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Just before Freedom 就在自由之前
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302933
Cecilia Belej
This Curated Spaces features a visual essay of photographs made by Alicia Sanguinetti, an Argentinean political prisoner of Alejandro Lanusse’s military government, on the last day of her captivity in Villa Devoto prison in Buenos Aires. Sanguinetti and her fellow political prisoners of the 1966–73 dictatorship were released by the democratic president Héctor Cámpora on the day he took office. This event, which occurred on May 25, 1973, is known as the Devotazo. Sanguinetti took these photographs—a roll of thirty-six black-and-white images—with a camera that her brother smuggled into the prison. The text includes comments by Alicia Sanguinetti from her interview with the author.
这个策展空间展示了Alejandro Lanusse军政府的阿根廷政治犯Alicia Sanguinetti在被关押在布宜诺斯艾利斯的Villa Devoto监狱的最后一天拍摄的照片。桑吉内蒂和她在1966–73年独裁统治期间的政治犯同伴在民主总统赫克托·坎普拉上任当天被释放。这一事件发生在1973年5月25日,被称为Devotazo。桑吉内蒂用她哥哥偷偷带进监狱的相机拍下了这些照片——一卷三十六张黑白照片。文本包括艾丽西亚·桑吉内蒂在对作者的采访中的评论。
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引用次数: 0
Political Prison and the Rise of State Violence in Argentina during the 1960s and 1970s 政治监狱和20世纪60年代和70年代阿根廷国家暴力的兴起
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302849
D. D’Antonio
Historical analyses of human rights violations in Argentina during the late Cold War have often focused on the fate of desaparecidos, the disappeared who were kidnapped, tortured, and sometimes murdered in clandestine detention centers during the 1976–83 military dictatorship. Instead, this article rethinks the chronology and nature of state violence in Argentina, examining how the situation of political prisoners in regular prisons officially recognized by the state was already deteriorating in 1960s, even under civilian regimes. The military achieved increasing control over the penitentiary system, especially after 1966, driving this institution away from the goal of reforming criminals and reshaping it as a tool to incarcerate political dissidents, who were treated as subversives with diminishing legal rights. This encroachment over the penitentiary intensified throughout the years, showing that the military used state institutions to control social conflict before 1976 and that it did so also through legal means and outside concealed clandestine spaces.
对冷战后期阿根廷侵犯人权行为的历史分析往往集中在desaparecidos的命运上,这些失踪者在1976-83年军事独裁期间在秘密拘留中心被绑架、折磨,有时被谋杀。相反,这篇文章重新思考了阿根廷国家暴力的年代和性质,考察了在20世纪60年代,即使在文官政权统治下,国家正式承认的普通监狱中的政治犯的处境是如何恶化的。军方加强了对监狱系统的控制,尤其是在1966年之后,使该机构偏离了改造罪犯的目标,并将其重塑为监禁政治异见人士的工具,这些人被视为合法权利日益减少的颠覆分子。这些年来,这种对监狱的侵犯愈演愈烈,这表明军方在1976年之前利用国家机构控制社会冲突,而且也是通过法律手段和隐蔽的秘密空间进行控制的。
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引用次数: 0
Robben Island and the Culture of Reconstruction in South Africa 罗本岛与南非重建文化
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302947
A. Skotnes
On the fifth anniversary of Nelson Mandela’s release after twenty-seven years in political prison, and nine months after his election as South Africa’s president, his new government and its allies held an important event. On February 11, 1995, 1,200 ex–political prisoners traveled to Cape Town for the Robben Island Reunion. The first day was held at the former maximum-security prison, the site of subjugation and struggle for many of the participants. The day culminated with a creative happening, as the former prisoners enthusiastically smashed rocks in the Limestone Quarry, negating this once oppressive labor and transforming it into an affirmation of freedom. On ensuing days, the reunion celebrated and demanded support for the ex-prisoners and set Robben Island on the path to becoming the country’s first national peoples’ museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Drawing on oral histories and photographs, this article examines the museum’s process of becoming and its subsequent trajectory in the continuing struggle for liberation.
在纳尔逊·曼德拉(Nelson Mandela)被关押27年的政治监狱释放5周年之际,在他当选南非总统9个月后,他的新政府及其盟友举行了一场重要活动。1995年2月11日,1200名前政治犯前往开普敦参加罗本岛团聚。第一天是在前最高安全级别监狱举行的,对许多参与者来说,这里是征服和斗争的地方。这一天的高潮是一个创造性的事件,当这些前囚犯在石灰石采石场热情地砸石头,否定了这种曾经的压迫性劳动,把它变成了对自由的肯定。在接下来的几天里,聚会庆祝并要求支持前囚犯,并使罗本岛走上成为该国第一个国家人民博物馆和联合国教科文组织世界遗产的道路。根据口述历史和照片,本文考察了博物馆的形成过程及其在持续的解放斗争中的后续轨迹。
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引用次数: 0
Open Letters from Prison 监狱的公开信
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302919
P. Fadem, Rachel Leah Klein, Benjamin Weber
This article describes the response of a group of California women prisoners and their allies on the outside to the conditions that radically altered and devastated the lives of people in prison during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Benjamin Weber, African American and African Studies faculty member at the University of California, Davis, reached out to the California Coalition for Women Prisoners (CCWP), with its over twenty-six years of relationships with incarcerated women in California prisons. CCWP members Pam Fadem and Rachel Leah Klein collaborated to intervene early in the pandemic to facilitate communication among people both on the inside and outside of prison.
本文描述了在持续的COVID-19大流行期间,一群加州女囚犯及其外部盟友对从根本上改变和摧毁监狱中人们生活的条件的反应。加州大学戴维斯分校的非裔美国人和非洲研究教员本杰明·韦伯(Benjamin Weber)向加州女囚犯联盟(California Coalition for Women Prisoners, CCWP)伸出了援助之手,该联盟与加州监狱中被监禁的女性有超过26年的关系。CCWP成员帕姆·法登和雷切尔·利亚·克莱因在疫情早期合作进行干预,以促进监狱内外人员之间的交流。
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引用次数: 0
Luis Rosa Pérez 路易斯·罗莎·佩雷斯
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302891
Luis Rosa Pérez
Luis Rosa explains why he considers himself a political prisoner; what it means to be a political prisoner; how the state, guards, and other prisoners treated him; life in prison; and the importance of solidarity. He also explains how growing up Puerto Rican in Chicago affected his decision to support Puerto Rican independence.
Luis Rosa解释了他为什么认为自己是政治犯;政治犯意味着什么;国家、看守和其他囚犯如何对待他;终身监禁;以及团结的重要性。他还解释了在芝加哥长大的波多黎各人是如何影响他支持波多黎各独立的决定的。
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引用次数: 0
Targeting Revolutionaries 以革命者为目标
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302807
Orisanmi Burton
This essay traces the emergence of the carceral warfare project, a clandestine campaign to infuse US prisons with the logics and techniques of counterinsurgency. First exposed by Black Liberation Army member Dhoruba bin-Wahad, the project came into being between 1970 and 1978. The article begins by discussing the theory undergirding the carceral warfare project, a reactionary idea known as “the issue exploitation thesis.” Starting in 1970, seasoned cold warriors renovated their long-standing arguments against communism for application against imprisoned Black revolutionaries. Next, the FBI’s little-known Prison Activists Surveillance Program (PRISACTS) is discussed. Focusing on the words and deeds of George Jackson and Donald Bordenkircher—two central figures positioned on opposite sides of the struggle—the essay shows how the bureau used PRISACTS to treat carceral spaces as zones of counterrevolutionary warfare. Although the FBI officially discontinued PRISACTS in 1976, the final section argues that the FBI’s counterrevolutionary methodology had already been integrated into state prison systems by this date. Ultimately, this essay demonstrates that through prisons, internal security operatives engage in a plausibly deniable form of counterinsurgency warfare that seeks to isolate political prisoners from each other, from the general prison population, from their outside networks of support, and even alienates them from themselves.
这篇文章追溯了尸体战项目的出现,这是一场为美国监狱注入反叛乱逻辑和技术的秘密运动。该项目最初由黑人解放军成员Dhoruba bin Wahad曝光,于1970年至1978年间成立。文章首先讨论了支持尸体战项目的理论,这是一种被称为“问题剥削论”的反动思想。从1970年开始,经验丰富的冷战战士们重新提出了他们长期以来反对共产主义的论点,以适用于被监禁的黑人革命者。接下来,将讨论联邦调查局鲜为人知的监狱活动人士监视计划(PRISACTS)。这篇文章聚焦于乔治·杰克逊和唐纳德·博登基彻这两位处于斗争对立双方的核心人物的言行,展示了该局如何利用PRISACTS将尸体空间视为反革命战争区。尽管联邦调查局在1976年正式停止了PRISACTS,但最后一节认为,到目前为止,联邦调查局的反革命方法已经融入了州监狱系统。最终,这篇文章表明,通过监狱,内部安全人员参与了一种看似可否认的反叛乱战争,试图将政治犯彼此隔离,与普通监狱人口隔离,与他们的外部支持网络隔离,甚至疏远他们自己。
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引用次数: 0
“This Argument Is Far from Over” “这场争论远未结束”
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302863
Garrett A. Felber, Stephen Ward
This article explores the implications of a 1974 political debate between the radical priest Daniel Berrigan and the revolutionary theorists James Boggs and Grace Lee Boggs regarding support for the political prisoner Martin Sostre, as well as the meaning of the designation political prisoner itself. To begin, the article outlines and contextualizes their opposing positions—Berrigan’s view, common among radicals at the time, that all imprisonment is political, and the Boggses’ fear that lumping together political and nonpolitical prisoners would result in theoretical and political miscalculations, such as mistaking the rebellion of the most oppressed for fundamental revolutionary change. Such analysis highlights the stakes of these characterizations for revolutionary struggle. In particular, the dialogue between Berrigan and the Boggses reveals the limits of static definitions of political subjecthood and shows how studying and learning from these historical debates can help to create more nuanced, flexible, and capacious political visions and practices.
本文探讨了1974年激进牧师Daniel Berrigan与革命理论家James Boggs和Grace Lee Boggs之间关于支持政治犯Martin Sostre的政治辩论的含义,以及指定政治犯本身的含义。首先,这篇文章概述了他们的对立立场,并将其置于背景中——贝里根的观点在当时的激进分子中很常见,即所有的监禁都是政治性的,博格夫妇担心将政治和非政治性囚犯混为一谈会导致理论和政治上的误判,比如把最受压迫者的叛乱误认为是根本的革命变革。这种分析突出了这些特征对革命斗争的利害关系。特别是,贝里根和伯格斯夫妇之间的对话揭示了政治主体性静态定义的局限性,并表明研究和学习这些历史辩论可以帮助创造更细致、灵活和广泛的政治愿景和实践。
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引用次数: 0
Editors’ Introduction 编辑的介绍
3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302793
Marc Goulding, Teresa Meade, Margaret Power
Abstract This essay explores several key themes regarding political imprisonment and confinement. Neither governments nor activists agree on who is and who is not a political prisoner. Governments routinely deny they imprison people for political reasons. Instead, they consistently seek to criminalize those they detain as part of their effort to maintain the legitimacy of their rule and delegitimize those who act against it. A common definition of who is and who is not a political prisoner does not exist among prisoners, activists, or supporters. No international organizations or national bodies have developed a shared description of what constitutes a political prisoner. Instead, as this essay and the articles that follow illustrate, the subject is a matter of debate and discussion.
本文探讨了有关政治监禁和监禁的几个关键主题。对于谁是政治犯,谁不是政治犯,各国政府和活动人士都意见不一。政府经常否认他们出于政治原因监禁人民。相反,他们一直试图将他们拘留的人定为犯罪,以此作为维持其统治合法性的努力的一部分,并使那些反对其统治的人失去合法性。对于谁是政治犯,谁不是政治犯,在囚犯、活动人士或支持者之间没有一个共同的定义。没有任何国际组织或国家机构对什么是政治犯作出共同的描述。相反,正如这篇文章和后面的文章所说明的那样,这个主题是一个辩论和讨论的问题。
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引用次数: 0
“A Form of Reparation” “一种赔偿形式”
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302905
A. Godoy
This article shares insights from participatory research conducted with former political prisoners, all of whom survived torture during El Salvador’s armed conflict (1980–92). An analysis of declassified documents reveals that while US officials generally resisted efforts to examine abuses against guerrilla supporters, they advocated behind the scenes for international oversight of prisons, and, in doing so, helped save lives. However, former prisoners’ analyses of the documents shows that US advocacy perpetuated grave misrepresentations about the nature of state repression, further empowering the apparatus of institutional violence even as it spared selected actors. Participatory research projects like this one can offer victims of human rights abuses abetted by US foreign policy an opportunity to reckon with the records of empire. Not only does this process generate new knowledge, but it contributes to survivor-led processes of healing. This is important to counter the imperialist epistemologies that often characterize scholarship on US foreign policy.
本文分享了对前政治犯进行的参与性研究的见解,这些人都在萨尔瓦多武装冲突(1980-92)期间遭受酷刑。对解密文件的分析显示,尽管美国官员普遍抵制审查针对游击队支持者的虐待行为,但他们在幕后主张对监狱进行国际监督,并在这样做的过程中帮助挽救了生命。然而,前囚犯对这些文件的分析表明,美国的宣传使对国家镇压性质的严重歪曲永久化,进一步增强了制度暴力的力量,尽管它放过了选定的行为者。像这样的参与性研究项目可以为受美国外交政策怂恿的侵犯人权行为的受害者提供一个机会,让他们了解帝国的记录。这个过程不仅产生了新的知识,而且有助于幸存者主导的治疗过程。这对于反对帝国主义的认识论很重要,这些认识论经常是美国外交政策学术的特征。
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引用次数: 0
Political Prisoner or Politicized Prisoner 政治犯或政治犯
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-05-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10302877
S. Wilson
Calling some prisoners political prisoners and others social prisoners classifies the former as worthy of support and the latter undeserving of it. Instead of labeling prisoners this way, it is important to recognize the political nature of incarceration and that all prisoners deserve people’s solidarity.
将一些囚犯称为政治犯,而将另一些称为社会犯,则将前者视为值得支持,后者则不值得支持。与其这样给囚犯贴标签,重要的是要认识到监禁的政治性质,所有囚犯都应该得到人们的声援。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW
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