Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1900991
Lindsay B. Gezinski, K. Gonzalez-Pons
Abstract Even though the majority of intimate partner violence (IPV) incidents remain unreported and unprosecuted, survivors find themselves navigating the legal system. One hundred and two survivors and service providers participated in semi-structured focus groups or interviews related to their IPV-related court experiences. Data analysis consisted of identifying themes, coding categories, and developing matrices. Themes included: (1) insufficient legal representation, (2) protection order access and enforcement, (3) revictimization in court settings, and (4) disparities in accountability. Participants pointed to a failure to enforce protection orders, mandated child visitation with perpetrators, and lenient sentencing as evidence that the legal system favors perpetrators. Findings indicate the need for IPV education for court personnel, as well as the expansion of public assistance and pro bono legal services.
{"title":"Legal Barriers and Re-Victimization for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence Navigating Courts in Utah, United States","authors":"Lindsay B. Gezinski, K. Gonzalez-Pons","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1900991","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1900991","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Even though the majority of intimate partner violence (IPV) incidents remain unreported and unprosecuted, survivors find themselves navigating the legal system. One hundred and two survivors and service providers participated in semi-structured focus groups or interviews related to their IPV-related court experiences. Data analysis consisted of identifying themes, coding categories, and developing matrices. Themes included: (1) insufficient legal representation, (2) protection order access and enforcement, (3) revictimization in court settings, and (4) disparities in accountability. Participants pointed to a failure to enforce protection orders, mandated child visitation with perpetrators, and lenient sentencing as evidence that the legal system favors perpetrators. Findings indicate the need for IPV education for court personnel, as well as the expansion of public assistance and pro bono legal services.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"32 1","pages":"454 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1900991","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49121953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-16DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1892565
D. A. Camlibel, S. Can, H. Hendy
Abstract The present study compared predictors of violence as suggested by the importation and deprivation models and the newly utilized threat appraisal and coping models. Participants included 290 female and 472 male inmates in Wisconsin state prisons who completed anonymous surveys to report seven characteristics they import to prison and to report three social stressors experienced during the deprivation and powerlessness of the prison experience. Multiple regression revealed that for both female and male inmates, violence was associated with the imported characteristics of younger age and impulsivity and with in-prison stressors from correctional staff and family. Years of incarceration was a significant predictor of violence only for males. As suggested from past research, the personality pattern of hostility was associated with violence, particularly in male inmates, and internal locus of control was associated with violence, particularly in female inmates.
{"title":"Predictors of Violence Reported by Female and Male Inmates in Wisconsin State Prisons","authors":"D. A. Camlibel, S. Can, H. Hendy","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1892565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1892565","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present study compared predictors of violence as suggested by the importation and deprivation models and the newly utilized threat appraisal and coping models. Participants included 290 female and 472 male inmates in Wisconsin state prisons who completed anonymous surveys to report seven characteristics they import to prison and to report three social stressors experienced during the deprivation and powerlessness of the prison experience. Multiple regression revealed that for both female and male inmates, violence was associated with the imported characteristics of younger age and impulsivity and with in-prison stressors from correctional staff and family. Years of incarceration was a significant predictor of violence only for males. As suggested from past research, the personality pattern of hostility was associated with violence, particularly in male inmates, and internal locus of control was associated with violence, particularly in female inmates.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"31 1","pages":"505 - 517"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1892565","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43084412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-04DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1885568
M. Usacheva, C. Smalley, Nancy Hafer, Susan L. Brooks
Abstract Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) involves sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, leading to traumatization. Interventions show promise in preventing revictimization and facilitating the integration of victims into communities. This study describes the development and pilot implementation of Ending the Game® (ETG), a psychoeducational curriculum for victims of CSE. The program follows a peer-support model and is open to youth and adult victims. The study aimed to assess program engagement, curriculum acceptability, and potential for effectiveness. Findings indicated the rate of attrition comparable to other group curricula and low rate of non-response, particularly on Likert-scale and dichotomous items. Curriculum acceptability was high in terms of content, facilitators, and group environment. The t-test comparisons showed positive trends in improvement of regulatory capacity, relational capacity, sense of self, and future orientation. Taken together, findings demonstrate the utility of ETG in supporting youth and adult victims of CSE, pending modifications to align curriculum with evidence-based practices.
{"title":"Ending the Game ® : A New Psychoeducational Curriculum for Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation","authors":"M. Usacheva, C. Smalley, Nancy Hafer, Susan L. Brooks","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1885568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1885568","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) involves sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, leading to traumatization. Interventions show promise in preventing revictimization and facilitating the integration of victims into communities. This study describes the development and pilot implementation of Ending the Game® (ETG), a psychoeducational curriculum for victims of CSE. The program follows a peer-support model and is open to youth and adult victims. The study aimed to assess program engagement, curriculum acceptability, and potential for effectiveness. Findings indicated the rate of attrition comparable to other group curricula and low rate of non-response, particularly on Likert-scale and dichotomous items. Curriculum acceptability was high in terms of content, facilitators, and group environment. The t-test comparisons showed positive trends in improvement of regulatory capacity, relational capacity, sense of self, and future orientation. Taken together, findings demonstrate the utility of ETG in supporting youth and adult victims of CSE, pending modifications to align curriculum with evidence-based practices.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"32 1","pages":"257 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1885568","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44012492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-26DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1885569
Mansi Patel, Amanda Ryan, Sarah Herrera
Abstract Although incarceration of women in the United States is at a historic high, the understanding of women’s experiences in prison and how this time affects their lives after prison is very limited. Qualitative studies of this population are crucial for practice and research and as more qualitative research is conducted; the challenge will be to develop ways to synthesize the findings for policy application. The purpose of this qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis was to understand how women experience friendship in a carceral setting and the implications of these relationships. The synthesis revealed one overarching theme: belonging/acceptance and five subthemes: similar life experiences enrich a friendship, low self-esteem can affect the ability to form friendships in justice involved women, it is hard for justice involved women to trust people, justice involved women have anxiety surround reintegration that friendships can help mitigate, and friendships are an effective means to cope with incarceration.
{"title":"Exploring Friendship Experiences among Incarcerated and Formerly Incarcerated Women: A Qualitative Interpretative Meta-Synthesis","authors":"Mansi Patel, Amanda Ryan, Sarah Herrera","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1885569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1885569","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although incarceration of women in the United States is at a historic high, the understanding of women’s experiences in prison and how this time affects their lives after prison is very limited. Qualitative studies of this population are crucial for practice and research and as more qualitative research is conducted; the challenge will be to develop ways to synthesize the findings for policy application. The purpose of this qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis was to understand how women experience friendship in a carceral setting and the implications of these relationships. The synthesis revealed one overarching theme: belonging/acceptance and five subthemes: similar life experiences enrich a friendship, low self-esteem can affect the ability to form friendships in justice involved women, it is hard for justice involved women to trust people, justice involved women have anxiety surround reintegration that friendships can help mitigate, and friendships are an effective means to cope with incarceration.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"32 1","pages":"400 - 416"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1885569","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49353568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-08DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1871161
Justin J. Joseph, David A. Rembert
Abstract Recent investigations show that adolescent female criminality and gang membership is increasing nationwide. Although empirical investigation into the relationship between psychopathy and gang membership is burgeoning, all of the studies are male focused. The present study investigates juvenile psychopathy’s relationship with youth gang membership across males and females in order to better comprehend the etiology of gang membership across sex using the baseline sample of the Pathways to Desistance Study. The findings suggest that juvenile psychopathy predicts gang membership equally for both boys and girls. The study highlights the importance of investigating juvenile psychopathy in youth gang membership across sex and the implementation of intensive multilevel treatment programs tailored to the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral needs of gang members.
{"title":"Exploring Psychopathy’s Relationship with Youth Gang Membership in Males and Females","authors":"Justin J. Joseph, David A. Rembert","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1871161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871161","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Recent investigations show that adolescent female criminality and gang membership is increasing nationwide. Although empirical investigation into the relationship between psychopathy and gang membership is burgeoning, all of the studies are male focused. The present study investigates juvenile psychopathy’s relationship with youth gang membership across males and females in order to better comprehend the etiology of gang membership across sex using the baseline sample of the Pathways to Desistance Study. The findings suggest that juvenile psychopathy predicts gang membership equally for both boys and girls. The study highlights the importance of investigating juvenile psychopathy in youth gang membership across sex and the implementation of intensive multilevel treatment programs tailored to the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral needs of gang members.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"32 1","pages":"537 - 555"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45022588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-04DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2021.1875107
N. Torres, Carolina Villacampa
Abstract The article presents results of a qualitative research aimed at analyzing how professionals work to support and protect victims of forced marriage in Spain. The study is based on the information gathered from professionals involved in criminal justice and in victim support with whom in-depth interviews were conducted. Given the increasingly common opinion favorable to address forced marriage from a victim-centred and intersectional perspective, away from those that focus on criminalization and cultural “otherness’, the research presents the landscape of provisions aimed at preventing and supporting victims of forced marriage in this country. Additionally, the article gives an overview on how professionals adjust scarce resources and unclear paths to earlier detect and to better support victims of this complex phenomenon.
{"title":"Intervention with Victims of Forced Marriage","authors":"N. Torres, Carolina Villacampa","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2021.1875107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2021.1875107","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article presents results of a qualitative research aimed at analyzing how professionals work to support and protect victims of forced marriage in Spain. The study is based on the information gathered from professionals involved in criminal justice and in victim support with whom in-depth interviews were conducted. Given the increasingly common opinion favorable to address forced marriage from a victim-centred and intersectional perspective, away from those that focus on criminalization and cultural “otherness’, the research presents the landscape of provisions aimed at preventing and supporting victims of forced marriage in this country. Additionally, the article gives an overview on how professionals adjust scarce resources and unclear paths to earlier detect and to better support victims of this complex phenomenon.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"32 1","pages":"288 - 305"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2021.1875107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47438436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-02DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162
Brittnee Carter, B. Rogers, Amilee Turner
Abstract Women’s roles in political violence and terrorism have largely been examined through the agent/victim dichotomy. We suggest that women’s social inequality contributes to both roles of women as victims and as perpetrators of terrorist violence, with both roles ultimately contributing to increases in supplies of domestic terrorism. Particularly, women’s social inequality contributes to terrorism in three ways: it normalizes violence in society, makes women susceptible to coercion from terrorist groups, and results in grievances in the female population that may mobilize them to violence. An in-depth case study of women in Somalia and the quantitative results both suggest that women’s political, economic, and social inequality are associated with higher levels of domestic terrorism. The results show that the impact of women’s social equality through balanced social exchanges in society subsumes the impact of vertical equality measures such as political and economic equality.
{"title":"Gender Inequality and State Security: The Effects of Women’s Social Equality on Domestic Terrorism","authors":"Brittnee Carter, B. Rogers, Amilee Turner","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Women’s roles in political violence and terrorism have largely been examined through the agent/victim dichotomy. We suggest that women’s social inequality contributes to both roles of women as victims and as perpetrators of terrorist violence, with both roles ultimately contributing to increases in supplies of domestic terrorism. Particularly, women’s social inequality contributes to terrorism in three ways: it normalizes violence in society, makes women susceptible to coercion from terrorist groups, and results in grievances in the female population that may mobilize them to violence. An in-depth case study of women in Somalia and the quantitative results both suggest that women’s political, economic, and social inequality are associated with higher levels of domestic terrorism. The results show that the impact of women’s social equality through balanced social exchanges in society subsumes the impact of vertical equality measures such as political and economic equality.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"33 1","pages":"94 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871162","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43923052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-19DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160
Stephanie Grace Prost, Amber McDonald, Mark Plassmeyer, J. Middleton, Seana Golder
Abstract Measures of well-being have gained importance in criminal justice. Examining the relationship between interpersonal traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress (PTS), and quality of life (QOL) is thus an essential contribution to existing literature. Using data from interviews conducted with a sample of women incarcerated in a U.S. state prison (n = 83), we examined differences in PTS and QOL between groups of women who did and did not report experiences of captivity, sexual assault, and other, unwanted sexual experiences. We also explored relationships between these experiences, PTS, and QOL. Women with any of these traumatic experiences reported higher PTS than their non-affected peers and women who were held captive prior to incarceration had the highest levels of PTS and the lowest levels of environmental QOL. We also found relationships between captivity, financial security, and PTS. Systems-oriented implications for correctional and community settings are discussed.
{"title":"Not All Traumas Are Equal: Post-Traumatic Stress and Quality of Life among Women in Prison","authors":"Stephanie Grace Prost, Amber McDonald, Mark Plassmeyer, J. Middleton, Seana Golder","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Measures of well-being have gained importance in criminal justice. Examining the relationship between interpersonal traumatic experiences, post-traumatic stress (PTS), and quality of life (QOL) is thus an essential contribution to existing literature. Using data from interviews conducted with a sample of women incarcerated in a U.S. state prison (n = 83), we examined differences in PTS and QOL between groups of women who did and did not report experiences of captivity, sexual assault, and other, unwanted sexual experiences. We also explored relationships between these experiences, PTS, and QOL. Women with any of these traumatic experiences reported higher PTS than their non-affected peers and women who were held captive prior to incarceration had the highest levels of PTS and the lowest levels of environmental QOL. We also found relationships between captivity, financial security, and PTS. Systems-oriented implications for correctional and community settings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"32 1","pages":"502 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46165575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-17DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159
Amie M. Schuck, P. Baldo, C. Powell
Abstract Using a two-by-two vignette-based experimental design, this study aimed to examine the effects of women’s symbolic representation in sexual assault units and the arrest rate for interpersonal violence cases on individuals’ perceptions of police legitimacy, support for leadership, and willingness to engage in bystander intervention behaviors. Using responses from 357 students attending one university in the Midwest, the results showed that a higher level of women’s representation was associated with more police legitimacy and greater support for the leader when the agency had a low arrest rate. Whereas police legitimacy was related to bystanders’ intentions to intervene, women’s representation in the unit and the arrest rate was not. The findings indicate that women’s representation in policing strengthens the support for the police in gendered areas when the agency is underperforming.
{"title":"Women in Policing and Legitimacy: A Vignette-Based Study of Symbolic Representation","authors":"Amie M. Schuck, P. Baldo, C. Powell","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using a two-by-two vignette-based experimental design, this study aimed to examine the effects of women’s symbolic representation in sexual assault units and the arrest rate for interpersonal violence cases on individuals’ perceptions of police legitimacy, support for leadership, and willingness to engage in bystander intervention behaviors. Using responses from 357 students attending one university in the Midwest, the results showed that a higher level of women’s representation was associated with more police legitimacy and greater support for the leader when the agency had a low arrest rate. Whereas police legitimacy was related to bystanders’ intentions to intervene, women’s representation in the unit and the arrest rate was not. The findings indicate that women’s representation in policing strengthens the support for the police in gendered areas when the agency is underperforming.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":"31 1","pages":"342 - 359"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1871159","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44536809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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