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A Black Belt-ocene A黑带-新世
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10063795
LaKendrick Richardson
Popular conceptualizations of the Anthropocene tend to blur and blend humanity into a singular lump and task it with combating anomalous climate change. This essay questions the dominant narratives of the Anthropocene by excavating the author’s life in the Alabama Black Belt. Through a blend of autoethnography and historical research, it explores life in the Black Belt as an example of the ways in which Black and brown people, and their narratives, are erased in the Anthropocene. The Black Belt is home to rich advocacy movements led by those most impacted. This activism demonstrates that Black people are not passive in the climate movement. In fact, the Black Belt has engaged with ecological injustice movements throughout its modern history. Guided by Kathryn Yusoff’s conception of “a billion Black Anthropocenes,” this article aims to encourage praxis that is guided by inclusive and honest historical accounts of humanity and ecological injustice.
流行的人类世概念倾向于模糊并将人类融合成一个单一的整体,并将其与异常的气候变化作斗争。本文通过挖掘作者在阿拉巴马州黑带的生活,对人类世的主流叙事提出了质疑。通过融合民族志和历史研究,它探索了黑带的生活,作为黑人和棕色人种以及他们的叙述在人类世中被抹去的方式的一个例子。黑带是由受影响最大的人领导的丰富的倡导运动的所在地。这种激进主义表明,黑人在气候运动中并非被动。事实上,黑带在其现代历史中一直参与生态不公正运动。在凯瑟琳·尤索夫(Kathryn Yusoff)“10亿黑人人类世”概念的指导下,本文旨在鼓励以包容和诚实的人类和生态不公正的历史叙述为指导的实践。
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引用次数: 0
A Roundtable on Environmental Injustice and Border Abolition 关于环境不公正和废除边界的圆桌会议
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-10063887
Ilana Cohen, E. Crow-Willard, Tanaya Dutta Gupta, Jamila Hammami, Guerline M. Jozef, Steven T. Sacco, Kristina Shull, Angela V. Walker, Aly Wane, Daniel Watman, C. Wheatley
This article posits border abolition as a radical alternative to the Anthropocene. It convenes a group of eleven activists, organizers, scholars, practitioners, educators, and storytellers to discuss their work building cross-border solidarities along the US-Mexico border and in US immigration detention, Puerto Rico, Ghana, and the Bengal Delta. Participants provide critical analysis of the origins of environmental injustice and border violence and discuss how a confluence of ecological crisis, environmental racism, and border militarization since the 1980s disproportionately impacts BIPOC and queer/trans communities and exacerbates migrant precarity and displacement worldwide. Participants share ways they have built alternatives to border and ecological violence through migrant accompaniment, legal and policy advocacy, divestment activism, storytelling, education, and sustainability projects. The discussion is organized around three key themes: environmental injustice, racism, and borders; strategies adopted by organizers to build environmental and migrant justice; and visions of border abolition.
这篇文章认为废除边界是人类世的一种激进的替代方案。它召集了一个由11名活动家、组织者、学者、从业者、教育工作者和讲故事者组成的小组,讨论他们在美墨边境和美国移民拘留所、波多黎各、加纳和孟加拉三角洲建立跨境团结的工作。与会者对环境不公正和边境暴力的起源进行了批判性分析,并讨论了自20世纪80年代以来,生态危机、环境种族主义和边境军事化如何对BIPOC和酷儿/跨性别社区产生不成比例的影响,并加剧了全球移民的不稳定和流离失所。参与者分享了他们如何通过移民陪伴、法律和政策倡导、撤资行动、讲故事、教育和可持续发展项目来建立边境和生态暴力的替代方案。讨论围绕三个关键主题组织:环境不公正、种族主义和边界;组织者为建立环境和移民正义而采取的战略;以及废除边界的愿景。
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引用次数: 0
Urban Iconographies
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847844
Dawn Fulton
This article examines literary evocations of Afropolitanism in French, with particular attention to millennial works by Black women writers. Narratives and portraits by Lauren Ekué, Léonora Miano, and Rokhaya Diallo reject the Afro-pessimism of twentieth-century visions of urban migration by foregrounding the consumerism and cultural capital of their female protagonists. Rethinking Paris as a stage rather than a site, these works present new models of Afropolitan iconography, featuring women who are eminently alert to the contradictions and contingencies of contemporary Black experience. In teasing out the links among presentism, hip-hop culture, and the European beauty industry, these explorations generate a unique brand of performed consumerism that forges a dialogue between Black female cosmopolitanism and historicity.
本文考察了法语中非政治主义的文学唤起,特别关注黑人女性作家的千年作品。Lauren eku、lsamonora Miano和Rokhaya Diallo的叙事和肖像,通过突出女性主人公的消费主义和文化资本,拒绝了20世纪城市移民愿景中的非洲悲观主义。这些作品将巴黎重新思考为一个舞台,而不是一个场所,呈现了非洲大都会图像学的新模式,以女性为特征,她们对当代黑人经历的矛盾和偶然事件非常警惕。在梳理现代主义、嘻哈文化和欧洲美容产业之间的联系时,这些探索产生了一种独特的表演消费主义品牌,在黑人女性世界主义和历史性之间建立了对话。
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引用次数: 0
“Domesticating the Unfamiliar” “驯化不熟悉的人”
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847788
E. A. Fretwell
This article examines the sartorial culture of an African elite as a form of Afropolitanism in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century West African kingdom of Dahomey. Dahomean elites embraced cultural borrowing to layer styles and materials from European and African sources. Combining textiles and accessories associated with mobility and outsiders, elites asserted authority, power, and privilege within a local framework. Their dress practices also served as an expression of elite inclusion in a larger Atlantic world, in which Dahomey was a major participant in the transatlantic trade in African captives and, later, cash crops produced domestically by enslaved labor. By exploring the political, economic, and social contexts of elite Dahomean dress, this article reveals the deep historical roots of Afropolitanism on the continent and how the domestication of global and African commodities has long distinguished African elites from the masses. In doing so, it also shows how violence, systems of enslavement, and the accumulation of wealth fueled a Dahomean Afropolitan aesthetic of worlds-in-movement, which served to distinguish elites as citizens of Dahomey and as humans of the Atlantic world more broadly.
本文考察了18世纪和19世纪西非达荷美王国的非洲精英的服装文化,作为非洲政治主义的一种形式。达荷曼的精英们接受了欧洲和非洲的分层风格和材料的文化借鉴。结合与流动性和外来者相关的纺织品和配件,精英们在当地框架内主张权威、权力和特权。他们的着装习惯也体现了精英阶层融入更大的大西洋世界,在大西洋世界中,达荷美是非洲俘虏跨大西洋贸易的主要参与者,后来是国内奴役劳工生产经济作物的主要参与者。通过探索精英穿戴的政治、经济和社会背景,本文揭示了非洲政治主义在非洲大陆的深刻历史根源,以及全球和非洲商品的驯化如何长期将非洲精英与大众区分开来。在此过程中,它还展示了暴力、奴役制度和财富积累如何推动了达荷美非洲人对运动中的世界的审美,这种审美将精英们区分为达荷美公民和更广泛的大西洋世界的人类。
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引用次数: 0
Vashambadzi 瓦尚巴兹
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847872
David Schoenbrun
It is conventional to think that people other than Africans explored the continent we know today as Africa in a dynamic interplay with African interests. In responding, Africans’ understandings of their continent took shape, leaving African understandings of “home” fundamentally reactive. Afropolitanism shifts the subject to urbane and literate mobility, exploring how race, gender, and identity inform a lexicon of Africa created after the seventeenth century. This periodization centers individuals but cuts off earlier practices of cultured mobility largely because individuals are so difficult to find in Africa’s historical sources before the eighteenth century. Creative nonfiction, tethered to linguistic, archaeological, and oral textual evidence, returns to individuals creating geographical knowledge of African worlds and of Africa in the world. The story told here unfolds in fourteenth-century Southern Africa. Afropolitan writing may now sample deeper practices of cultured mobility than those generated by enslavement, capitalism, colonialism, and the Anthropocene.
人们通常认为,非洲人以外的人在与非洲利益的动态互动中探索了我们今天所知的非洲大陆。作为回应,非洲人对自己大陆的理解已经形成,让非洲人对“家”的理解从根本上处于被动。非洲主义将主题转移到城市化和文化流动上,探索种族、性别和身份如何为17世纪后创建的非洲词汇提供信息。这种分期以个人为中心,但切断了早期的文化流动实践,这主要是因为在18世纪之前的非洲历史资料中很难找到个人。创造性的非虚构作品,与语言、考古和口头文本证据联系在一起,回归到创造非洲世界和非洲在世界上的地理知识的个人身上。这里讲述的故事发生在14世纪的南部非洲。非洲作家的写作现在可能比奴役、资本主义、殖民主义和人类世产生的文化流动更深入。
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引用次数: 2
Theorizing the Afropolitan Past and Present 阿夫罗波利坦的过去和现在的理论化
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847774
R. Carrasquillo, Melina Pappademos, Lorelle Semley
The term Afropolitan—evoking the image of mobility, cultural production, and consumerism in Africa and the African diaspora—has enjoyed some salience in popular culture. However, much of the scholarly debate has focused on the elitism associated with the concept. Linked initially to short reflective pieces by Taiye Selasi in 2005 and Achille Mbembe in 2007, Afropolitanism has rarely been analyzed in historical contexts. The contributors engage the concept of the Afropolitan across a broad time and space that spans the fourteenth to twenty-first centuries and locates the Afropolitan in Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Asia. This introduction analyzes their written and photographic essays along three themes: visual culture, narrativity, and intersectionality, recognizing that their work also pushes against and expands on these frameworks. By engaging with the Afropolitan as a historical phenomenon, the issue highlights new methods and theories for analyzing global diasporas—past, present, and future.
非洲人一词唤起了非洲和非洲散居者的流动性、文化生产和消费主义的形象,在流行文化中享有一定的知名度。然而,许多学术辩论都集中在与这个概念相关的精英主义上。非洲政治主义最初与2005年Taiye Selasi和2007年Achille Mbembe的简短反思作品联系在一起,很少在历史背景下进行分析。作者对非洲人的概念进行了跨越14世纪到21世纪的广泛时间和空间的探讨,并将非洲人定位在非洲、美洲、欧洲和亚洲。这篇导论分析了他们的书面和摄影文章的三个主题:视觉文化、叙事和交叉性,认识到他们的工作也推动和扩展了这些框架。通过将非洲人作为一种历史现象来研究,本期突出了分析全球移民的新方法和理论——过去、现在和未来。
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引用次数: 0
Oral Histories in the Black Pacific 黑人太平洋的口述历史
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847816
Antonia Carcelén-Estrada
This article examines women’s erasure from the Spanish colonial imagination in South America. While Black women are completely absent in the official colonial narratives about the various frontier expeditions to Esmeraldas featured in documents housed at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Spain, they are certainly present in testimonial records in court archives in the American colonies, and often appear demanding their freedom. Meanwhile, in the Black Pacific, a territory always conceived as free despite the lack of written records, the African diaspora prospered with a river economy that still depends today on the health of rivers, mangroves, and the ocean. In the Chocó, women carried ancestral knowledge in chants, by planting, through cooking, praying, or fishing, sustaining the memory of a territory that conceived itself as outside master-slave relations. Yet Black women’s role in shaping national history is hard to trace. Oral history projects in Bojayá and Esmeraldas are trying to change that by bridging the digital archive, by using memory and orality as shields of truth, and by using traditional methods such as song and prayer to access the knowledge for resistance and re-existence that is needed today in the defense of the Chocó against deadly extractivist development. The encoding of women’s legacies in the Black Pacific serves as an example of how Blackness and freedom continue to be political concepts in this important diaspora that is developing decolonial methodologies that do not neatly fit in the confines of the Afropolitan, especially when it comes to class and migration.
这篇文章探讨了女性在西班牙殖民时期对南美洲的抹杀。尽管在西班牙塞维利亚印第安人档案馆保存的文件中,黑人妇女完全没有出现在关于前往埃斯梅拉达斯的各种边境探险的官方殖民叙述中,但在美国殖民地法庭档案的证词记录中,她们肯定是存在的,而且经常出现在要求自由的情况下。与此同时,在黑太平洋,一块尽管缺乏文字记录却一直被认为是自由的领土,散居在外的非洲人凭借河流经济繁荣起来,直到今天仍然依赖于河流、红树林和海洋的健康。在Chocó,妇女通过种植、烹饪、祈祷或捕鱼,在圣歌中携带祖先的知识,维持对一个认为自己是主奴关系之外的领土的记忆。然而,黑人女性在塑造国家历史方面的作用很难追溯。bojay和Esmeraldas的口述历史计画,正试图改变现况,透过连结数位档案、利用记忆和口述作为真相的盾牌,以及使用传统方法,例如歌曲和祈祷,来获取抵抗和重新存在的知识,这是今天捍卫Chocó免受致命的掠夺性发展所需要的。黑人太平洋地区对女性遗产的编码是一个例子,说明黑人和自由在这个重要的散居群体中是如何继续成为政治概念的,这个群体正在发展非殖民化的方法,这些方法并不完全适合非洲人的范围,尤其是在涉及阶级和移民时。
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引用次数: 2
The Black Englishmen of Old Calabar 老卡拉巴尔的英国黑人
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847802
Ndubueze L. Mbah
This article recovers the Afropolitan histories of Liberated Africans by examining their mobility and freedom politics. Liberated Africans enacted Afropolitanism when they returned from Sierra Leone to Old Calabar and fashioned themselves into Black Englishmen. Their Afropolitanism incorporated a dissident mode of Anglo-cosmopolitanism, thereby undermining orthodox British visions of imperial subjecthood. In using petitions to British authorities to assert their identity as British subjects, they secured their precarious freedom but challenged British monopoly of the Bight of Biafra’s transatlantic palm oil trade. Rather than being mere recipients of abolition, Liberated Africans refashioned abolition. They used forged “freedom papers” to emancipate, repossess, and traffic slaves from Old Calabar society while defending their behavior as “redemption” of slaves. Contrary to imperial fixity of African subjects, Liberated Africans evinced an Afropolitan vision of belonging. They simultaneously claimed to be natives of Sierra Leone and Old Calabar. Their contradictory ideologies and practices mitigated their marginality and confounded African elites and British imperial agents.
本文通过考察被解放的非洲人的流动性和自由政治,还原了他们的非洲历史。当被解放的非洲人从塞拉利昂回到老卡拉巴尔时,他们实施了非洲主义,并将自己塑造成英国黑人。他们的非洲主义融合了英国世界主义的异见模式,从而破坏了正统的英国帝国服从观。他们向英国当局请愿,以维护自己作为英国臣民的身份,确保了他们不稳定的自由,但挑战了英国对比夫拉湾跨大西洋棕榈油贸易的垄断。解放后的非洲人不仅是废除死刑的接受者,还重新废除了死刑。他们使用伪造的“自由文件”从旧卡拉巴尔社会解放、收回和贩卖奴隶,同时为自己的行为辩护,称其为对奴隶的“救赎”。与非洲臣民的帝国固定性相反,解放后的非洲人表现出了一种非洲主义的归属感。他们同时声称自己是塞拉利昂和老卡拉巴尔的本地人。他们矛盾的意识形态和做法减轻了他们的边缘化,并使非洲精英和英国帝国特工感到困惑。
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引用次数: 1
A Needle in the Desert 沙漠中的针
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847886
Héctor Mediavilla
In his photo essay A Needle in the Desert, photographer Héctor Mediavilla poses the question: “Can fashion be a vector for development in a poor country?” Documenting FIMA (the International Fashion Festival in Africa), his work captures the environment, planning, and staging of the festival, focusing specifically on the relationship between people and place.
摄影师赫克托·Mediavilla在他的摄影文章《沙漠中的针》中提出了一个问题:“时尚能成为贫穷国家发展的载体吗?”。
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引用次数: 0
Blackness out of Place 黑度不合适
IF 0.5 3区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1215/01636545-9847830
P. Marcos
This article explores how historical narratives and aesthetic models configuring Portuguese imperial visuality produced the absented presence of Africa and its diasporas. Despite centuries of interconnected histories of colonial domination and enslavement, but also marronage and resistance, Black subjecthood was reduced in Portugal to a “foreign” presence. These silences ossify a regime of imperial visuality premised on the hegemonic overrepresentation of white masculinity—rendered through depictions of “navigators” as paragons of historical agency. Through the analytic countervisual quilombismo, this essay confronts such elisions by engaging with Achille Mbembe’s Afropolitan call to “produce new images for thought.” Focus on countervisual maroon (quilombismo) methods of refusal and fugitivity reveals the enactment of Black sovereignty and affirms Blackness as being. By affirming Black life and autonomy, diasporic artists, performers, and everyday people interrupt colonial frames, refusing the ethnographic reduction of Blackness to a body and its classificatory markers, thus revealing possibilities for different pasts, presents, and futures.
本文探讨了构成葡萄牙帝国形象的历史叙事和美学模式是如何产生非洲及其散居者的缺席的。尽管葡萄牙有数百年相互关联的殖民统治和奴役历史,也有破坏和抵抗的历史,但黑人的从属地位在葡萄牙已经沦为“外国”存在。这些沉默僵化了一个以白人男子气概霸权过度代表为前提的帝国形象政权——通过将“航海家”描绘成历史能动性的典范来呈现。通过分析性的反视觉平衡主义,本文通过与阿契尔·姆本贝的阿夫罗波利坦呼吁“为思想创造新的图像”相结合来对抗这种省略。重点关注反视觉栗色(平衡主义)的拒绝和逃亡方法,揭示了黑人主权的确立,并肯定了黑人的存在。通过肯定黑人的生活和自主权,散居的艺术家、表演者和普通人打断了殖民主义的框架,拒绝将黑人的民族志简化为一个身体及其分类标记,从而揭示了不同过去、现在和未来的可能性。
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引用次数: 2
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