Frontiers of Architectural Research最新文献

Study the nighttime visual attention in urban waterfront public space: Insights using mobile eye-tracking 城市滨水公共空间夜间视觉注意力研究：移动眼动追踪的洞察

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.05.002

Chunxia Yang, Chengzhe Lyu

The study aims to explore people's nighttime visual attention in urban waterfront public space during leisure activities, and analyze the impact of artificial lighting on visual attention. The study first utilized mobile eye-tracker to collect participants' eye-movement data in typical urban waterfront leisure routes, along with corresponding artificial lighting data. Next, based on the collected data, visual attention statistical datasets composed of two dependent variable indicators, visual attention distribution ratio and average attention fixation duration, were constructed. Then, impact analyses of artificial lighting on these indicators were conducted by controlling age groups and environment elements. Results show: 1) opposite scenery, greenery, recreation and sport facilities are the most visually attractive elements; 2) significant differences in visual attention preferences across three age groups were found on opposite scenery, ground, landscape structures, people, etc.; 3) nighttime visual attention induced by 11 types of environment elements is significantly impacted by artificial lighting. The maximum R² of vertical illuminance on visual attention can reach up to 0.603, while 0.472 for horizontal illuminance and 0.247 for correlated color temperature. Additionally, artificial lighting has the greatest impact on the elderly's visual attention. The results help to provide refined human-centered perception insights for improving nighttime environment quality.

本研究旨在探讨人们在城市滨水公共空间休闲活动中的夜间视觉注意力，并分析人工照明对视觉注意力的影响。本研究首先利用移动眼动仪采集了典型城市滨水休闲路线中参与者的眼动数据，以及相应的人工照明数据。其次，在收集数据的基础上，构建由视觉注意分配比和平均注意注视时间两个因变量指标组成的视觉注意统计数据集。然后，通过控制年龄段和环境因素，分析人工照明对这些指标的影响。结果表明：1)相对景观、绿化、康体设施是最具视觉吸引力的元素；2) 3个年龄组的视觉注意偏好在相对景物、地面、景观结构、人物等方面存在显著差异；3) 11种环境要素引起的夜间视觉注意受到人工照明的显著影响。垂直照度对视觉注意的最大R2可达0.603，水平照度可达0.472，相关色温可达0.247。此外，人工照明对老年人视觉注意力的影响最大。这些结果有助于为改善夜间环境质量提供以人为中心的精细感知见解。

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引用次数: 0

Reimagining tourism pedestrian street aesthetics through machine learning: Understanding the role of spatial form based on a case study in Luoyang, China 通过机器学习重塑旅游步行街美学：理解空间形式的作用——以中国洛阳为例

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.06.001

Xin Gao , Hirofumi Ueda , Meng Qu , Guang Li , Xiaojin Li , Menglin Xu

Pedestrian streets are vital for urban livability, tourism, and cultural identity. This research examines how human-perspective spatial form influences aesthetic perception, using a tourist street in central Luoyang as a case site. Based on perceptual evaluations from participants in Luoyang and Xi'an, the research isolates key structural elements and reveals the underlying relationship between spatial form and tourist aesthetic preferences. Deep learning models were used to extract spatial indicators from real-world streetscapes, aligning them with abstracted representations. Modelling the extracted indicators with a Generalized Additive Model (GAM), the study enables large-scale analysis and captures both individual spatial characteristics and their interactive effects on aesthetic perception. This approach not only models complex nonlinear relationships but also provides a solid foundation for aesthetic prediction and assessment. The findings identify the proportion of sky (PS), ground area (PG), and spatial depth (D) as key factors influencing aesthetic judgments, while the proportion of vertical elements (PV) and the ground-to-vertical ratio (G/V) show high multicollinearity. Additionally, street-level average aesthetics tend to be rated higher than point-wise average aesthetics. These insights allow for the layout and adjustment of spatial form by balancing the aesthetic preferences of local and non-local visitors, ultimately enhancing pedestrian street aesthetics.

步行街对城市宜居性、旅游和文化认同至关重要。本研究以洛阳市中心的一条旅游街道为案例场地，探讨以人为视角的空间形态如何影响审美感知。基于洛阳和西安参与者的感知评价，研究分离了关键的结构要素，揭示了空间形式与游客审美偏好之间的潜在关系。使用深度学习模型从现实世界的街景中提取空间指标，并将其与抽象表征对齐。该研究利用广义可加模型（GAM）对提取的指标进行建模，实现了大规模分析，并捕获了个体空间特征及其对审美感知的交互影响。该方法不仅对复杂的非线性关系进行了建模，而且为美学预测和评价提供了坚实的基础。结果表明，天空比例（PS）、地面面积比例（PG）和空间深度比例(D)是影响审美判断的关键因素，而垂直元素比例（PV）和地垂比（G/V）表现出高度的多重共线性。此外，街道水平的平均美学往往比点平均美学更高。这些见解允许通过平衡本地和非本地游客的审美偏好来布局和调整空间形式，最终增强步行街的美学。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating visual stress within family and domestic violence refuges in Australia 调查澳大利亚家庭和家庭暴力庇护所内的视觉压力

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.05.004

Heather Mitcheltree , Cleo Valentine , Ian Hosking , Arnold Wilkins , Minna Sunikka-Blank , Koen Steemers

Family and domestic violence (FDV) is an issue that impacts on the health and wellbeing of women and children worldwide. Research shows that trauma-exposed individuals commonly experience heightened sensitivity to sensory triggers within the environmental milieu. Despite interest in trauma-informed design, the impact of visual stress has largely gone unexplored in the design of FDV refuges. This research utilises a novel visual stress analysis tool (ViStA) to examine the presence of potential visual stressors within two purpose-built FDV refuges in Australia. ViStA enables an assessment of visual stress, taking into account the complex interplay of size, spatial frequency, duty cycle, and contrast in the overall visual experience. Through an analysis of refuge images (n = 60), this study mapped the presence potential visual stressors. Through this analysis it was found that ‘high contrast linear elements’ were the most common potential visual stressors in both refuges. Common features among the spaces with the highest peak residuals were “perforated panelling” and “highly patterned surfaces”. Additionally, visual stressors were able to be categorised into eight primary functional categories of architectural features. The exploratory nature of this research underlines its importance as a foundational step towards developing evidence-based design practices for trauma-informed environments.

家庭和家庭暴力是一个影响全世界妇女和儿童健康和福祉的问题。研究表明，创伤暴露的个体通常对环境中的感官触发物高度敏感。尽管人们对创伤性设计很感兴趣，但在FDV避难所的设计中，视觉压力的影响在很大程度上没有得到探索。本研究利用一种新颖的视觉压力分析工具（ViStA）来检查澳大利亚两个专门建造的FDV避难所中潜在视觉压力源的存在。ViStA能够评估视觉压力，考虑到整体视觉体验中尺寸、空间频率、占空比和对比度的复杂相互作用。通过对避难图像（n = 60）的分析，本研究绘制了潜在视觉应激源的存在。通过分析发现，“高对比度线性元素”是两个避难所中最常见的潜在视觉压力源。峰值残差最高的空间的共同特征是“穿孔板”和“高度图案化的表面”。此外，视觉压力源可以被划分为八个主要的建筑功能类别。本研究的探索性强调了其作为为创伤知情环境开发循证设计实践的基础步骤的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

A cultural geographic perspective on the site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China 中国山区藏传佛教寺院选址的文化地理学视角

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.04.010

Yange Wang, Pengju Zhang

The site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in ancient China was determined by a comprehensive evaluation of multiple factors, and numerous studies have demonstrated that religious culture and geography play major roles; however, this information is primarily derived from qualitative research or case studies. In this paper, based on the locations of 1307 Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China, we quantified 11 cultural and geographical factors and applied clustering and principal component analysis to explore the factors influencing site selection. The results indicate that Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in mountainous regions of China can be classified into 3 clusters based on the determinants of their site selection, which correspond to the 3 primary functional uses of monasteries, and they showed distinct site selection considerations of geographical factors. Cluster 1 demonstrates adaptive alignment with plateau topography, with aspect, slope and altitude as primary factors, cluster 2 prioritizes accessibility for lay worshippers, prioritizing proximity to water sources, transportation networks and settlements, cluster 3 emphasizes spiritual isolation for monastic purification, predominantly influenced by sunlight priority in the morning. Unlike earlier research, this study revealed the influence of religious culture on the site selection of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries are not statistically significant. These results serve as a new reference for the study of Tibetan Buddhist monastery site selection.

中国古代藏传佛教寺院的选址是多种因素综合评价的结果，大量研究表明，宗教文化和地理因素在其中起主要作用；然而，这些信息主要来自定性研究或案例研究。本文以中国山区1307座藏传佛教寺院为研究对象，量化了11个文化和地理因素，运用聚类和主成分分析方法探讨了影响寺院选址的因素。研究结果表明，根据藏传佛教寺院选址的决定因素，中国山地藏传佛教寺院可划分为3个集群，对应于寺院的3种主要功能用途，并表现出不同的地理因素选址考量。集群1展示了与高原地形的适应性对齐，以朝向、坡度和海拔为主要因素；集群2优先考虑外行信徒的可达性，优先考虑靠近水源、交通网络和定居点；集群3强调寺院净化的精神隔离，主要受早晨阳光的优先影响。与以往的研究不同，本研究发现宗教文化对藏传佛教寺院选址的影响不具有统计学意义。研究结果为藏传佛教寺院选址研究提供了新的参考。

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引用次数: 0

A new form-evolving approach for adaptive tree-like structures using feature region principal stress lines method 基于特征区主应力线的自适应树状结构形式演化新方法

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.03.008

Ziying Shi, Hang Dai, Yuchi Shen

This paper introduces a concept that adapts natural tree growth mechanisms through an adaptive, hierarchical subdivision of the in-plane design domain, utilizing principal stress lines (PSLs) extracted from feature regions (FRPSLs). The approach integrates architectural interactive design with structural logic, enabling the creation of free-form tree-like structures. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Unlike traditional form-finding methods that rely solely on external vertical loading or single load conditions, this method considers vertical plus bi-directional horizontal forces by applying them to generate PSLs patterns. A naturally curved tree-like structure is obtained through the superimposition of these patterns and iterative form evolution, with the final shape representing the outward expression of internal forces. Numerical examples and design cases demonstrate that the proposed method effectively balances aesthetic needs with structural performance, offering a new approach for generating free-form tree-like structures. The results highlight its potential to provide more architectural alternatives with asymmetric, curvilinear forms without compromising structural integrity.

本文介绍了一种概念，该概念通过利用从特征区域（frpsl）提取的主应力线（psl）对平面内设计域进行自适应分层细分，以适应自然树生长机制。该方法将建筑交互设计与结构逻辑集成在一起，从而能够创建自由形式的树状结构。通过这些图案的叠加和形式的迭代演化，得到了一个自然弯曲的树状结构，最终的形状代表了内力的向外表达。与传统的仅依赖外部垂直载荷或单一载荷条件的寻形方法不同，该方法通过应用垂直和双向水平力来生成psl模式。通过这些图案的叠加和形式的迭代演化，得到了一个自然弯曲的树状结构，最终的形状代表了内力的向外表达。数值算例和设计实例表明，该方法有效地平衡了美学需求和结构性能，为生成自由形状的树状结构提供了一种新的方法。结果突出了它的潜力，在不影响结构完整性的情况下，以不对称的曲线形式提供更多的建筑选择。

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引用次数: 0

Public transport vs. private vehicles: Spatial heterogeneity of accessibility to urban centers 公共交通与私家车：城市中心可达性的空间异质性

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.05.001

Yanyi Zhu, Youpei Hu

Urban transportation systems critically influence energy consumption and carbon emissions. To evaluate urban accessibility, it is essential to systematically compare the spatiotemporal efficiency of public transport and private vehicles. However, traditional methods are limited by data acquisition and computation costs. This study proposes a novel, cost-effective framework using open-source map data and Python-based routing tools to compare the spatiotemporal efficiency of public transport and private vehicles. Utilizing real-time traffic data, we establish automated processing workflows to analyze spatial heterogeneity in accessibility across central urban areas of Nanjing, with comparisons to Shanghai and Hangzhou. Key findings include: (1) Taking Nanjing as a case study, the research evaluates public transport accessibility in eastern China's riverfront economic zone using key indicators like travel time ratios, advantage areas, and walking transfer time. Spatial differentiation maps were used to clearly delineate underdeveloped public transport areas in Nanjing; (2) Despite differences in urban form and structure, all three cities exhibit similar characteristics: comparable travel time ratios, concentration of public transport advantages within 10 km of the city center, and a notably high share of walking transfer time; (3) The framework provides a scalable tool for analyzing spatial accessibility heterogeneity, supporting evidence-based public transport policy development.

城市交通系统严重影响能源消耗和碳排放。为了评价城市可达性，有必要系统地比较公共交通和私家车的时空效率。然而，传统的方法受到数据采集和计算成本的限制。本研究提出了一个新颖的、具有成本效益的框架，使用开源地图数据和基于python的路由工具来比较公共交通和私家车的时空效率。利用实时交通数据，建立自动化处理流程，分析南京中心城区可达性的空间异质性，并与上海和杭州进行比较。主要研究成果包括：①以南京市为例，采用出行时间比、优势区域、步行换乘时间等关键指标对东部滨江经济带公共交通可达性进行评价。利用空间分异图对南京市公共交通欠发达区域进行了清晰的圈定；(2)尽管城市形态和结构存在差异，但3个城市的出行时间比相似，公共交通优势集中在市中心10 km以内，步行换乘时间占比明显较高；(3)该框架为空间可达性异质性分析提供了可扩展的工具，支持循证公共交通政策的制定。

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引用次数: 0

Spatial planning interventions for winter sunbathing: Optimizing neighborhood open spaces for the elderly in Jiande, China 冬季日光浴的空间规划干预：中国建德老年人社区开放空间的优化

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.04.008

Zhen Xu , Ziqun Lin , Lifei Wang , Ziqi Shang , Chayn Sun

As global aging accelerates, addressing older adults’ winter sunbathing—a culturally and significant practice enhancing well-being—remains underexplored in spatial planning. This study identifies and optimizes neighborhood open spaces (NOS) for winter sunbathing to improve elderly quality of life and social inclusion. We developed a framework integrating sunlight exposure (≥3 h), wind conditions (≤ 2 m/s), and walkability assessments. Analyzing 5.64 km² of Jiande, China, we identified 495 climatically suitable NOS. Findings reveal stark spatial disparities: older neighborhoods offer better access, while newer gated developments face shortages, exacerbated by topography-driven east-west climatic divides. Over 75 % of elderly residents rely on small, fragmented spaces, with informal areas filling planning gaps. High-rise developments increase wind exposure, limiting outdoor activity and further restricting suitable NOS. The study underscores the potential of informal spaces, such as vacant lots and underutilized areas, in addressing planning deficiencies. It highlights the critical role of spatial planning interventions in promoting aging in place, equitable access, and climate-responsive urban design. The proposed framework offers a transferable approach for integrating climate-sensitive, age-friendly design into global urban planning, fostering healthier and more inclusive cities for aging populations.

随着全球老龄化的加速，老年人的冬季日光浴——一种文化上和重要的增强幸福感的做法——在空间规划中仍未得到充分探索。本研究确定并优化冬季日光浴的社区开放空间，以提高老年人的生活质量和社会包容性。我们开发了一个综合日照（≥3小时）、风力条件（≤2米/秒）和步行性评估的框架。通过对中国建德5.64 km2的分析，我们确定了495个气候适宜的NOS。研究结果显示了明显的空间差异：老社区提供了更好的通道，而新的封闭式开发项目面临短缺，地形驱动的东西气候差异加剧了这一问题。超过75%的老年居民依赖于小而分散的空间，非正式的区域填补了规划空白。高层发展增加了风的暴露，限制了户外活动，并进一步限制了合适的NOS。该研究强调了非正式空间（如空地和未充分利用的地区）在解决规划缺陷方面的潜力。它强调了空间规划干预在促进老龄化、公平获取和气候响应型城市设计方面的关键作用。拟议的框架提供了一种可转移的方法，将气候敏感型、老年人友好型设计纳入全球城市规划，为老年人打造更健康、更具包容性的城市。

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引用次数: 0

Revealing urban lingering pattern at lake front: A spatial information mapping approach through public participatory GIS 揭示滨湖城市滞留格局：基于公众参与式GIS的空间信息制图方法

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.03.012

Surabhi Mehrotra, Arshi Parashar, Yogesh K. Garg, Samiksha Muddamwar, Shefna Shihabudeen

“Urban lingering” implies an extended stay of users in urban public spaces, which has physical, emotional, and social benefits. In recent times, lingering in public spaces has been increasingly taken over by sedentary lifestyles and the growing influence of social media. Hence, this paper attempts to identify the key factors contributing to urban lingering in public spaces to enhance users' experiences during their stay. For this, contributing factors to urban lingering were identified from literature and measured in five selected recreational public spaces in Bhopal City, the capital of Madhya Pradesh in India. Relationships between Lingering Factor (LF) and contributing factors were then established for male and female users. Public Participatory Geographic Information System (PPGIS) and questionnaire surveys were employed for spatial mapping and perception modeling. The findings of primary surveys indicate that the feeling of safety, parking availability, pleasing design, and memorability of the public space together strongly influence LF across all user groups (R² = 0.47, p value < 0.05). Data revealed that for male users, adequately sized spaces and lighting contribute to their lingering behavior (R² = 0.56, p value < 0.05), whereas for female users, accessibility and activities in public spaces are significant contributors to their lingering (R² = 0.48, p value < 0.05). The differences in the contributing factors to urban LF between male and female users confirm that users’ needs in public spaces thus present variation in preferences across space and the presented approach could be considered in planning infrastructure policies to enhance overall wellbeing.

“城市逗留”意味着使用者在城市公共空间中停留的时间延长，这具有身体、情感和社会效益。近年来，久坐不动的生活方式和社交媒体日益增长的影响力越来越多地取代了在公共场所逗留的习惯。因此，本文试图找出导致城市逗留在公共空间的关键因素，以提高用户在逗留期间的体验。为此，从文献中确定了城市逗留的影响因素，并在印度中央邦首府博帕尔市的五个选定的娱乐公共空间中进行了测量。在男性和女性用户中建立逗留因子与影响因素之间的关系。利用公众参与式地理信息系统（PPGIS）和问卷调查进行空间制图和感知建模。初步调查结果表明，安全感觉、停车可用性、令人愉悦的设计和公共空间的可记忆性共同强烈影响所有用户群体的LF （R2 = 0.47， p值<； 0.05）。数据显示，对于男性用户来说，适当大小的空间和照明有助于他们的逗留行为（R2 = 0.56， p值<； 0.05），而对于女性用户来说，公共空间的可达性和活动是他们逗留行为的重要因素（R2 = 0.48， p值<； 0.05）。男性和女性用户对城市LF的影响因素的差异证实了用户在公共空间的需求，因此在空间偏好上存在差异，本文提出的方法可以在规划基础设施政策时加以考虑，以提高整体幸福感。

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引用次数: 0

Interaction of nursing efficiency and spatial design in different departments: An agent-based modeling approach 不同科室护理效率与空间设计的互动：基于主体的建模方法

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.04.001

Xiaodong Xuan, Qi Wu, Leiming Yang, Wen Cao, Zixu Zhang, Yihe Zheng

The spatial design of nursing units can significantly enhance nurses' work efficiency. However, existing studies primarily focus on optimizing space for individual department, often overlooking the diverse spatial needs of different departments due to variations in work content. In this study, questionnaires were collected from 456 nurses across five departments of nursing units in 14 general hospitals, and semi-structured interviews and behavioral observations were conducted in the same five departments of nursing units in one hospital to assess spatial design and work efficiency, thus evaluating the impact of specialized design on departmental performance. Additionally, agent-based modeling (ABM) was utilized to simulate nursing efficiency in each department, comparing spatial arrangements before and after optimization by simulating nurses' behaviors. Results indicated obvious differences in spatial needs among departments, suggesting that standardized nursing unit designs fail to meet specific departmental needs, resulting in low satisfaction of nurses. Adjusting the spatial environments of nursing units based on departmental differences can improve efficiency. This study proposes optimization strategies for the spatial environments of nursing units in different departments, aiming to enhance nursing efficiency, job satisfaction, and reduce occupational stress.

护理单元的空间设计可以显著提高护士的工作效率。然而，现有的研究主要侧重于单个部门的空间优化，往往忽略了由于工作内容的变化，不同部门的空间需求存在差异。本研究通过对14家综合医院护理单位5个科室的456名护士进行问卷调查，并对某医院护理单位5个科室进行半结构化访谈和行为观察，评估空间设计和工作效率，从而评估专业化设计对科室绩效的影响。利用agent-based modeling （ABM）模拟各科室的护理效率，通过模拟护士行为，比较优化前后的空间安排。结果显示科室间空间需求存在明显差异，说明规范化护理单元设计不能满足科室需求，导致护士满意度较低。根据科室差异调整护理单元的空间环境，可以提高效率。本研究针对不同科室护理单元的空间环境提出优化策略，旨在提高护理效率、工作满意度、降低职业压力。

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引用次数: 0

Temporal and spatial analysis of activity patterns: A case study of neighborhood park in the Orio–Hibikino area, Kitakyushu, Japan 活动模式的时空分析——以日本北九州Orio-Hibikino地区社区公园为例

IF 3.6 1区艺术学 0 ARCHITECTURE

Frontiers of Architectural Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.foar.2025.04.005

Dini Hardilla , Christina A. Garcia , Bart J. Dewanker

This research explores how the park's design features and temporal conditions, such as weather and season, affect user activity in parks near neighborhood communities. The hypothesis is that user behavior patterns are influenced by complex interactions between spatial and non-spatial characteristics, including the park's physical layout, park features, demographic composition, weather conditions, and temporal variations. This study has two main goals: to analyze the spatial distribution of activities and temporal variations of activities occurring in walking paths, open areas, playground amenities, and benches across four parks located in the neighborhood communities of Kitakyushu using real-world datasets collected over summer and autumn in 2024. Activity patterns have been evaluated by user spatial patterns with similar activity and location and relabel activity zone and park feature performances. Results reveal that certain locations emerge as activity nodes or “hotspots” for particular activities, depending on the season and time of day, emphasizing the dynamic interaction between park design and user engagement. This study provides insights supporting the adaptability and responsive approach to park design and planning, considering both spatial temporal dynamics in understanding and optimizing park usage patterns.

本研究探讨了公园的设计特点和时间条件，如天气和季节，如何影响社区附近公园的用户活动。该假设认为，用户行为模式受到空间和非空间特征之间复杂的相互作用的影响，包括公园的物理布局、公园特征、人口构成、天气条件和时间变化。本研究有两个主要目标：利用2024年夏季和秋季收集的真实世界数据集，分析北九州附近社区四个公园的步行路径、开放区域、游乐场设施和长凳上活动的空间分布和时间变化。活动模式通过具有相似活动和位置的用户空间模式进行评估，并重新标记活动区和公园特征表现。结果显示，根据季节和时间，某些地点成为特定活动的活动节点或“热点”，强调了公园设计与用户参与度之间的动态互动。本研究为公园设计和规划的适应性和响应性方法提供了支持，同时考虑了理解和优化公园使用模式的时空动态。

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引用次数: 0