Pub Date : 2020-05-18DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538
Ebonie Cunningham Stringer
Abstract Women’s incarceration rates have increased dramatically within the last 40 years. Many of the women who find themselves in the grips of confinement are mothers. Maternity can be central to women’s identities, making them reluctant to relinquish mothering roles once they become incarcerated. When women serve time, they can no longer be directly responsible for day-to-day caregiving for their young children. Thus, children are often placed in the care of proxy caregivers. Notwithstanding, many women retain their maternal identities and wish to engage as mothers while they are incarcerated. As such, women must manage motherhood with and through their children’s caregivers. Using group interviews, this study investigates how maternity is managed from prison with children’s caregivers. Findings reveal the strategies women employ to maintain their role-identities as mothers while serving time. Policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"Managing Motherhood: How Incarcerated Mothers Negotiate Maternal Role-Identities with Their Children’s Caregivers","authors":"Ebonie Cunningham Stringer","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Women’s incarceration rates have increased dramatically within the last 40 years. Many of the women who find themselves in the grips of confinement are mothers. Maternity can be central to women’s identities, making them reluctant to relinquish mothering roles once they become incarcerated. When women serve time, they can no longer be directly responsible for day-to-day caregiving for their young children. Thus, children are often placed in the care of proxy caregivers. Notwithstanding, many women retain their maternal identities and wish to engage as mothers while they are incarcerated. As such, women must manage motherhood with and through their children’s caregivers. Using group interviews, this study investigates how maternity is managed from prison with children’s caregivers. Findings reveal the strategies women employ to maintain their role-identities as mothers while serving time. Policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1750538","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42416699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-06DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352
Leah Iman Aniefuna, M. Amari Aniefuna, Jason M. Williams
Abstract This paper contextualizes the struggles and contributions of Black motherhood and reproductive justice under police surveillance in Baltimore, Maryland. We conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers regarding their experiences and perceptions of policing in their community during the aftermath of the police-involved death of Freddie Gray. While the literature disproportionately focuses on Black males, little knowledge is known about the struggles and contributions of Black mothers in matters concerning police brutality and the fight against institutional violence. There still remains the question regarding the role of and impact on Black mothers during matters of institutional violence against Black children. We fill this gap by highlighting narratives and lived knowledges within a Black motherhood perspective. Primary themes show that Black women are subject to terror from police and system agents, they face reproductive justice issues, as they are criminalized as mothers—and are affected mentally, but they employ various resistance strategies that strengthen their resilience. Results indicate that Black women are the backbone and martyrs of their communities, but this comes at a tremendous cost because they remain largely unprotected and subject to immeasurable institutional violence and judgment against their mothering strategies.
{"title":"Creating and Undoing Legacies of Resilience: Black Women as Martyrs in the Black Community Under Oppressive Social Control","authors":"Leah Iman Aniefuna, M. Amari Aniefuna, Jason M. Williams","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper contextualizes the struggles and contributions of Black motherhood and reproductive justice under police surveillance in Baltimore, Maryland. We conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers regarding their experiences and perceptions of policing in their community during the aftermath of the police-involved death of Freddie Gray. While the literature disproportionately focuses on Black males, little knowledge is known about the struggles and contributions of Black mothers in matters concerning police brutality and the fight against institutional violence. There still remains the question regarding the role of and impact on Black mothers during matters of institutional violence against Black children. We fill this gap by highlighting narratives and lived knowledges within a Black motherhood perspective. Primary themes show that Black women are subject to terror from police and system agents, they face reproductive justice issues, as they are criminalized as mothers—and are affected mentally, but they employ various resistance strategies that strengthen their resilience. Results indicate that Black women are the backbone and martyrs of their communities, but this comes at a tremendous cost because they remain largely unprotected and subject to immeasurable institutional violence and judgment against their mothering strategies.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1752352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44137887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-05DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1753141
N. Goulette
Abstract Scholars continue to recognize the important role prosecutorial discretion plays in the criminal court system. Using a sample of felony cases referred to one Prosecutor’s Office in Ohio, the current study investigates whether true or selective chivalry exists by examining main and interactive effects of defendant sex on the likelihood of reduced charges and the magnitude of these reductions using a novel approach. Results suggest that true chivalry exists between White males and females, however, no significant differences were noted between Black and White females.
{"title":"Is Chivalry Dead?: An Examination of Charge Reductions in One Ohio Jurisdiction","authors":"N. Goulette","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1753141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1753141","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Scholars continue to recognize the important role prosecutorial discretion plays in the criminal court system. Using a sample of felony cases referred to one Prosecutor’s Office in Ohio, the current study investigates whether true or selective chivalry exists by examining main and interactive effects of defendant sex on the likelihood of reduced charges and the magnitude of these reductions using a novel approach. Results suggest that true chivalry exists between White males and females, however, no significant differences were noted between Black and White females.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1753141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42130141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1653420
Judith L. Perrigo, B. Nguyen, C. Hayes, Noah A. Nattell, V. Cortessis, M. Natavio
The study objective was to qualitatively explore experiences and perceptions of a reproductive life planning (RLP) class among women experiencing incarceration. Twelve focus groups were conducted with a total of 59 women, aged 19–44 (median age of 27). Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis methodology. Focus group analysis revealed four primary themes: (a) The RLP class was perceived as acceptable by women in a jail setting, (b) jail provides specific opportunities for an RLP class, (c) receptivity to the RLP class was influenced by an ambivalent attitude toward pregnancy, and (d) women want to learn about the range of contraceptive options by an instructor who is competent and empathic. The jail setting is an acceptable and valuable location for educating women about reproductive life planning. With basic needs met and negative distractions removed, the RLP class prompts women to reflect on previous and future reproductive choices.
{"title":"Incarcerated Women’s Perceptions of a Reproductive Life-Planning Class: A Qualitative Study","authors":"Judith L. Perrigo, B. Nguyen, C. Hayes, Noah A. Nattell, V. Cortessis, M. Natavio","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2019.1653420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1653420","url":null,"abstract":"The study objective was to qualitatively explore experiences and perceptions of a reproductive life planning (RLP) class among women experiencing incarceration. Twelve focus groups were conducted with a total of 59 women, aged 19–44 (median age of 27). Interview transcripts were analyzed using thematic content analysis methodology. Focus group analysis revealed four primary themes: (a) The RLP class was perceived as acceptable by women in a jail setting, (b) jail provides specific opportunities for an RLP class, (c) receptivity to the RLP class was influenced by an ambivalent attitude toward pregnancy, and (d) women want to learn about the range of contraceptive options by an instructor who is competent and empathic. The jail setting is an acceptable and valuable location for educating women about reproductive life planning. With basic needs met and negative distractions removed, the RLP class prompts women to reflect on previous and future reproductive choices.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2019.1653420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42642377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-03DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2019.1657550
L. Bartels, P. Easteal, Robyn Westgate
This article examines women’s imprisonment in Australia through a feminist multifocal lens. We consider female prisoners’ gendered needs, especially “the triumvirate” of victimization, substance abuse, and mental illness. We also acknowledge the importance of taking an intersectional approach, with particular reference to Indigenous women. We identify recent developments in Australian corrections policies and programs, especially trauma-informed care, mental health programs, children/parenting, education and work, and post-release support. Although we commend initiatives to support women during and after custody, we question the need to send most of them there in the first place, as we are concerned about the ability of any prison to provide an environment conducive to healing.
{"title":"Understanding Women’s Imprisonment in Australia","authors":"L. Bartels, P. Easteal, Robyn Westgate","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2019.1657550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2019.1657550","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines women’s imprisonment in Australia through a feminist multifocal lens. We consider female prisoners’ gendered needs, especially “the triumvirate” of victimization, substance abuse, and mental illness. We also acknowledge the importance of taking an intersectional approach, with particular reference to Indigenous women. We identify recent developments in Australian corrections policies and programs, especially trauma-informed care, mental health programs, children/parenting, education and work, and post-release support. Although we commend initiatives to support women during and after custody, we question the need to send most of them there in the first place, as we are concerned about the ability of any prison to provide an environment conducive to healing.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2019.1657550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48913374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-07DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1741487
Elizabeth A. Adams
Abstract Intensive parenting is the dominant parenting ideology in the United States, and it holds parents, especially mothers, accountable for the outcomes of their children, and urges them to expend extensive time and resources on child-rearing, even when such efforts compromise the parent’s wellbeing. Research continuously highlights the harms associated with women’s intensive parenting beliefs. This study employed factor analysis on the Intensive Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire to examine whether the resulting dimensions of intensive parenting related to risks for recidivism for 164 justice-involved mothers. Results indicated that their strong endorsement of essentialism (beliefs that mothers are uniquely qualified and responsible for child-rearing) and parenting that is all-consuming (beliefs that parenting requires great time and effort) were significantly associated with multiple risks for recidivism. The findings clarify how specific intensive parenting beliefs factor into mothers’ risks for recidivism and suggest the importance of not encouraging these beliefs in correctional settings.
{"title":"Intensive Parenting Ideologies and Risks for Recidivism among Justice-Involved Mothers","authors":"Elizabeth A. Adams","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1741487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1741487","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Intensive parenting is the dominant parenting ideology in the United States, and it holds parents, especially mothers, accountable for the outcomes of their children, and urges them to expend extensive time and resources on child-rearing, even when such efforts compromise the parent’s wellbeing. Research continuously highlights the harms associated with women’s intensive parenting beliefs. This study employed factor analysis on the Intensive Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire to examine whether the resulting dimensions of intensive parenting related to risks for recidivism for 164 justice-involved mothers. Results indicated that their strong endorsement of essentialism (beliefs that mothers are uniquely qualified and responsible for child-rearing) and parenting that is all-consuming (beliefs that parenting requires great time and effort) were significantly associated with multiple risks for recidivism. The findings clarify how specific intensive parenting beliefs factor into mothers’ risks for recidivism and suggest the importance of not encouraging these beliefs in correctional settings.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1741487","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41549975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-30DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1741486
A. Váradi, Rebecca Raby, C. Tardif-Williams
Abstract Within a neoliberal context, youth pregnancy continues to be socially recognized as an individualized mistake, influencing young mothers by shaping and constraining their actions and lifestyle choices. Utilizing a Foucauldian and poststructural feminist lens, and drawing on interviews with 11 young mothers, this research examines how, where, and why young mothers experience forms of policing. Participants conceptualized “good” motherhood through two qualities—“being there” and “taking care of herself too”—which simultaneously reproduce and resist hegemonic discourses related to normative mothering and neoliberalism. Findings also reveal how real and perceived instances of judgement resulted in young mothers’ policing and/or self-policing.
{"title":"Discourses of Good Motherhood and the Policing of Young Parenthood","authors":"A. Váradi, Rebecca Raby, C. Tardif-Williams","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1741486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1741486","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Within a neoliberal context, youth pregnancy continues to be socially recognized as an individualized mistake, influencing young mothers by shaping and constraining their actions and lifestyle choices. Utilizing a Foucauldian and poststructural feminist lens, and drawing on interviews with 11 young mothers, this research examines how, where, and why young mothers experience forms of policing. Participants conceptualized “good” motherhood through two qualities—“being there” and “taking care of herself too”—which simultaneously reproduce and resist hegemonic discourses related to normative mothering and neoliberalism. Findings also reveal how real and perceived instances of judgement resulted in young mothers’ policing and/or self-policing.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1741486","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46239658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1737628
C. Joshua, Kevin Walby, J. Piché
Abstract Drawing from interviews, fieldnotes, and visual data, we examine representations of policewomen and gender communicated in Canadian police museums. We examine four trends from our dataset. First, we found silences regarding the history of women in policing in Canada. Second, there was a fetish-like emphasis on women’s police uniforms. Third, when included policewomen were treated in a tokenistic manner. By contrast, displays focusing on men treated them as policing heroes. We argue the history of policing may be one of white male domination, but this facet of social control should not be further normalized by erasing important elements of the histories of women from police museums. In the discussion, we explain what this analysis adds to literatures on representations of women in museums and on representations of policing.
{"title":"Skirts, Stereotypes, and Silences: Representations of Women in Canadian Police Museums","authors":"C. Joshua, Kevin Walby, J. Piché","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1737628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1737628","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Drawing from interviews, fieldnotes, and visual data, we examine representations of policewomen and gender communicated in Canadian police museums. We examine four trends from our dataset. First, we found silences regarding the history of women in policing in Canada. Second, there was a fetish-like emphasis on women’s police uniforms. Third, when included policewomen were treated in a tokenistic manner. By contrast, displays focusing on men treated them as policing heroes. We argue the history of policing may be one of white male domination, but this facet of social control should not be further normalized by erasing important elements of the histories of women from police museums. In the discussion, we explain what this analysis adds to literatures on representations of women in museums and on representations of policing.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1737628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47733346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-23DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1733732
V. Ceccato, P. Näsman, Linda Langefors
Abstract Informed by principles of environmental criminology, this study assesses patterns of sexual victimization among young riders of rail-bound public transportation using a sample of 1,122 university students in Stockholm, Sweden. Exploratory data analysis and logistic regression models underlie the methodology of the study. Findings indicate that the physical and social characteristics of transit environments have an impact on the likelihood of sexual victimization after controlling for individual factors. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
{"title":"Sexual Violence on the Move: An Assessment of Youth’s Victimization in Public Transportation","authors":"V. Ceccato, P. Näsman, Linda Langefors","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1733732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1733732","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Informed by principles of environmental criminology, this study assesses patterns of sexual victimization among young riders of rail-bound public transportation using a sample of 1,122 university students in Stockholm, Sweden. Exploratory data analysis and logistic regression models underlie the methodology of the study. Findings indicate that the physical and social characteristics of transit environments have an impact on the likelihood of sexual victimization after controlling for individual factors. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1733732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42348013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-19DOI: 10.1080/08974454.2020.1741488
P. Plass
Abstract This paper provides an analysis of characteristics of Police Justifiable Homicide (PJH) events with female victims, including a comparison with a sample of male victims of PJH. Cases were identified using the FBI’s Supplemental Homicide Report, and include all-female justifiable homicide victims for a 7-year period (2007–2013), along with a random sample of male victim events in the same period. Additional qualitative information was assembled from newspaper articles related to these cases. In addition to basic demographic characteristics, the following are also examined: the incidence of injury or death of other people (including law enforcement officers) in these events, the type of weapon which was used by the PJH victim, the evidence of mental illness or suicidal behaviors in the victim, and the role of domestic violence in the justifiable homicide event.
{"title":"Female Victims of Police Justifiable Homicide","authors":"P. Plass","doi":"10.1080/08974454.2020.1741488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2020.1741488","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper provides an analysis of characteristics of Police Justifiable Homicide (PJH) events with female victims, including a comparison with a sample of male victims of PJH. Cases were identified using the FBI’s Supplemental Homicide Report, and include all-female justifiable homicide victims for a 7-year period (2007–2013), along with a random sample of male victim events in the same period. Additional qualitative information was assembled from newspaper articles related to these cases. In addition to basic demographic characteristics, the following are also examined: the incidence of injury or death of other people (including law enforcement officers) in these events, the type of weapon which was used by the PJH victim, the evidence of mental illness or suicidal behaviors in the victim, and the role of domestic violence in the justifiable homicide event.","PeriodicalId":51745,"journal":{"name":"Women & Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/08974454.2020.1741488","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43609420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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