Pub Date : 2021-08-17DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1962481
Claire Nolasco Braaten, M. Vaughn
Abstract This article analyzes U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals’ cases involving Title 42 U.S.C. §1983 actions filed by trans women inmates against corrections and/or medical officers for failure to provide hormone therapy and/or gender confirmation surgery (“GCS”) (N = 24). The courts varied in their decisions. The Ninth Circuit has been more progressive toward trans rights, holding that GCS can be medically necessary depending on the individualized needs of the transgender inmate because there is a medical consensus on the appropriateness of these treatments. The First and Fifth Circuits rejected requests for GCS because of the lack of medical consensus on the necessity of GCS. Both the Seventh and Eleventh Circuits held that failure to provide medically recommended care for a non-medical reason and unexplained delays in treatment can constitute deliberate indifference, violating the Eighth Amendment. Under Tenth Circuit precedent, prison officials are not deliberately indifferent for failing to provide hormone treatments.
{"title":"Litigation on Gender Confirmation Surgery and Hormonal Therapy among Trans Women Prisoners: Views from the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals","authors":"Claire Nolasco Braaten, M. Vaughn","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1962481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1962481","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article analyzes U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeals’ cases involving Title 42 U.S.C. §1983 actions filed by trans women inmates against corrections and/or medical officers for failure to provide hormone therapy and/or gender confirmation surgery (“GCS”) (N = 24). The courts varied in their decisions. The Ninth Circuit has been more progressive toward trans rights, holding that GCS can be medically necessary depending on the individualized needs of the transgender inmate because there is a medical consensus on the appropriateness of these treatments. The First and Fifth Circuits rejected requests for GCS because of the lack of medical consensus on the necessity of GCS. Both the Seventh and Eleventh Circuits held that failure to provide medically recommended care for a non-medical reason and unexplained delays in treatment can constitute deliberate indifference, violating the Eighth Amendment. Under Tenth Circuit precedent, prison officials are not deliberately indifferent for failing to provide hormone treatments.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47420274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1962478
A. Speckhard, Molly Ellenberg
Abstract As issues of repatriations of ISIS members and their families are hotly debated, exploring the factors that led over 40,000 men and women to leave their home countries to join ISIS is integral to rehabilitating and reintegrating these individuals. Understanding their experiences in ISIS is critical to deradicalization. This article uses primary data to explore vulnerabilities, motivations, influences, experiences, and sources of disillusionment among ISIS members through a gender-based perspective. Men and women’s ISIS trajectories were impacted and informed by gender, particularly by a desire to solidify masculine and feminine identities in ISIS’s Caliphate, where traditional gender roles were both glorified and brutally enforced.
{"title":"ISIS and the Allure of Traditional Gender Roles","authors":"A. Speckhard, Molly Ellenberg","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1962478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1962478","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As issues of repatriations of ISIS members and their families are hotly debated, exploring the factors that led over 40,000 men and women to leave their home countries to join ISIS is integral to rehabilitating and reintegrating these individuals. Understanding their experiences in ISIS is critical to deradicalization. This article uses primary data to explore vulnerabilities, motivations, influences, experiences, and sources of disillusionment among ISIS members through a gender-based perspective. Men and women’s ISIS trajectories were impacted and informed by gender, particularly by a desire to solidify masculine and feminine identities in ISIS’s Caliphate, where traditional gender roles were both glorified and brutally enforced.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46698254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-13DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1958730
Lowshanthini Panesilvam, S. I. Silvaraj, Nur Hidayah Bibi Binti Haji Mohamed Omar, Syafiqah Binte Sudarmo, M. Subramaniam
Abstract The goal of this study was to examine the lived experiences and perceptions of female drug offenders in a community programme, with an emphasis on the role of the family in their desistance. Female drug offenders (N = 11) undergoing a community sentence were tasked with capturing photographs representative of their recovery. Participants were interviewed on the meanings of these photographs, with symbolic themes subsequently elicited from these interviews. Findings illustrated that participants were more likely to rely on their families for support as compared to other factors. Implications of the findings in relation to desistance and social relationships are discussed.
{"title":"Understanding the Desistance Journey of Female Drug Offenders in Singapore Through Their Lived Experiences: The Impact of Family Relationships","authors":"Lowshanthini Panesilvam, S. I. Silvaraj, Nur Hidayah Bibi Binti Haji Mohamed Omar, Syafiqah Binte Sudarmo, M. Subramaniam","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1958730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1958730","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of this study was to examine the lived experiences and perceptions of female drug offenders in a community programme, with an emphasis on the role of the family in their desistance. Female drug offenders (N = 11) undergoing a community sentence were tasked with capturing photographs representative of their recovery. Participants were interviewed on the meanings of these photographs, with symbolic themes subsequently elicited from these interviews. Findings illustrated that participants were more likely to rely on their families for support as compared to other factors. Implications of the findings in relation to desistance and social relationships are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43269919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-11DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1958731
Robin Camenius, Tua Sandman
Abstract The present article seeks to add further empirical nuance and specification to ongoing debates on the androcentric biases of historical and present research on crime. Using a mixed-methods design, it examines gender differences in theorizing and how women are represented in Swedish crime-related research between 1920 and 2015. On the one hand, the quantitative analysis reveals that explanations and proposed solutions to crime are more gender-neutral than previous research tends to suggest. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis uncovers how women are rendered visible almost exclusively in discussions on crime that concern issues linked to the body, sex and sexuality, or victimhood and vulnerability. Generally, in the Swedish context, characterized by the establishment of a strong welfare state, women and women’s criminality have primarily been given relevance in the context of larger socio-economic problems and/or reforms.
{"title":"Women in the Malestream Study of Crime: Exploring Three Swedish Journals throughout the Last Century","authors":"Robin Camenius, Tua Sandman","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1958731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1958731","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present article seeks to add further empirical nuance and specification to ongoing debates on the androcentric biases of historical and present research on crime. Using a mixed-methods design, it examines gender differences in theorizing and how women are represented in Swedish crime-related research between 1920 and 2015. On the one hand, the quantitative analysis reveals that explanations and proposed solutions to crime are more gender-neutral than previous research tends to suggest. On the other hand, the qualitative analysis uncovers how women are rendered visible almost exclusively in discussions on crime that concern issues linked to the body, sex and sexuality, or victimhood and vulnerability. Generally, in the Swedish context, characterized by the establishment of a strong welfare state, women and women’s criminality have primarily been given relevance in the context of larger socio-economic problems and/or reforms.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44956207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-09DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1947441
M. Beeble, Clarice J Hampton
Abstract Repeat female offenders’ community transitions following incarceration, and their subsequent return to jail were investigated. Specifically examined were needs at release and whether unmet needs, personal history and post-discharge factors were associated with time out. Interviews were conducted with 160 jailed women. Hierarchical regression was used to examine factors associated with time out. Women present myriad needs at release that often go unmet; transportation and employment appear most salient. Time out was positively related to age, employment, and mental health treatment, and negatively associated with sexual violence. Coordinated efforts between jails and community-based providers are needed for women’s successful reentry.
{"title":"Community Reintegration of Repeat Female Offenders in County Jails","authors":"M. Beeble, Clarice J Hampton","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1947441","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1947441","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Repeat female offenders’ community transitions following incarceration, and their subsequent return to jail were investigated. Specifically examined were needs at release and whether unmet needs, personal history and post-discharge factors were associated with time out. Interviews were conducted with 160 jailed women. Hierarchical regression was used to examine factors associated with time out. Women present myriad needs at release that often go unmet; transportation and employment appear most salient. Time out was positively related to age, employment, and mental health treatment, and negatively associated with sexual violence. Coordinated efforts between jails and community-based providers are needed for women’s successful reentry.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1947441","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43135671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-08DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1947938
Jordan N. Galehan
Abstract Boko Haram is well known for its use of women as suicide bombers. While prior research has examined why this phenomenon is occurring, as well as what makes Boko Haram a unique terror group, the present study examines how their female bombers are infiltrating targets, what types of targets are being successfully infiltrated, and whether the bomber’s gender has an impact on the infiltration tactic and the success of the bombing mission. Utilizing the open-sourced data provided by the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), a complementary qualitative dataset was compiled that included 102 female suicide bombing incidents from 2014 to 2017. Results of content analysis indicate that there was a variety of infiltration tactics used by the female bombers that progressively evolved as specific tactics’ effectiveness waned, and that gender impacted the missions allowing for the female bombers to effectively infiltrate soft targets with high casualties, increasing the group’s overall utilization of females in operative roles.
{"title":"Gender and the Strategic and Tactical Logic of Boko Haram’s Suicide Bombers","authors":"Jordan N. Galehan","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1947938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1947938","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Boko Haram is well known for its use of women as suicide bombers. While prior research has examined why this phenomenon is occurring, as well as what makes Boko Haram a unique terror group, the present study examines how their female bombers are infiltrating targets, what types of targets are being successfully infiltrated, and whether the bomber’s gender has an impact on the infiltration tactic and the success of the bombing mission. Utilizing the open-sourced data provided by the Global Terrorism Database (GTD), a complementary qualitative dataset was compiled that included 102 female suicide bombing incidents from 2014 to 2017. Results of content analysis indicate that there was a variety of infiltration tactics used by the female bombers that progressively evolved as specific tactics’ effectiveness waned, and that gender impacted the missions allowing for the female bombers to effectively infiltrate soft targets with high casualties, increasing the group’s overall utilization of females in operative roles.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1947938","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41541995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-27DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1942399
Alan Burgess, C. Flynn
Abstract Mothers with a mental illness are a relatively invisible cohort within the criminal justice system. Research typically focuses in a siloed way on imprisoned women with a mental illness or those who have children; despite considerable crossover, knowledge about women who straddle this divide is missing. To address this gap, this article draws on data gathered for an Australian Research Council funded study conducted from 2011 to 2015, that examined the arrest and imprisonment of primary carers, and the implications for children. An exploratory mixed methods approach, using structured interviews, was implemented. This article focuses on how 21 mothers with a mental illness navigate the criminal justice system in the state of Victoria, finding that failing to consider the intersection between motherhood and mental illness has significant consequences for this group of mothers. Notably, mental illness creates a barrier to engagement and participation at key decision-making points early in the criminal justice system—particularly at arrest and sentencing where it remains largely invisible. Findings highlight the need to expand gender responsive practice beyond prison.
{"title":"Maternal Mental Illness: Mediating Women’s Trajectory Through the Victorian Criminal Justice System","authors":"Alan Burgess, C. Flynn","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1942399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1942399","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Mothers with a mental illness are a relatively invisible cohort within the criminal justice system. Research typically focuses in a siloed way on imprisoned women with a mental illness or those who have children; despite considerable crossover, knowledge about women who straddle this divide is missing. To address this gap, this article draws on data gathered for an Australian Research Council funded study conducted from 2011 to 2015, that examined the arrest and imprisonment of primary carers, and the implications for children. An exploratory mixed methods approach, using structured interviews, was implemented. This article focuses on how 21 mothers with a mental illness navigate the criminal justice system in the state of Victoria, finding that failing to consider the intersection between motherhood and mental illness has significant consequences for this group of mothers. Notably, mental illness creates a barrier to engagement and participation at key decision-making points early in the criminal justice system—particularly at arrest and sentencing where it remains largely invisible. Findings highlight the need to expand gender responsive practice beyond prison.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1942399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46269846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-31DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1926403
M. M. Kakar, F. Yousaf
Abstract This article showcases the lived experiences of Afghan women and girls trafficked into forced marriage in Balochistan province of Pakistan and identifies the processes that lead to their exploitation. Situating forced marriage within the ambit of human trafficking, the study highlights the gendered/aged/classed aspects of the phenomenon and unveils how it is linked to other forms of trafficking. Women and girls trafficked into forced marriage experience multiple forms of exploitation, stigmatization, and social isolation throughout their lives. The study pinpoints that this form of trafficking generally remains outside the radar of anti-trafficking policies which further enhance the vulnerabilities of trafficked victims.
{"title":"Gender, Political and Economic Instability, and Trafficking into Forced Marriage","authors":"M. M. Kakar, F. Yousaf","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1926403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1926403","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article showcases the lived experiences of Afghan women and girls trafficked into forced marriage in Balochistan province of Pakistan and identifies the processes that lead to their exploitation. Situating forced marriage within the ambit of human trafficking, the study highlights the gendered/aged/classed aspects of the phenomenon and unveils how it is linked to other forms of trafficking. Women and girls trafficked into forced marriage experience multiple forms of exploitation, stigmatization, and social isolation throughout their lives. The study pinpoints that this form of trafficking generally remains outside the radar of anti-trafficking policies which further enhance the vulnerabilities of trafficked victims.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1926403","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42778266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-14DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1905588
Maria Wemrell, Sara Stjernlöf, M. Lila, E. Gracia, A. Ivert
Abstract Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a global public health issue often assumed to be associated with gender inequality. The so-called Nordic Paradox, the apparently contradictory co-existence of high levels of IPVAW and of gender equality in Nordic countries, has not been adequately explained. This study explores discussions about how this apparent paradox can be understood among 30 IPVAW professionals working in southern Sweden, through a thematic analysis of focus groups and individual and paired interviews. The analysis highlights complexities of gender (in)equality and its links with IPVAW in Sweden, of relevance for the addressing and prevention of IPVAW.
{"title":"The Nordic Paradox. Professionals’ Discussions about Gender Equality and Intimate Partner Violence against Women in Sweden","authors":"Maria Wemrell, Sara Stjernlöf, M. Lila, E. Gracia, A. Ivert","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1905588","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1905588","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a global public health issue often assumed to be associated with gender inequality. The so-called Nordic Paradox, the apparently contradictory co-existence of high levels of IPVAW and of gender equality in Nordic countries, has not been adequately explained. This study explores discussions about how this apparent paradox can be understood among 30 IPVAW professionals working in southern Sweden, through a thematic analysis of focus groups and individual and paired interviews. The analysis highlights complexities of gender (in)equality and its links with IPVAW in Sweden, of relevance for the addressing and prevention of IPVAW.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1905588","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48323540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1905587
S. Nixon
Abstract Female correctional staff face multiple challenges when working in a male prison environment. Perceptions of competence and gendered divisions of labor are prevalent in the negotiated order of a prison. Sexuality is a dynamic that is irrelevant to the demands of a correctional officer yet a significant identity to be managed and negotiated in interactions with both colleagues and prisoners. This study adopts an auto ethnographic approach to highlight discrimination in prison officer occupational culture. Drawing upon personal narratives whilst working in an adult male prison in England, lived experiences of homophobia and sexism are presented to identify the challenges faced as a gay female prison officer. Themes of sexual objectification, homophobia and workplace incivility identify failings within the English prison service in supporting workplace diversity and inclusivity.
{"title":"Surviving the Landings: An Autoethnographic Account of Being a Gay Female Prison Officer (in an Adult Male Prison in England)","authors":"S. Nixon","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1905587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1905587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Female correctional staff face multiple challenges when working in a male prison environment. Perceptions of competence and gendered divisions of labor are prevalent in the negotiated order of a prison. Sexuality is a dynamic that is irrelevant to the demands of a correctional officer yet a significant identity to be managed and negotiated in interactions with both colleagues and prisoners. This study adopts an auto ethnographic approach to highlight discrimination in prison officer occupational culture. Drawing upon personal narratives whilst working in an adult male prison in England, lived experiences of homophobia and sexism are presented to identify the challenges faced as a gay female prison officer. Themes of sexual objectification, homophobia and workplace incivility identify failings within the English prison service in supporting workplace diversity and inclusivity.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1905587","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42296753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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