national level swam 100 m front crawl and the video recording was combined with the IMU to analyse the key positions and find similarities and differences between the swimmers. The findings are the basis for an automatic pattern recognition system to provide coaches and scientists with immediate feedback on the execution of movements and to decide which parameters should be specifically trained to improve performance.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41946508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-13DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.19
M. Kilpatrick, B. Schumacher, Abby R. Fleming, Brian J Waddell
Graded exercise testing on a treadmill can be accomplished by increasing speed and/or grade. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiometabolic responses during graded walking and ungraded running. Thirty healthy, active adults (21 females, 9 males; VO 2peak = 39.9 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min) completed two counterbalanced maximal exercise tests (Walk Max & Run Max). Walk tests started at a self-selected brisk speed, increased grade by 2% each minute. Run tests started at 3.5 mph and increased speed by 0.5 mph each minute. Expired gases, HR, overall RPE (RPE-O), legs only RPE (RPE-L), and RER were assessed. Data were analysed using dependent t-tests. Walk Max and Run Max protocols yielded results indicating maximal effort. VO 2 was higher for the Run Max protocol (p .05). RER was also higher for the Walk Max protocol (p .05). Max protocols delivering work by walking and running are both viable and provide options to suit the circumstances and/or preferences of the patient/client. Walk and run protocols can be appropriate for young, healthy, and active individuals. Walk protocols may limit participant anxiety related to falls and thus has the potential to increase exercise self-efficacy. Walk protocols are also an excellent choice when the participant cannot or should not perform a run-based protocol.
{"title":"Cardiometabolic and perceptual responses to maximal exercise: Comparing graded walking to running","authors":"M. Kilpatrick, B. Schumacher, Abby R. Fleming, Brian J Waddell","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.19","url":null,"abstract":"Graded exercise testing on a treadmill can be accomplished by increasing speed and/or grade. The purpose of this study was to compare cardiometabolic responses during graded walking and ungraded running. Thirty healthy, active adults (21 females, 9 males; VO 2peak = 39.9 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min) completed two counterbalanced maximal exercise tests (Walk Max & Run Max). Walk tests started at a self-selected brisk speed, increased grade by 2% each minute. Run tests started at 3.5 mph and increased speed by 0.5 mph each minute. Expired gases, HR, overall RPE (RPE-O), legs only RPE (RPE-L), and RER were assessed. Data were analysed using dependent t-tests. Walk Max and Run Max protocols yielded results indicating maximal effort. VO 2 was higher for the Run Max protocol (p .05). RER was also higher for the Walk Max protocol (p .05). Max protocols delivering work by walking and running are both viable and provide options to suit the circumstances and/or preferences of the patient/client. Walk and run protocols can be appropriate for young, healthy, and active individuals. Walk protocols may limit participant anxiety related to falls and thus has the potential to increase exercise self-efficacy. Walk protocols are also an excellent choice when the participant cannot or should not perform a run-based protocol.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41995003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-13DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.16
Susannah Reiner, G. Smith, Rick B. Davis
While the NCAA grapples with how to return to sport during the COVID-19 pandemic, knowledge of the current exercise habits and well-being of collegiate athletes can better inform strength and conditioning professionals how to adjust periodization plans for the coming year. As collegiate athletes attempt to train independently, there is an opportunity to survey the athletes who normally participate in organized strength and conditioning programs. This study aims to understand current independent exercise regimes and explore current well-being measures such as fatigue, sleep, mood, soreness, and stress. Coaches may be facing massive levels of detraining or potentially the rest and recovery desperately needed for a rejuvenated return to sport. In this study, 237 collegiate athletes (mean age = 19.75, SD = 1.18) completed an online survey measuring exercise participation and well-being. Exercise habits indicate a statistically ( p < .05) and clinically significant increase in frequency ( t (234) = 4.36, p = .000, ES = .32), intensity ( t (235) = 5.31, p = .000, ES = .47), and duration ( t (234) = 6.54, p = .000, ES = .47) of exercise sessions overtime during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. Perceived psychological well-being also increased as time went on during quarantine with an improvement in fatigue ( Z = 3.42, p = .001, ES = .22), sleep quality ( Z = 4.59, p = .000, ES = .30 ), stress ( Z = 6.53, p = .000, ES = .42), and mood ( Z = 5.86, p = .000, ES = .38). It appears there was a potential adaptation to quarantine that improved athletes’ exercise participation and perceived well-being but concerns for periodization strategies, motivation, and possibility of detraining remain for strength and conditioning professionals in the transition to the return to sport.
虽然NCAA正在努力解决如何在COVID-19大流行期间重返体育运动，但了解大学运动员当前的运动习惯和健康状况可以更好地告知力量和调节专业人员如何调整来年的周期计划。当大学运动员尝试独立训练时，就有机会调查那些通常参加有组织的力量和体能训练项目的运动员。本研究旨在了解当前的独立运动机制，并探索当前的健康指标，如疲劳、睡眠、情绪、酸痛和压力。教练们可能面临着大量的去训练，或者是为了恢复活力而迫切需要的休息和恢复。在本研究中，237名大学生运动员(平均年龄= 19.75,SD = 1.18)完成了一项关于运动参与和幸福感的在线调查。运动习惯在新冠肺炎疫情隔离期间加班运动次数(t (234) = 4.36, p = 0.000, ES = 0.32)、强度(t (235) = 5.31, p = 0.000, ES = 0.47)、持续时间(t (234) = 6.54, p = 0.000, ES = 0.47)均有统计学意义(p < 0.05)和临床意义显著增加。在隔离期间，随着时间的推移，感知的心理健康状况也有所改善，疲劳(Z = 3.42, p = 0.001, ES = 0.22)、睡眠质量(Z = 4.59, p = 0.000, ES = 0.30)、压力(Z = 6.53, p = 0.000, ES = 0.42)和情绪(Z = 5.86, p = 0.000, ES = 0.38)得到改善。似乎有一种对隔离的潜在适应，可以提高运动员的运动参与度和感知幸福感，但在向重返体育运动过渡的过程中，力量和调节专业人员对分期策略、动机和去训练的可能性仍然存在担忧。
{"title":"Exercise participation and subjective well-being of collegiate athletes during COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Susannah Reiner, G. Smith, Rick B. Davis","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.16","url":null,"abstract":"While the NCAA grapples with how to return to sport during the COVID-19 pandemic, knowledge of the current exercise habits and well-being of collegiate athletes can better inform strength and conditioning professionals how to adjust periodization plans for the coming year. As collegiate athletes attempt to train independently, there is an opportunity to survey the athletes who normally participate in organized strength and conditioning programs. This study aims to understand current independent exercise regimes and explore current well-being measures such as fatigue, sleep, mood, soreness, and stress. Coaches may be facing massive levels of detraining or potentially the rest and recovery desperately needed for a rejuvenated return to sport. In this study, 237 collegiate athletes (mean age = 19.75, SD = 1.18) completed an online survey measuring exercise participation and well-being. Exercise habits indicate a statistically ( p < .05) and clinically significant increase in frequency ( t (234) = 4.36, p = .000, ES = .32), intensity ( t (235) = 5.31, p = .000, ES = .47), and duration ( t (234) = 6.54, p = .000, ES = .47) of exercise sessions overtime during the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine. Perceived psychological well-being also increased as time went on during quarantine with an improvement in fatigue ( Z = 3.42, p = .001, ES = .22), sleep quality ( Z = 4.59, p = .000, ES = .30 ), stress ( Z = 6.53, p = .000, ES = .42), and mood ( Z = 5.86, p = .000, ES = .38). It appears there was a potential adaptation to quarantine that improved athletes’ exercise participation and perceived well-being but concerns for periodization strategies, motivation, and possibility of detraining remain for strength and conditioning professionals in the transition to the return to sport.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43791102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-13DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.20
Nicolas M Philipp, M. Garver, D. Crawford, Dustin W Davis, Josie N. Hair
The assessment of interlimb asymmetry has been of interest to researchers and practitioners who desire to maximize sport performance. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between interlimb asymmetry and Combine-related performance testing in collegiate American football players. Twenty-four skill position players (e.g., running backs, defensive backs, and wide receivers) from a Division II university completed all study-related procedures including unilateral countermovement (CMJ) and drop jumps on a force plate, 3-repetition maximum Bulgarian split squats with bar movement tracked by a 3D motion capture system, and their annual spring performance tests (L-drill, pro-agility, 40-yard dash, broad jump, and vertical jump). Using an alpha-level of .05, significant, positive Spearman’s correlations between performance in the L-drill test (Change of Direction test; CoD) and asymmetries in mean peak velocity ( r s = .491, p = .015), mean peak power ( r s = .467, p = .021), and mean average power ( r s = .455, p = .026) were observed. A significant, negative Pearson correlation between unilateral CMJ height asymmetry and vertical jump performance was observed ( r = .578, p = .003). Asymmetry in mean peak velocity, mean peak power, and mean average power may negatively influence CoD ability within collegiate American football players.
{"title":"Interlimb asymmetry in collegiate American football players: Effects on combine-related performance","authors":"Nicolas M Philipp, M. Garver, D. Crawford, Dustin W Davis, Josie N. Hair","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.20","url":null,"abstract":"The assessment of interlimb asymmetry has been of interest to researchers and practitioners who desire to maximize sport performance. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between interlimb asymmetry and Combine-related performance testing in collegiate American football players. Twenty-four skill position players (e.g., running backs, defensive backs, and wide receivers) from a Division II university completed all study-related procedures including unilateral countermovement (CMJ) and drop jumps on a force plate, 3-repetition maximum Bulgarian split squats with bar movement tracked by a 3D motion capture system, and their annual spring performance tests (L-drill, pro-agility, 40-yard dash, broad jump, and vertical jump). Using an alpha-level of .05, significant, positive Spearman’s correlations between performance in the L-drill test (Change of Direction test; CoD) and asymmetries in mean peak velocity ( r s = .491, p = .015), mean peak power ( r s = .467, p = .021), and mean average power ( r s = .455, p = .026) were observed. A significant, negative Pearson correlation between unilateral CMJ height asymmetry and vertical jump performance was observed ( r = .578, p = .003). Asymmetry in mean peak velocity, mean peak power, and mean average power may negatively influence CoD ability within collegiate American football players.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49297645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-13DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.15
T. Sun
This study is intended to determine sex and age differences in young Canadian freestyle swimmers aged from ≤10 to 18, for all 6 distances from 50m to 1500m in both short and long course indoor pools. The data set used in the studies is publicly available and categorized into sex/age/course/distance groups during seasons from 2008 to 2019. The sex differences in swimming speed were determined using independent Z-tests (two-sided, unequal SD). The age differences in swimming speed over all ages were analysed using classic one-way ANOVA with subsequent pairwise Tukey-HSD post-hoc tests and Welch’s ANOVA followed by pairwise Games-Howell post-hoc tests. They were then determined using paired two-sample t-tests (two-sided). Young male swimmers outperformed young female swimmers in most groups. Groups with similar performances or no significant differences were in younger age groups (10-year and 11-year). Sex differences increased as age increased, ranging from −0.96% to 13.54%. Sex differences in shorter distances and short course were smaller than in longer distances and long course for ≤12 years and became greater than in longer distances at ≥13 years. Age speed differences decreased as age increased until 17–18-years old, ranging from 12.79% to −0.37%. The performance of female swimmers became stable earlier than that of male swimmers. The age-to-age speed differences of male swimmers were greater than those of female swimmers. These gaps increased from 10–11-year to 13–14-year groups and decreased after that. Age differences in shorter distances and short course were greater than in longer distances and long course. Further studies are required to confirm and extend this research to swimmers at other age groups, in other strokes, and from other countries.
{"title":"Analysis of sex and age differences in performance of young Canadian freestyle swimmers","authors":"T. Sun","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.15","url":null,"abstract":"This study is intended to determine sex and age differences in young Canadian freestyle swimmers aged from ≤10 to 18, for all 6 distances from 50m to 1500m in both short and long course indoor pools. The data set used in the studies is publicly available and categorized into sex/age/course/distance groups during seasons from 2008 to 2019. The sex differences in swimming speed were determined using independent Z-tests (two-sided, unequal SD). The age differences in swimming speed over all ages were analysed using classic one-way ANOVA with subsequent pairwise Tukey-HSD post-hoc tests and Welch’s ANOVA followed by pairwise Games-Howell post-hoc tests. They were then determined using paired two-sample t-tests (two-sided). Young male swimmers outperformed young female swimmers in most groups. Groups with similar performances or no significant differences were in younger age groups (10-year and 11-year). Sex differences increased as age increased, ranging from −0.96% to 13.54%. Sex differences in shorter distances and short course were smaller than in longer distances and long course for ≤12 years and became greater than in longer distances at ≥13 years. Age speed differences decreased as age increased until 17–18-years old, ranging from 12.79% to −0.37%. The performance of female swimmers became stable earlier than that of male swimmers. The age-to-age speed differences of male swimmers were greater than those of female swimmers. These gaps increased from 10–11-year to 13–14-year groups and decreased after that. Age differences in shorter distances and short course were greater than in longer distances and long course. Further studies are required to confirm and extend this research to swimmers at other age groups, in other strokes, and from other countries.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47589508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-13DOI: 10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.11
Yecid Mina-Paz, D. C. Zambrano, A. J. Matta, A. Rodríguez, F. García-Vallejo
The performance in physical activity is determined not only by physiological processes such as age, body composition, gender and degree of training, but also by the genomics and even epigenetic events occurring during the training programs. In this context, using bioinformatics resources, we aimed to analyse the expression of genes associated with muscle function in vastus lateral samples. We used data from DNA microarray experiments reported in NCBI's GEO DataSet database under the series number GSE117070. Differential expression was calculated using the Z-ratio equation. We also used the software Cytoscape 3.6 to build a protein-protein interaction network with over-expressed genes. We found that seven genes out of the 397 genes analysed in the 41 individuals subjected to aerobic exercise with an increase in training intensity through the percentage of VO 2max , were over-expressed based on the statistical approach. The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network showed 477 nodes, two connected components, 17 multi-edge node pairs and an average number of neighbours of 2.092. The node with the highest number of interactions was TPM1 with 150. GO categories of biological processes most relevant of the network included indispensable processes for muscle function and contraction such as polymerization of actin filaments and ATP synthesis from electron transport chain.
{"title":"Muscle genomics and aerobic training","authors":"Yecid Mina-Paz, D. C. Zambrano, A. J. Matta, A. Rodríguez, F. García-Vallejo","doi":"10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/JHSE.2022.173.11","url":null,"abstract":"The performance in physical activity is determined not only by physiological processes such as age, body composition, gender and degree of training, but also by the genomics and even epigenetic events occurring during the training programs. In this context, using bioinformatics resources, we aimed to analyse the expression of genes associated with muscle function in vastus lateral samples. We used data from DNA microarray experiments reported in NCBI's GEO DataSet database under the series number GSE117070. Differential expression was calculated using the Z-ratio equation. We also used the software Cytoscape 3.6 to build a protein-protein interaction network with over-expressed genes. We found that seven genes out of the 397 genes analysed in the 41 individuals subjected to aerobic exercise with an increase in training intensity through the percentage of VO 2max , were over-expressed based on the statistical approach. The Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network showed 477 nodes, two connected components, 17 multi-edge node pairs and an average number of neighbours of 2.092. The node with the highest number of interactions was TPM1 with 150. GO categories of biological processes most relevant of the network included indispensable processes for muscle function and contraction such as polymerization of actin filaments and ATP synthesis from electron transport chain.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42818777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.14198/jhse.2021.16.proc3.53
Veronica Romano, D. Cozzolino, G. Zinno, S. Palermi, D. Tarantino
Beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors) are activated by the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Adrenoceptors are found in different tissues, such as smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and myocardium. Stimulation of adrenoceptors is implicated in several physiological functions in the body, such as bronchodilation, increased perfusion and vasodilation. The latters, together with increased muscular mass and contraction speed, facilitate muscle’s motility and contraction. In the cardiovascular system, the activation of adrenoceptors increases heart muscle contraction, cardiac output and heart rate. Some studies also suggested a cardioprotective role of the stimulation of adrenoceptors. Beta(2)-adrenergic receptors agonists, principally divided in long-acting beta(2) agonists (LABAs) and short-acting beta(2) agonists (SABAs), are primarily used to treat asthma and other pulmonary disorders. Beta(2)-adrenergic receptors activation has been correlated with anabolic properties and muscular hypertrophy with the use of oral clenbuterol, as well as intravenous albuterol. Given these anabolic, lipolytic and performance-enhancing effects, LABAs are frequently abused by athletes. For this reason, most of these drugs are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, or admissible only with limitations. The aim of this narrative review is to report the results of some recent studies about the effects of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors activation on the cardiovascular system and on the skeletal muscle.
{"title":"The effects of beta (2)-adrenergic receptors activation on the cardiovascular system and on the skeletal muscle: A narrative review","authors":"Veronica Romano, D. Cozzolino, G. Zinno, S. Palermi, D. Tarantino","doi":"10.14198/jhse.2021.16.proc3.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.16.proc3.53","url":null,"abstract":"Beta(2)-adrenergic receptors (adrenoceptors) are activated by the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Adrenoceptors are found in different tissues, such as smooth muscle, skeletal muscle and myocardium. Stimulation of adrenoceptors is implicated in several physiological functions in the body, such as bronchodilation, increased perfusion and vasodilation. The latters, together with increased muscular mass and contraction speed, facilitate muscle’s motility and contraction. In the cardiovascular system, the activation of adrenoceptors increases heart muscle contraction, cardiac output and heart rate. Some studies also suggested a cardioprotective role of the stimulation of adrenoceptors. Beta(2)-adrenergic receptors agonists, principally divided in long-acting beta(2) agonists (LABAs) and short-acting beta(2) agonists (SABAs), are primarily used to treat asthma and other pulmonary disorders. Beta(2)-adrenergic receptors activation has been correlated with anabolic properties and muscular hypertrophy with the use of oral clenbuterol, as well as intravenous albuterol. Given these anabolic, lipolytic and performance-enhancing effects, LABAs are frequently abused by athletes. For this reason, most of these drugs are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, or admissible only with limitations. The aim of this narrative review is to report the results of some recent studies about the effects of beta(2)-adrenergic receptors activation on the cardiovascular system and on the skeletal muscle.","PeriodicalId":51651,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Sport and Exercise","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66691575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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