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Autonomy and Connection: How Ward Panels Support Neighbourhood Policing 自治与联系:选区小组如何支持邻里警务
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae010
Carina O’Reilly
Neighbourhood or community policing is receiving renewed attention internationally as a means of responding to a perceived legitimacy crisis in police forces globally. However, with budgets still tight in the post-Covid environment, understanding which activities are most effective and efficient in supporting confidence and legitimacy is vital. This article looks at the workings of London’s community-driven ward panel system, chaired by volunteers but administered by the Metropolitan Police. It reports on a study that asked how ward panels contributed to neighbourhood policing; one of very few to explore ward panels as a community policing structure. A series of observations and interviews were carried out as part of a case study of a single London borough. The study found that ward panels contributed in a number of ways, facilitating partnership working, building connections with hard-to-reach communities, and enhancing police accessibility. Significantly, several panels had begun to develop autonomy in identifying and resolving local problems. This article discusses the potential for semi-autonomous community bodies such as ward panels to contribute to the work of community or neighbourhood policing, thereby relieving demand on forces, and weighs up the risks entailed.
邻里或社区警务作为应对全球警力合法性危机的一种手段,在国际上再次受到关注。然而,在科维德事件后的环境中,预算仍然紧张,因此了解哪些活动在支持信心和合法性方面最有效和最高效至关重要。本文探讨了伦敦由社区驱动的选区小组系统的运作情况,该系统由志愿者主持,但由伦敦警察局管理。文章报告了一项关于选区小组如何促进邻里警务的研究;这是为数不多的将选区小组作为社区警务结构进行探讨的研究之一。该研究对伦敦的一个行政区进行了个案研究,并进行了一系列观察和访谈。研究发现,选区小组在多个方面做出了贡献,促进了合作关系,与难以接触到的社区建立了联系,并提高了警察的可及性。值得注意的是,一些选区小组已开始在确定和解决当地问题方面发展自主权。本文讨论了选区小组等半自治社区机构在促进社区或邻里警务工作方面的潜力,从而缓解对部队的需求,并权衡了由此带来的风险。
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引用次数: 0
A content analysis of memoranda of understanding between Texas Public School Districts and law enforcement agencies 德克萨斯州公立学校与执法机构之间谅解备忘录的内容分析
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae019
Lacette R Valerio, Margaret Ashley Vaughn, Elizabeth Ekren, Valerie R Barnes
Little is known collectively about the contents of school-based law enforcement (SBLE) memoranda of understanding (MOUs), despite emerging evidence they may improve program operation. Using Texas as an exploratory case study, where contracted programs are the most common form of SBLE in K-12 schools, this study conducts a content analysis of all known state SBLE MOUs (289), examining them using 40 provision-derived codes grouped in five topical categories (contract logistics, responsible parties, officer logistics, officer duties, and officer roles). Findings show that most MOUs cover a wide breadth of provisions, but could expand enumerating officer duties and programmatic qualities that literature associates with improved SBLE outcomes, as well as spreading awareness of provisions among stakeholders. The goals of the study are to understand how MOUs define SBLE programs in Texas, provide a foundation for further research examining SBLE program structures and outcomes, and make general recommendations for enhancing SBLE MOUs.
尽管有新的证据表明校本执法(SBLE)谅解备忘录(MOUs)可以改善项目的运作,但人们对其内容知之甚少。德克萨斯州的签约项目是 K-12 学校中最常见的校内执法形式,本研究以德克萨斯州为探索性案例研究对象,对所有已知的州立校内执法谅解备忘录(289 份)进行了内容分析,使用 40 个条款衍生代码对其进行了研究,这些代码分为五个主题类别(合同后勤、责任方、官员后勤、官员职责和官员角色)。研究结果表明,大多数谅解备忘录都涵盖了广泛的条款,但还可以进一步列举与改善 SBLE 成果相关的官员职责和项目质量,并在利益相关者中传播对条款的认识。本研究的目标是了解德克萨斯州的谅解备忘录是如何定义 SBLE 计划的,为进一步研究 SBLE 计划的结构和成果奠定基础,并为加强 SBLE 谅解备忘录提出一般性建议。
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引用次数: 0
Time to exercise caution? Project CARA and out-of-court responses to domestic abuse 该谨慎行事了吗?CARA 项目和对家庭虐待的庭外应对措施
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paad094
A. Myhill, Andy Bartlett
Domestic abuse (DA) is a high-volume area of police work and the utility of criminal justice intervention has been questioned, especially in relation to cases perceived as low risk. This paper initiates debate on conditional cautions being used by some police forces as an alternative to a criminal charge. We highlight limitations of existing evaluations of the Cautioning Adult Relationship Abuse (CARA) intervention and potential unintended consequences of wider roll-out that remain untested. We suggest continuing to grow the evidence-base for behaviour change while addressing issues around implementation, with a greater emphasis on controlling and coercive behaviour.
家庭虐待(DA)是警方工作中的一个高发领域,刑事司法干预的效用一直受到质疑,尤其是在被视为低风险的案件中。本文发起了关于一些警队使用有条件警告作为刑事指控替代措施的讨论。我们强调了对 "警诫成人关系中的虐待"(CARA)干预措施的现有评估的局限性,以及在更大范围内推广该措施可能产生的未经测试的意外后果。我们建议继续扩大行为改变的证据基础,同时解决与实施有关的问题,更加重视控制和胁迫行为。
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引用次数: 0
Deterrence effects despite lack of prosecution: Punishment outcomes of white-collar crime investigations in Norway 尽管没有起诉,但仍有威慑效果:挪威白领犯罪调查的惩罚结果
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae015
Petter Gottschalk
The national authority Økokrim was established several decades ago to become a policing centre of excellence in the investigation and prosecution of economic and environmental crime in Norway that is especially concerned with white-collar and corporate crime. This article focusses on deterrence effects from Økokrim investigations that never lead to prosecution or conviction. The research raises the issue of the use of law enforcement publicity regarding investigations of potential offenders, often long before possible convictions. The issue is explored by the press releases from the Norwegian body. The apparent shift in strategy and practice at Økokrim might be explained by the devastating evaluation of the national authority some years ago. The evaluation was initiated after the Transocean court scandal where all defendants were acquitted of all charges. Deterrence strategy by investigations implies that Økokrim passes negative consequences on suspects who never have a chance to defend themselves in court. In jurisdictions with criminal justice, a suspect should always have the benefit of the doubt. Conviction should only occur when guilt is proven beyond any reasonable and sensible doubt. Until eventually proven guilty, a suspect is supposed to be considered innocent. This is a basic principle of justice.
国家机关Økokrim成立于几十年前,是挪威调查和起诉经济和环境犯罪的卓越警务中心,尤其关注白领和公司犯罪。本文重点关注Økokrim调查的威慑效果,这些调查从未导致起诉或定罪。这项研究提出了一个问题,即执法部门在调查潜在罪犯时,往往在可能定罪之前很长时间就进行宣传。挪威机构发布的新闻稿对这一问题进行了探讨。Økokrim 的战略和做法发生了明显转变,原因可能是几年前对该国家机构进行了破坏性评估。该评估是在跨洋法庭丑闻之后启动的,当时所有被告都被无罪释放。调查威慑战略意味着,Økokrim 将负面后果转嫁给了那些从未有机会在法庭上为自己辩护的嫌疑人。在刑事司法管辖区,嫌疑人应始终享有疑点利益。只有在排除任何合理、合情的怀疑,证明有罪的情况下,才能定罪。在最终证明有罪之前,嫌疑人应被视为无罪。这是司法的基本原则。
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引用次数: 0
Blame culture: The line between blame and accountability in policing 指责文化:警务工作中指责与问责之间的界限
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae034
Kathryn Farrow
Policing is a job characterised by high levels of blame risk, with the notion of blame becoming particularly prominent feature in law enforcement in recent years, with organisations often being quick to identify other external bodies as being cognisant in perpetuating this problem. This paper investigates the extent to which fear of blame exists within policing organisations, as well as the techniques utilised by staff to neutralise this particular hazard. I will utilise Hood’s concept of ‘the blame game’ to investigate such techniques and will also outline how engaging in such games leads the organisation and its staff to pit themselves against one another by engaging in framing contests designed to shift the blame away from themselves onto other individuals within the organisation. This paper thus examines the extent to which policing organisations themselves perpetuate blaming practises and preserve the never-ending cycle of blame by engaging in such processes.
警务工作的特点是指责风险较高,近年来,指责的概念在执法过程中变得尤为突出,各组织往往很快就会发现其他外部机构是造成这一问题的元凶。本文研究了警务组织内部对指责的恐惧程度,以及工作人员为消除这种特殊危险而使用的技巧。我将利用胡德(Hood)的 "指责游戏 "概念来研究此类技巧,并将概述参与此类游戏如何导致组织及其员工通过参与旨在将责任从自身转移到组织内其他个人身上的框架竞赛来相互指责。因此,本文探讨了警务组织本身在多大程度上通过参与此类过程延续了指责做法并保持了永无止境的指责循环。
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引用次数: 0
Job crafting: Does it have a role to play in improving well-being in policing? 工作制作:它在改善警务工作福利方面是否发挥作用?
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae026
Noreen Tehrani, Ian Hesketh
Working in policing can be psychologically challenging in an environment which requires officers and staff to be self-disciplined in adhering to procedural and legal frameworks. These role demands can lead to increased mental health problems. The ability to craft one’s job to personal and career needs and aspirations can reduce stress and burnout. This study aims to identify the level of job crafting and any benefit of job crafting in UK policing. Four thousand six hundred seventy-three police officers and staff completed an online survey as part of a regular psychological surveillance programme. The survey measured anxiety, depression, burnout, and traumatic stress together with a job crafting questionnaire. The results did not find any difference in mental health between officers and staff who used job crafting from those who did not. An analysis of comments provided insight into the role job crafting plays in policing. The evidence on the benefits of job crafting in terms of mental health is mixed. The study highlighted the need for job crafting to be seen in a broader context where an individual’s opportunity for flexibility and autonomy is balanced with their legal and professional obligations and organizational requirements.
警务工作要求警员和工作人员自律,遵守程序和法律框架,在这样的环境中工作,在心理上具有挑战性。这些角色要求可能导致心理健康问题增加。能够根据个人和事业的需要和愿望精心设计自己的工作,可以减轻压力和职业倦怠。本研究旨在确定英国警务人员的工作设计水平以及工作设计的益处。作为定期心理监测计划的一部分,4,673 名警官和工作人员完成了一项在线调查。该调查测量了焦虑、抑郁、职业倦怠和创伤压力,同时还进行了工作设计问卷调查。结果发现,使用工作设计的警官和工作人员与未使用工作设计的警官和工作人员在心理健康方面没有任何差异。对评论意见的分析有助于深入了解工作设计在警务工作中发挥的作用。关于工作精心设计对心理健康的益处,证据不一。研究强调,需要在更广泛的背景下看待工作设计,在此背景下,个人的灵活性和自主性机会与他们的法律和专业义务以及组织要求保持平衡。
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引用次数: 0
How the duty to report prevents reporting and reinforces silence around sexual harassment within the police 报告义务如何阻止报告并强化警察内部对性骚扰的沉默
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae032
Silje Lundgren, Malin Wieslander
Sworn police officers have a duty to report any legal offence that comes to their attention, and refraining from reporting constitutes misconduct. This article discusses the implications of the duty to report for handling sexual harassment within the Swedish police force. The discussion is based on interviews with police officers and on testimonies from the 2017 #metoo call from Swedish police. We show that the duty to report contributes to silence about experiences of sexual harassment, since reporting might initiate a legal process and break ‘the blue code of silence’. The duty to report implies an approach to sexual harassment along a criminal logic, focusing on legal classification, documentation of proof, and witness tampering. This criminal logic individualizes sexual harassment, raises the bar for what is interpreted as harassment, and closes off alternative approaches to prevent organizational factors that enable harassment.
宣誓就职的警察有义务报告他们注意到的任何违法行为,不报告则构成不当行为。本文讨论了报告义务对瑞典警察部队处理性骚扰的影响。讨论基于对警官的访谈以及 2017 年瑞典警方发出的 #metoo 呼吁的证词。我们表明,报告义务会导致人们对性骚扰经历保持沉默,因为报告可能会启动法律程序并打破 "蓝色沉默法则"。报告义务意味着按照刑事逻辑来处理性骚扰问题,重点是法律分类、证据记录和证人篡改。这种刑事逻辑将性骚扰个别化,提高了被解释为骚扰的标准,并关闭了防止组织因素导致骚扰的替代方法。
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引用次数: 0
Training German police officers to tackle racial discrimination: Professional virtues between compliance with legal norms and dialogue with affected groups 培训德国警官应对种族歧视:遵守法律规范与与受影响群体对话之间的职业道德
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae048
Emanuel John
Educational formats that seek to raise police officers’ awareness about racial discrimination often focus on formal violations of the principle of non-discrimination or canons of values. First, based on a critical discussion of positions on discrimination in policing and proposals for police training in Germany this paper argues based on human rights for a broader understanding of the challenge to tackle racial discrimination in policing. In reference to neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics, competencies for proactive encounters with affected groups will thereby be explored. Second, it outlines a framework for educational formats on this issue that address police officers as whole persons, who should, in the context of their professional practice, develop the virtue to understand the perspectives of and to build relationships of care with marginalized individuals. An example of a tested format that integrates perspectives from civil society will be presented.
旨在提高警官对种族歧视认识的教育形式往往侧重于对不歧视原则或价值观准则的正式违反。首先,本文基于对德国关于警务歧视的立场和警察培训建议的批判性讨论,从人权角度论证了如何更广泛地理解应对警务中的种族歧视这一挑战。本文将参照新亚里士多德的美德伦理,探讨与受影响群体积极接触的能力。其次,本报告概述了有关这一问题的教育形式框架,将警官作为一个完整的人,在其职业实践中培养理解边缘化个人的观点并与之建立关爱关系的美德。将举例说明纳入民间社会观点的测试形式。
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引用次数: 0
Public expectations of police education in England and Wales 英格兰和威尔士公众对警察教育的期望
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paad101
Tom Andrews
The current Police Entry Qualifications Framework in England and Wales has undergone much debate since its inception in 2018. Recently the Home Secretary backtracked on over a decade’s worth of party policy and undid the requirement for all new police officers to hold or obtain a degree in Professional Policing. This has been immediately followed by several chief constables and elected police and crime commissioners (PCC’s) dropping the requirement for a degree completely. Some have been quoted as saying “the public don’t want police officers sat in classrooms” or words to that effect. Yet no studies exist that do examine what the English and Welsh public do expect educationally of their police force. This study fills that gap by surveying n = 520 members of the public to ascertain their views. It finds that whilst a two-thirds majority of the public ostensibly say they don’t believe police officers need a degree, more than nine out of ten expect them to have some kind of police-specific higher education qualification. They would also feel overwhelmingly more confident if an officer investigating a crime they were a victim of, held a relevant policing-related degree qualification. This dichotomy is then analysed against the wider background of HE and vocational qualifications. It concludes that the problem is not with a requirement for higher education in policing, but the ‘d word’ itself and the marketing of the degree as a ‘requirement’ versus a degree as an ‘achievement’.
英格兰和威尔士现行的警察入职资格框架自 2018 年开始实施以来,经历了许多争论。最近,内政大臣背弃了十多年来的党政政策,取消了所有新警察必须持有或获得专业警务学位的要求。紧接着,一些警察局长和当选的警务与犯罪事务专员(PCC)也完全放弃了学位要求。一些人被引述说 "公众不希望警察坐在教室里 "或大意如此的话。然而,目前还没有任何研究对英格兰和威尔士公众对警察队伍的教育期望进行调查。本研究通过调查 n = 520 名公众来了解他们的观点,从而填补了这一空白。调查发现,虽然三分之二的公众表面上表示他们不认为警察需要学位,但十分之九以上的人希望他们拥有某种警察专用的高等教育资格。如果负责调查他们所受害的犯罪案件的警官拥有与警察相关的学位,他们也会感到更有信心。然后,在高等教育和职业资格的大背景下对这种对立进行了分析。研究得出结论,问题并不在于要求警务人员接受高等教育,而在于 "d 字 "本身,以及将学位作为一种 "要求 "与将学位作为一种 "成就 "的营销方式。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to: Police Retention: A Systematic Review of the Research 更正为:警察留任:研究系统回顾
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae046
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice
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