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Leveraging video evidence in domestic violence misdemeanour cases: Examination of case dispositions and case length 在家庭暴力轻罪案件中利用视频证据:对案件处理和案件长度的研究
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae011
Bethany L. Backes, Mackenzie Masters, Krystle Roman, Anna Wasim, Leila Wood
Law enforcement has used video recording devices (e.g. dash camera, body-worn camera) for more than 40 years, with body-worn cameras emerging in 2005 as a policing tool. However, little is known regarding how video evidence is leveraged in case decision-making and outcomes for domestic violence. Law enforcement may use cameras to enhance evidence collection in domestic violence cases, take statements from victims, witnesses, and offenders, record injuries and damages, and document the administration of risk/injury assessments. Preliminary research has indicated video evidence may have strong evidentiary value in domestic violence cases, however, has rarely controlled for other contributing factors. This study furthers our knowledge by examining how video evidence taken by law enforcement impacts case outcomes and length of time to disposition in a sample of closed, misdemeanour domestic violence cases within a large county in a southwestern state. A random sample of cases (n = 612) with and without video evidence were examined for differences in case disposition and case length. Additional evidentiary factors and case characteristics are considered such as prior criminal charges, victim–offender relationship, presence of non-video evidence, presence of witnesses, and gender of offender. Analyses indicate significant differences, such that cases with video evidence are associated with increased guilty pleas, increased convictions, and less time to closure/final case disposition. Findings have implications for the use of video evidence in strengthening the criminal justice response to domestic violence incidents in combination with other case factors.
执法部门使用视频记录设备(如仪表盘摄像机、随身摄像机)已有 40 多年的历史,而随身摄像机作为一种警务工具出现于 2005 年。然而,人们对家庭暴力案件决策和结果中如何利用视频证据知之甚少。执法部门可以使用摄像机加强家庭暴力案件的证据收集,向受害者、证人和犯罪者录取口供,记录伤害和损害情况,并记录风险/伤害评估的实施情况。初步研究表明,视频证据在家庭暴力案件中可能具有很强的证据价值,但很少对其他诱因进行控制。本研究通过对西南部一个州的一个大县中已结案的轻罪家庭暴力案件进行抽样调查,研究了执法部门提取的视频证据对案件结果和处理时间的影响,从而进一步加深了我们的认识。我们随机抽取了有视频证据和无视频证据的案件(n = 612),对案件处理结果和处理时间的差异进行了研究。此外,还考虑了其他证据因素和案件特征,如先前的刑事指控、受害者与犯罪者的关系、非视频证据的存在、证人的存在以及犯罪者的性别。分析表明,有视频证据的案件与更多的认罪、更多的定罪以及更短的结案/最终案件处理时间相关,因此存在重大差异。研究结果对结合其他案件因素使用视频证据加强对家庭暴力事件的刑事司法应对具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Differentiating risk: The association between relationship type and risk of repeat victimization of domestic abuse 区分风险:关系类型与家庭虐待重复受害风险之间的关联
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae024
Ruth Weir
Much of the literature on domestic abuse focuses on those in intimate partner relationships or ex-partners, however, in the UK the Home Office definition also includes those in familial relationships. The Domestic Abuse, Stalking, and Harassment and Honour-Based Violence Risk Assessment assumes homogeneous risk factors across all relationships. This paper therefore examines the risk factors for repeat victimization of domestic abuse by relationship type between the victim and perpetrator in a UK police force. Using police-recorded domestic abuse incident and crime data, a logistic regression model found that the most similar repeat victimization risk profiles for 14,519 victims were amongst partners and ex-partners, with both relationships demonstrating the greatest degree of gender asymmetry, compared with other familial relationships. Physical violence was the strongest predictor of repeat victimization and was a statistically significant predictor for ex-partners, partners, and all familial relationships. Coercive behaviour was also a significant predictor for all relationships apart from partners, but not at the same magnitude as physical abuse. Recognizing the difference in risk by relationship type may assist the police in deciding the most appropriate response and interventions to reduce the risk of further harm.
许多关于家庭虐待的文献都侧重于亲密伴侣关系或前伴侣关系中的虐待,但在英国,内政部的定义也包括家庭关系中的虐待。家庭虐待、跟踪骚扰和基于名誉的暴力风险评估》假定所有关系中的风险因素都是相同的。因此,本文根据英国警察部队中受害者和施暴者之间的关系类型,研究了重复遭受家庭虐待的风险因素。利用警方记录的家庭虐待事件和犯罪数据,通过逻辑回归模型发现,在 14,519 名受害者中,伴侣和前伴侣之间的重复受害风险特征最为相似,与其他家庭关系相比,这两种关系的性别不对称程度最高。肢体暴力是预测重复受害的最有力因素,对前伴侣、伴侣和所有家庭关系都有显著的统计学预测作用。胁迫行为也是除伴侣外所有关系中的一个重要预测因素,但与身体虐待的程度不同。认识到不同关系类型的风险差异可能有助于警方决定最适当的应对和干预措施,以减少进一步伤害的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Proactive policing and traffic disturbances: A quasi-experiment in three Israeli cities 前瞻性警务与交通骚乱:以色列三个城市的准实验
Pub Date : 2024-04-05 DOI: 10.1093/police/paad088
B. Hasisi, David Weisburd, Yael Litmanovitz, Tomer Carmel, Shani Tshuva, Taina Trahtenberg
This paper describes a quasi-experimental evaluation of a reform in Israel (‘EMUN’), which attempted to institutionalize problem-oriented policing on a national scale. The current study examines the effect of this reform on tackling traffic disturbance and road bullying offences. We compared three police stations that chose to deal with traffic offences using the tools and techniques provided through the reform (treatment stations) with five police stations that were matched - using a specially designed algorithm - on several criteria, including similar trends of traffic offences (comparison stations). Each treatment station was compared to two comparison stations using a difference-in-differences approach. In five out of six comparisons there were large and significant reductions in documented traffic disturbances in the targeted areas of the treatment stations compared to the control stations. We also found evidence of significant diffusions in crime control benefits in two of the treatment stations. However, there was evidence of significant geographical displacement to the buffer zone in the largest treatment stations. We attribute this to differences in the nature of the areas targeted and discuss the relative harms and benefits. The findings of the study show that institutionalizing a variety of evidence-based policing strategies has a promise not only for classic crimes (such as property and violence), but also for incivilities and quality-of-life offenses.
本文介绍了对以色列一项改革("EMUN")的准实验评估,该改革试图在全国范围内将以问题为导向的警务工作制度化。本研究探讨了这一改革对处理交通骚乱和道路欺凌犯罪的影响。我们将三个选择使用改革所提供的工具和技术来处理交通违法行为的警察局(处理警察局)与五个根据多项标准(包括类似的交通违法行为趋势)使用专门设计的算法进行匹配的警察局(对比警察局)进行了比较。采用差分法将每个治疗站与两个对比站进行比较。在六次比较中的五次比较中,与对照站相比,治疗站目标区域内记录在案的交通干扰事件大幅显著减少。我们还发现,有证据表明,在两个治疗站中,犯罪控制的效益明显扩散。然而,有证据表明,在最大的治疗站中,缓冲区的地理位置明显偏移。我们将此归因于目标区域性质的不同,并讨论了相对的危害和益处。研究结果表明,将各种循证警务策略制度化不仅对传统犯罪(如财产犯罪和暴力犯罪),而且对不文明行为和影响生活质量的犯罪行为都大有裨益。
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引用次数: 0
A Study of the Criminal Victimization of Policewomen by Other Police Officers 关于其他警官对女警察的刑事伤害的研究
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paad096
P. Stinson, John Liederbach, C. Wentzlof, Jordan M Parker
Our research focuses on the criminal victimization of policewomen by other police officers. The data derive from a larger nationwide study on police crime, or cases in which police officers have been arrested for the perpetration of one or more criminal offenses. The current study identifies cases involving policewomen who are victims of police-perpetrated sexual harassment, official misconduct, stalking, indecent exposure, simple and aggravated assault, and rape. The specific goals of the research are three-fold: (1) explore the nature and character of police crimes perpetrated against policewomen, (2) describe cases of police crime perpetrated against policewomen that specifically involve some form of sexual violence, and (3) compare cases of police crime perpetrated against male and female police victims. Findings demonstrate the differential criminal victimization of policewoman, particularly in terms of cases involving police sexual violence (PSV) and officer-involved domestic violence (OIDV).
我们的研究重点是其他警察对女警察的刑事伤害。这些数据来源于一项规模更大的全国性警察犯罪研究,即警察因实施一项或多项刑事犯罪而被捕的案件。本次研究确定了涉及女警察的案件,这些女警察是警察实施的性骚扰、公务不当行为、跟踪、猥亵暴露、简单和严重攻击以及强奸的受害者。研究的具体目标有三个方面:(1)探索针对女警察的警察犯罪的性质和特点;(2)描述针对女警察的警察犯罪案件中具体涉及某种形式性暴力的案件;(3)比较针对男性和女性警察受害者的警察犯罪案件。研究结果表明,女警察的刑事受害情况有所不同,特别是在涉及警察性暴力(PSV)和警官参与的家庭暴力(OIDV)的案件中。
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引用次数: 0
Policing a neurodiverse world: Lessons from the social model of disability 为神经多样化的世界维持治安:残疾社会模式的启示
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae012
David Thacher
Programs that aim to improve the police response to mental health crises and related incidents have implicitly relied on a medical/individual model of psychiatric disability, which emphasizes efforts to provide mental health treatments to individuals. This paper argues that this perspective has unnecessarily limited the range of options that police might draw from to manage these incidents. Advocates of an alternative, social model of psychiatric disability (as well as the “neurodiversity paradigm” it inspired) argue that we should view disability not as a property of individuals with certain impairments but as a property of the society that has failed to accommodate them. I argue that repeated calls to the police provide important information about the location and character of those failures, and that police have an important role to play in rectifying them. I illustrate how police have already played that role in several cities.
旨在改善警方应对心理健康危机和相关事件的计划,隐含地依赖于精神残疾的医疗/个体模式,该模式强调为个人提供心理健康治疗。本文认为,这种观点不必要地限制了警方处理这些事件的选择范围。另一种精神残疾的社会模式(以及受其启发的 "神经多样性范式")的倡导者认为,我们不应该把残疾看作是有某些缺陷的个人的属性,而应该看作是未能包容他们的社会的属性。我认为,重复报警提供了有关这些失误的位置和特征的重要信息,警方在纠正这些失误方面可以发挥重要作用。我将举例说明警方在几个城市中是如何发挥这一作用的。
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引用次数: 0
Rails and responsibilities: Perspectives of railroad police officers in China 铁轨与责任:中国铁路警察的视角
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae017
Haoran Xu
In policing practices, railway policing has an essential role to ensure the public security of extensive railway network. However, limited attention has been given to understanding the perspectives of police officers involved in this specialized field. This study aims to fill this gap by exploring the perspectives of railway police officers. Through in-depth interviews with 31 railway police officers from different regions, this research examines their experiences, challenges, and perceptions regarding their roles and responsibilities. The findings reveal that conflicts of interest within the railway police department pose potential risks to its internal cohesion. These officers used different strategies for response to violent attacks in ordinary and high-speed trains, highlighted instances of avoidance of duties due to internal conflicts, suggesting deficiencies in the evaluation mechanism employed. This study not only contributes to our understanding of railway policing in China but also provides insights for global railway policing and criminal investigation coordination.
在警务实践中,铁路警务在确保广泛铁路网的公共安全方面发挥着重要作用。然而,人们对这一专业领域警务人员视角的了解有限。本研究旨在通过探讨铁路警察的视角来填补这一空白。通过对来自不同地区的 31 名铁路警察进行深入访谈,本研究探讨了他们的经历、挑战以及对自身角色和职责的看法。研究结果表明,铁路警察部门内部的利益冲突对其内部凝聚力构成了潜在风险。这些警官在应对普通列车和高速列车上的暴力袭击时采用了不同的策略,强调了因内部冲突而逃避职责的情况,表明所采用的评估机制存在缺陷。这项研究不仅有助于我们了解中国的铁路治安情况,还为全球铁路治安和刑事调查协调提供了启示。
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引用次数: 0
‘As a Black woman, there’s no winning in law enforcement’: Black women’s experiences in policing 作为黑人女性,在执法部门没有胜算":黑人妇女在警务工作中的经历
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae008
Narissa Haakmat, J. R. Ruffin
Studies examining the experiences of Black officers often negate gendered nuances. In this qualitative study, we draw upon the lived experiences of Black women employed at a mid-sized police agency in Virginia. Between August 2021 and March 2022, in-depth interviews were conducted with Black women across ranks to learn about how their identity as Black women impacted their social environment at work. Thematic findings reflected the impact that the lack of representation had on Black women officers, the self-reported victories and downfalls associated with Black women achieving rank, and the presence of tokenism, primarily seen in these women’s interactions with other peers. Policy and practical implications are discussed.
对黑人警官经历的研究往往忽略了性别上的细微差别。在这项定性研究中,我们借鉴了受雇于弗吉尼亚州一家中等规模警察机构的黑人女性的生活经历。在 2021 年 8 月至 2022 年 3 月期间,我们对不同级别的黑人女性进行了深入访谈,以了解她们作为黑人女性的身份如何影响她们在工作中的社会环境。专题调查结果反映了缺乏代表性对黑人女警官的影响、与黑人女性获得职级相关的自我报告的胜利和失败,以及象征主义的存在,主要体现在这些女性与其他同行的互动中。对政策和实际影响进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
‘There’s a little girl somewhere watching us who wants to be a police officer’: Strategies to attract more women into policing 有一个小女孩在看着我们,她想成为一名警察":吸引更多女性加入警务工作的策略
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paad099
Amy L DeWitt, Janay M Gasparini
The purpose of the research was to examine challenges women face in policing that may serve as barriers to the recruitment of other women; identifying challenges is crucial for developing strategies that attract women to the profession. The study employed in-depth, qualitative interviews with 16 policewomen. Emergent themes suggest six initiatives that could aid in recruiting more women: (1) Create recruitment materials that highlight roles that are not gender specific; (2) Provide fitness guidance to alleviate fears of inadequacy; (3) Organize mentorships that engage women interested in the profession; (4) Ensure representation of women in leadership roles; (5) Ensure that leaders identify and address inequities immediately to foster belonging; and (6) Institute family-friendly accommodations that allow recruits to balance work and home life. The officers interviewed reported finding purpose in policing, but they recognized the need to attract women in a concerted effort. Nationwide police departments are challenged to recruit women. Creating images, opportunities, and environments that demonstrate appreciation for women in the profession may aid in recruitment.
研究的目的是审查妇女在警务工作中面临的挑战,这些挑战可能成为招募其他妇女的障碍;查明挑战对于制定吸引妇女加入警务工作的战略至关重要。研究采用了深入、定性访谈的方式,对 16 名女警察进行了访谈。新出现的主题提出了六项有助于招募更多女性的措施:(1)制作招募材料,突出强调不分性别的角色;(2)提供健身指导,减轻对能力不足的恐惧;(3)组织导师制,吸引对该职业感兴趣的女性参与;(4)确保女性在领导岗位上的代表性;(5)确保领导者立即识别并解决不平等问题,以促进归属感;以及(6)提供家庭友好型便利,使新招募人员能够兼顾工作和家庭生活。受访警官表示,他们在警务工作中找到了目标,但也认识到需要共同努力吸引女性。全国警察部门都面临着招募女性的挑战。为女性创造形象、机会和环境,展示对女性职业的欣赏,可能有助于招募工作。
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引用次数: 0
Volunteer officers’ experiences in law enforcement work in Malaysia and the USA 志愿官员在马来西亚和美国的执法工作经验
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae004
Phaik Kin Cheah, Iain Britton, Ross Wolf, T. Tey, Adam Dobrin, N. P. Unnithan
Volunteer corps serve as vital components of law enforcement agencies worldwide, significantly contributing to community safety and well-being. This study probes the experiences of police volunteers from Malaysia and the United States of America serving as sworn officers vested with a defined sphere of legal policing authority. A rich, descriptive qualitative approach underpinned our exploration, with semi-structured interviews conducted with 18 volunteer officers – nine from each country. Three salient themes were generated: rewarding, challenging, and empowering. This study unveils a blend of shared and unique experiences in law enforcement work among volunteer officers across the two countries, shedding light on the transformative personal impact of volunteer policing. Unearthing a seldom explored dimension of volunteer law enforcement, this study offers a novel, comparative insight into the experiences of volunteer police officers. It thereby provides valuable input on an international scale to enhance our understanding of this crucial aspect of community safety.
志愿者队伍是全世界执法机构的重要组成部分,为社区安全和福祉做出了重大贡献。本研究探究了马来西亚和美国的警察志愿者作为宣誓就职的警官,在界定的法定警务权力范围内工作的经历。我们采用了丰富的描述性定性方法,对 18 名志愿警官进行了半结构化访谈,每个国家各 9 名。研究提出了三个突出主题:奖励、挑战和赋权。这项研究揭示了两国志愿警官在执法工作中的共同和独特经历,阐明了志愿警务对个人的变革性影响。本研究揭示了志愿执法工作中一个鲜为人知的层面,为了解志愿警官的经历提供了一个新颖的、可比较的视角。因此,它在国际范围内提供了有价值的信息,增进了我们对社区安全这一重要方面的了解。
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引用次数: 0
Women police, legitimacy, and ethics of care 女警察、合法性和护理伦理
Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/police/paae006
Amie M. Schuck, Cara E. Rabe-Hemp
Calls for more women in policing are often associated with pleas to reform the police, operating under the assumption that women police differently than men and that increasing gender diversity in law enforcement agencies may be a catalyst for organizational change. These assertions are intertwined with attitudes related to how women exercise social control and beliefs about how policing would change if the virtues associated with a feminist ethics of care approach were elevated in the institution. Structural equation modelling was used with a sample of more than 16,000 community members from over 50 jurisdictions to explore research questions related to care ethics. The results show that attentiveness, responsiveness, compassion, and helping represent an underlying construct of care, which is strongly associated with community members’ satisfaction and their broader perceptions of the legitimacy of the police. The results also show that women officers demonstrate more care than men officers and that community members who are People of Color experience less care compared with White residents. Overall, the findings indicate that rethinking police responsibilities from a care perspective is a viable option for improving police–community relations and building legitimacy, particularly in marginalized communities.
要求更多女性参与警务工作的呼声往往与改革警察部门的请求联系在一起,其假设是,女性的警务方式与男性不同,增加执法机构中的性别多样性可能会促进组织变革。这些论断与妇女如何行使社会控制权的态度,以及如果女权主义关爱伦理方法的相关美德在机构中得到提升,警务工作将如何改变的信念交织在一起。通过对来自 50 多个辖区的 16,000 多名社区成员进行抽样调查,采用结构方程模型来探讨与关爱伦理相关的研究问题。结果表明,细心、反应灵敏、富有同情心和乐于助人是关爱的基本结构,与社区成员的满意度及其对警察合法性的广泛看法密切相关。研究结果还显示,女警官比男警官表现出更多的关怀,而有色人种社区成员与白人居民相比,受到的关怀较少。总之,研究结果表明,从关爱的角度重新思考警察的职责是改善警民关系和建立合法性的可行方案,尤其是在边缘化社区。
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引用次数: 0
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Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice
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