Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566104
Kerron Ó Luain
This is the first attempt to analyze Gaelscoil (Irish-medium school) activists using the lens of Gramscian subalternity. The activists who founded Irish-medium schools in the early 1970s are situated as part of the subaltern that exists in postcolonial countries. Drawing on later work on subalternity by Indian scholars, this article considers Gaelscoil activists within the context of colonial social production. Heeding Gramsci’s call to study the changing modes of production that give rise to new subaltern groups, it then examines the emergence of the Gaelscoil founding groups formed by these activists within the context of the rapidly globalizing capitalist economy of the Southern Irish state. Though the Gaelscoil activists drew on nineteenth-century ideologies of revitalization, during the early 1970s they managed to accommodate the Irish language to the Anglophone-dominated modern world. In the process, they birthed a decolonial movement that has impacted the lives of hundreds of thousands of Gaelscoil students over the last fifty years.
{"title":"Gaelscoil Activists as a Postcolonial Subaltern and the Emergence of the Gaelscoileanna, ca. 1970","authors":"Kerron Ó Luain","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566104","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This is the first attempt to analyze Gaelscoil (Irish-medium school) activists using the lens of Gramscian subalternity. The activists who founded Irish-medium schools in the early 1970s are situated as part of the subaltern that exists in postcolonial countries. Drawing on later work on subalternity by Indian scholars, this article considers Gaelscoil activists within the context of colonial social production. Heeding Gramsci’s call to study the changing modes of production that give rise to new subaltern groups, it then examines the emergence of the Gaelscoil founding groups formed by these activists within the context of the rapidly globalizing capitalist economy of the Southern Irish state. Though the Gaelscoil activists drew on nineteenth-century ideologies of revitalization, during the early 1970s they managed to accommodate the Irish language to the Anglophone-dominated modern world. In the process, they birthed a decolonial movement that has impacted the lives of hundreds of thousands of Gaelscoil students over the last fifty years.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43900434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566132
Jimmy H. Yan
Efforts to transcend island histories in Irish historiography have predominantly centered a narration of white settler pasts as an outer boundary of Irish history. This article works through the disjunctions between differently situated transnational turns in Irish and Australian historiographies by interrogating metaphors of extension, including “Greater Ireland” in the former historiography. It proposes that to decenter the nation as a historical unit, transnational Irish history requires a critical tension with white settler, and not only Irish, methodological nationalisms. The article surveys the critical possibilities presented by the transnational turn in Irish historiography while questioning its limits, with attention to the paradigm of a transnational Irish revolution. It then flags possible directions for a closer dialogue between transnational Irish history and postnational historiographies of white settler colonialism. An unsettling of discrete historiographical boundaries remains a necessary condition for tracing histories of Ireland beyond, below, and outside the nation.
{"title":"Renegotiating Ireland, Transnational History, and Settler Colonialism in White Australia","authors":"Jimmy H. Yan","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566132","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Efforts to transcend island histories in Irish historiography have predominantly centered a narration of white settler pasts as an outer boundary of Irish history. This article works through the disjunctions between differently situated transnational turns in Irish and Australian historiographies by interrogating metaphors of extension, including “Greater Ireland” in the former historiography. It proposes that to decenter the nation as a historical unit, transnational Irish history requires a critical tension with white settler, and not only Irish, methodological nationalisms. The article surveys the critical possibilities presented by the transnational turn in Irish historiography while questioning its limits, with attention to the paradigm of a transnational Irish revolution. It then flags possible directions for a closer dialogue between transnational Irish history and postnational historiographies of white settler colonialism. An unsettling of discrete historiographical boundaries remains a necessary condition for tracing histories of Ireland beyond, below, and outside the nation.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43686699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566076
J. Brownrigg-Gleeson
This article traces Irish responses to the crisis of the Hispanic monarchy (1808–25) and the struggle for sovereignty in Spanish America, comparing reactions in Ireland to those of the Irish diasporic community in the United States. It argues that although the Irish were overwhelmingly sympathetic to the cause of the insurgents in Spanish America, their support took different forms and meanings. Whereas contemporaries in Ireland saw the benefits of Spanish American independence for the prosperity and security of the British Empire, Irish radical exiles in New York or Philadelphia viewed the struggle as an opportunity to emphasize the validity of revolutionary and republican principles across the New World. In stressing the relevance of the geopolitical context and of transnational interactions to the development of contradicting imperial and anticolonial views, the article moves beyond prevailing narratives of military involvement and highlights the richness of the Irish experience of the Age of Revolutions.
{"title":"Fighting an Empire for the Good of the Empire?","authors":"J. Brownrigg-Gleeson","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566076","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article traces Irish responses to the crisis of the Hispanic monarchy (1808–25) and the struggle for sovereignty in Spanish America, comparing reactions in Ireland to those of the Irish diasporic community in the United States. It argues that although the Irish were overwhelmingly sympathetic to the cause of the insurgents in Spanish America, their support took different forms and meanings. Whereas contemporaries in Ireland saw the benefits of Spanish American independence for the prosperity and security of the British Empire, Irish radical exiles in New York or Philadelphia viewed the struggle as an opportunity to emphasize the validity of revolutionary and republican principles across the New World. In stressing the relevance of the geopolitical context and of transnational interactions to the development of contradicting imperial and anticolonial views, the article moves beyond prevailing narratives of military involvement and highlights the richness of the Irish experience of the Age of Revolutions.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41490512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566090
Kenneth L. Shonk
Documents contained in the Department of Foreign Affairs files in the National Archives of Ireland reveal that many global anticolonial nationalists visited Ireland in the 1950s and 1960s. These files elucidate efforts by nationalists from Africa and Asia to emulate Ireland’s nation-building frameworks including its constitution, housing and charitable programs, educational structures, and burgeoning industries. This article uses these documents to examine hitherto unstudied aspects of Ireland’s place within larger transnational intellectual networks. This paper adds greater nuance to Jean-François Bayart’s thesis of extraversion by demonstrating that African and Asian anticolonial nationalists consciously and explicitly looked to Ireland as a model for nation-building. Emerging nations in the 1950s and 1960s sent representatives to Ireland to study the nation’s economic and political frameworks, in turn offering a space for a dialogic experience in which the emulation of Ireland was extraversion in a positive sense.
{"title":"“Help, Given in a Disinterested Manner”","authors":"Kenneth L. Shonk","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566090","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566090","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Documents contained in the Department of Foreign Affairs files in the National Archives of Ireland reveal that many global anticolonial nationalists visited Ireland in the 1950s and 1960s. These files elucidate efforts by nationalists from Africa and Asia to emulate Ireland’s nation-building frameworks including its constitution, housing and charitable programs, educational structures, and burgeoning industries. This article uses these documents to examine hitherto unstudied aspects of Ireland’s place within larger transnational intellectual networks. This paper adds greater nuance to Jean-François Bayart’s thesis of extraversion by demonstrating that African and Asian anticolonial nationalists consciously and explicitly looked to Ireland as a model for nation-building. Emerging nations in the 1950s and 1960s sent representatives to Ireland to study the nation’s economic and political frameworks, in turn offering a space for a dialogic experience in which the emulation of Ireland was extraversion in a positive sense.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45581643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566160
Conor McCabe
This article places the recent tax case concerning Apple Inc., Ireland, and the European Commission within its historical framework to reveal the very particular structural dynamics that exist between the Irish state and transnational capital. It proposes that these dynamics result not entirely from an industrial strategy adopted in the 1950s but instead from a deeper neocolonial economic relationship, itself part of a comprador capitalist system that is firmly embedded in key public and private institutions of the Irish state and socially reproduced through them. An understanding of this comprador dynamic and its ideological framework is essential to understanding why the Irish state protects tax avoidance above the interests of wider Irish society.
{"title":"Apple and Ireland, 1980–2020","authors":"Conor McCabe","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566160","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article places the recent tax case concerning Apple Inc., Ireland, and the European Commission within its historical framework to reveal the very particular structural dynamics that exist between the Irish state and transnational capital. It proposes that these dynamics result not entirely from an industrial strategy adopted in the 1950s but instead from a deeper neocolonial economic relationship, itself part of a comprador capitalist system that is firmly embedded in key public and private institutions of the Irish state and socially reproduced through them. An understanding of this comprador dynamic and its ideological framework is essential to understanding why the Irish state protects tax avoidance above the interests of wider Irish society.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42182578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9593472
Ebun Joseph
Despite the Irish experience of white-on-white racism, can any predominantly white country in the global North be free of white supremacy? It has been argued that the Irish became white. What was the cost of becoming white? What does Ireland endorse in accepting this construct of whiteness? This article attempts to answer these questions with a contemporary analysis of the wages of whiteness in Ireland against the backdrop of Irish history. It argues that the recategorization of the Irish as white and the subsequent change in positioning on the racial ladder came at a price of subscribing to white supremacy. It presents white supremacy as the unacknowledged, everyday positioning of white superiority, as opposed to white extremism, and argues that whiteness is employed as a determinant of Irishness. The article ends by arguing that history can either reify or debunk white supremacy, and calling for a decolonized narrative in Ireland.
{"title":"The Wages and Price of Whiteness","authors":"Ebun Joseph","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9593472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9593472","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite the Irish experience of white-on-white racism, can any predominantly white country in the global North be free of white supremacy? It has been argued that the Irish became white. What was the cost of becoming white? What does Ireland endorse in accepting this construct of whiteness? This article attempts to answer these questions with a contemporary analysis of the wages of whiteness in Ireland against the backdrop of Irish history. It argues that the recategorization of the Irish as white and the subsequent change in positioning on the racial ladder came at a price of subscribing to white supremacy. It presents white supremacy as the unacknowledged, everyday positioning of white superiority, as opposed to white extremism, and argues that whiteness is employed as a determinant of Irishness. The article ends by arguing that history can either reify or debunk white supremacy, and calling for a decolonized narrative in Ireland.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45030540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566202
Patrick Doyle
This article traces the development of the living wage concept in the social thought of Irish Catholic intellectuals in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including Revs. John A. Ryan and Walter McDonald, and Edward Phelan, who helped establish the International Labour Organization. The debates in which these thinkers engaged highlight the importance of gendered understandings of work and the significance of the family unit in the development of a moral critique of the capitalist system. This led to their differing views on the role to be played by the state in regulating the economy, and revealed how inseparable religion and economics were in their social thought. Social Catholicism played an important role in framing social policy in Ireland after independence; through the living wage doctrine, it played a significant part in a wider transatlantic debate about the moral questions posed by capitalism, in ways that continue to reverberate today.
{"title":"Irish Social Catholicism and the Development of the Living Wage Doctrine","authors":"Patrick Doyle","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566202","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article traces the development of the living wage concept in the social thought of Irish Catholic intellectuals in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including Revs. John A. Ryan and Walter McDonald, and Edward Phelan, who helped establish the International Labour Organization. The debates in which these thinkers engaged highlight the importance of gendered understandings of work and the significance of the family unit in the development of a moral critique of the capitalist system. This led to their differing views on the role to be played by the state in regulating the economy, and revealed how inseparable religion and economics were in their social thought. Social Catholicism played an important role in framing social policy in Ireland after independence; through the living wage doctrine, it played a significant part in a wider transatlantic debate about the moral questions posed by capitalism, in ways that continue to reverberate today.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49202868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566244
Michaela Appeltová
The text reviews four new books in Irish women’s history and the history of sexuality: Mary McAuliffe’s biography of the revolutionary Margaret Skinnider; Jennifer Redmond’s Moving Histories, exploring the discourses about Irish women migrants to Great Britain in the first few decades of the Irish state, and their everyday lives in Britain; Lindsey Earner-Byrne and Diane Urquhart’s The Irish Abortion Journey, which documents the repressive discourses and policies surrounding abortion in twentieth-century Ireland and relates stories of traveling to Great Britain to obtain it; and finally, Sonja Tiernan’s book examining the ultimately successful political and legal campaign for marriage equality in Ireland. These highly readable, well-researched books place gender and sexuality at the center of Irish history; provide insight into the contradictory political, religious, and medical discourses about Irish women, gays, and lesbians; and document the lives of women both in and out of Ireland.
{"title":"Women’s Agency, Catholic Morality, and the Irish State","authors":"Michaela Appeltová","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566244","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The text reviews four new books in Irish women’s history and the history of sexuality: Mary McAuliffe’s biography of the revolutionary Margaret Skinnider; Jennifer Redmond’s Moving Histories, exploring the discourses about Irish women migrants to Great Britain in the first few decades of the Irish state, and their everyday lives in Britain; Lindsey Earner-Byrne and Diane Urquhart’s The Irish Abortion Journey, which documents the repressive discourses and policies surrounding abortion in twentieth-century Ireland and relates stories of traveling to Great Britain to obtain it; and finally, Sonja Tiernan’s book examining the ultimately successful political and legal campaign for marriage equality in Ireland. These highly readable, well-researched books place gender and sexuality at the center of Irish history; provide insight into the contradictory political, religious, and medical discourses about Irish women, gays, and lesbians; and document the lives of women both in and out of Ireland.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42852247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9566216
M. Morley, T. Flanagan
Curated Spaces features two projects by the artists and filmmakers Megs Morley and Tom Flanagan. The Question of Ireland (2013) is a cross-disciplinary film installation that attempts to provoke the relationship between the language of politics, performance, and cinema. A History of Stone, Origin and Myth (2016) is a nonnarrative film essay that explores the space between individual memory and national history through the lens of political monuments found throughout Ireland that relate to Irish rebellion, the 1916 Rising, and the foundation of the state.
{"title":"The Question of Ireland (2013) and A History of Stone, Origin and Myth (2016)","authors":"M. Morley, T. Flanagan","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9566216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9566216","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Curated Spaces features two projects by the artists and filmmakers Megs Morley and Tom Flanagan. The Question of Ireland (2013) is a cross-disciplinary film installation that attempts to provoke the relationship between the language of politics, performance, and cinema. A History of Stone, Origin and Myth (2016) is a nonnarrative film essay that explores the space between individual memory and national history through the lens of political monuments found throughout Ireland that relate to Irish rebellion, the 1916 Rising, and the foundation of the state.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48533224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9397002
H. Bauer, Melina Pappademos, Katie Sutton, Jennifer Tucker
Increased access to visual archives and the proliferation of digitized images related to sexuality have led a growing number of scholars in recent years to place images and visual practices at the center of critical historical inquiries of sexual desire, subjectivity, and embodiment. At the same time, new critical histories of sexual science serve both to expand the temporal and geographical frames for investigating the historical relationships of sex and visual production, and to generate new lines of inquiry and reshape visual studies more broadly. The contributors to this issue invite us to ask: What new questions and challenges for the study of sex and sexual science are posed by critical studies of the visual? How are new visual methodologies that focus on archives changing the contours of historical knowledge about sex and sexuality? What—and where—are new methodologies still needed? “Visual Archives of Sex” aims to illuminate current research that centers visual media in the history of sexuality and that interrogates contemporary historiographies.
{"title":"Visual Histories of Sex","authors":"H. Bauer, Melina Pappademos, Katie Sutton, Jennifer Tucker","doi":"10.1215/01636545-9397002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-9397002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Increased access to visual archives and the proliferation of digitized images related to sexuality have led a growing number of scholars in recent years to place images and visual practices at the center of critical historical inquiries of sexual desire, subjectivity, and embodiment. At the same time, new critical histories of sexual science serve both to expand the temporal and geographical frames for investigating the historical relationships of sex and visual production, and to generate new lines of inquiry and reshape visual studies more broadly. The contributors to this issue invite us to ask: What new questions and challenges for the study of sex and sexual science are posed by critical studies of the visual? How are new visual methodologies that focus on archives changing the contours of historical knowledge about sex and sexuality? What—and where—are new methodologies still needed? “Visual Archives of Sex” aims to illuminate current research that centers visual media in the history of sexuality and that interrogates contemporary historiographies.","PeriodicalId":51725,"journal":{"name":"RADICAL HISTORY REVIEW","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48372605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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