Pub Date : 2023-02-02DOI: 10.1177/00754242221139881
L. Moretti
The higher frequency of auxiliary do in poetry than in prose in Middle English (1150-1500) is one of the puzzles of the history of this construction. Previous studies have argued that the role of auxiliary do in poems was to place the infinitive at the end of the verse to make rhyme easier. The aim of this article is to examine to what extent auxiliary do was used for rhyme purposes and, furthermore, to determine whether it had other functions. On the basis of a conditional inference tree and random forests, this paper shows that auxiliary do was indeed used as a metrical tool to place the infinitive at the end of the verse to facilitate rhyme, although the degree to which poets used auxiliary do varied from dialect to dialect. The statistical analysis reveals that the auxiliary construction served also other functions, particularly in the Eastern Midlands and Northern dialects, where do favored the integration of verbs of foreign origin and ensured the metricality of the verse by maintaining a regular distribution of the beats in the line.
{"title":"The Functions of Auxiliary Do in Middle English Poetry: A Quantitative Study","authors":"L. Moretti","doi":"10.1177/00754242221139881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221139881","url":null,"abstract":"The higher frequency of auxiliary do in poetry than in prose in Middle English (1150-1500) is one of the puzzles of the history of this construction. Previous studies have argued that the role of auxiliary do in poems was to place the infinitive at the end of the verse to make rhyme easier. The aim of this article is to examine to what extent auxiliary do was used for rhyme purposes and, furthermore, to determine whether it had other functions. On the basis of a conditional inference tree and random forests, this paper shows that auxiliary do was indeed used as a metrical tool to place the infinitive at the end of the verse to facilitate rhyme, although the degree to which poets used auxiliary do varied from dialect to dialect. The statistical analysis reveals that the auxiliary construction served also other functions, particularly in the Eastern Midlands and Northern dialects, where do favored the integration of verbs of foreign origin and ensured the metricality of the verse by maintaining a regular distribution of the beats in the line.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"51 1","pages":"3 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47665935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-21DOI: 10.1177/00754242221144474
Marie Bissell
This study focuses on changes over apparent time in the /aw/ vowel class (e.g., mouth) in Raleigh, a city in North Carolina whose speakers have undergone vocalic changes away from the Southern Vowel Shift in response to extensive in-migration from the northern United States. Although Southerners have conventionally fronted /aw/ nuclei along with other speakers in the Southeastern super-region, some researchers have noted a trend of /aw/ nucleus retraction among younger speakers in urban areas, such as Philadelphia and Kansas City. I examine how the acoustics of /aw/ production have shifted generationally in Raleigh, with a particular focus on nucleus retraction and glide height. The analysis suggests that concurrent phonologically-driven and socially-driven forces may be acting upon this vowel class in the speech of white Raleigh residents.
{"title":"Placing /aw/ Retraction in the Retreat from the Southern Vowel Shift in Raleigh, North Carolina","authors":"Marie Bissell","doi":"10.1177/00754242221144474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221144474","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on changes over apparent time in the /aw/ vowel class (e.g., mouth) in Raleigh, a city in North Carolina whose speakers have undergone vocalic changes away from the Southern Vowel Shift in response to extensive in-migration from the northern United States. Although Southerners have conventionally fronted /aw/ nuclei along with other speakers in the Southeastern super-region, some researchers have noted a trend of /aw/ nucleus retraction among younger speakers in urban areas, such as Philadelphia and Kansas City. I examine how the acoustics of /aw/ production have shifted generationally in Raleigh, with a particular focus on nucleus retraction and glide height. The analysis suggests that concurrent phonologically-driven and socially-driven forces may be acting upon this vowel class in the speech of white Raleigh residents.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"51 1","pages":"66 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49383491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-20DOI: 10.1177/00754242221146631
Abby Walker
{"title":"Book Review: Social Meaning and Linguistic Variation: Theorizing the Third Wave","authors":"Abby Walker","doi":"10.1177/00754242221146631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221146631","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"51 1","pages":"84 - 89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41905873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/00754242221136095
Debbie Loakes
{"title":"Book Review: English on Croker Island: The synchronic and diachronic dynamics of contact and variation","authors":"Debbie Loakes","doi":"10.1177/00754242221136095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221136095","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"413 - 418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45062038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/00754242221136097
Valentin Werner
{"title":"Book Review: English rock and pop performances: A sociolinguistic investigation of British and American language perceptions and attitudes","authors":"Valentin Werner","doi":"10.1177/00754242221136097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221136097","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"418 - 422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64842313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1177/00754242221126698
Noelia Castro-Chao
This article examines the development of the subordinators till and until as minor complementizers in the Late Middle English and Early Modern English periods. An analysis of data obtained from a number of sources shows that till/until underwent a process of secondary grammaticalization, emerging as complementizers introducing clauses governed by the desiderative predicate long. The findings further suggest that the use of till/until-clauses with long was the result of a process of lexical diffusion from the semantically related pattern think (it) long till/until-clause (in the sense of ‘to seem or appear long, to be wearisome (to a person) (until something happens)’). In Late Modern English, till/until-clauses following long were lost and replaced by competing patterns with to-infinitives and for. . .to-infinitives, the latter emerging at the time as a new complement type. The article discusses the motivations and broader implications of the obsolescence of till/until-complements, which failed to spread to other members of the class of verbs of “desire,” such as desire, thirst, or yearn, and thus remained at the margins of the English system of complementation.
{"title":"The Emergence and Loss of the English Minor Complementizers till and until","authors":"Noelia Castro-Chao","doi":"10.1177/00754242221126698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221126698","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the development of the subordinators till and until as minor complementizers in the Late Middle English and Early Modern English periods. An analysis of data obtained from a number of sources shows that till/until underwent a process of secondary grammaticalization, emerging as complementizers introducing clauses governed by the desiderative predicate long. The findings further suggest that the use of till/until-clauses with long was the result of a process of lexical diffusion from the semantically related pattern think (it) long till/until-clause (in the sense of ‘to seem or appear long, to be wearisome (to a person) (until something happens)’). In Late Modern English, till/until-clauses following long were lost and replaced by competing patterns with to-infinitives and for. . .to-infinitives, the latter emerging at the time as a new complement type. The article discusses the motivations and broader implications of the obsolescence of till/until-complements, which failed to spread to other members of the class of verbs of “desire,” such as desire, thirst, or yearn, and thus remained at the margins of the English system of complementation.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"354 - 383"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43657086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-01DOI: 10.1177/00754242221126692
Kie Zuraw
{"title":"Interview With Donka Minkova","authors":"Kie Zuraw","doi":"10.1177/00754242221126692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221126692","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"384 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42444692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.1177/00754242221126533
Alexandra D’Arcy, P. Grund, W. Kretzschmar, C. F. Meyer, Anne Curzan, R. Queen, M. Gordon
{"title":"Reflections From Editors of Journal of English Linguistics","authors":"Alexandra D’Arcy, P. Grund, W. Kretzschmar, C. F. Meyer, Anne Curzan, R. Queen, M. Gordon","doi":"10.1177/00754242221126533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221126533","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"404 - 412"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43905756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-19DOI: 10.1177/00754242221124129
I. Depraetere
This paper offers a principled framework for the analysis of sources associated with modal verbs that express root necessity. First, the notion of “source” (who or what lies at the origin of the necessity) is described and illustrated, and a comprehensive taxonomy of sources is put forward that can be used for empirical analysis. Special attention is paid to “subject-oriented” sources, which have mainly been discussed in the realm of modal possibility (ability) but which are relevant to modal necessity as well. The framework is then applied to a sample of sentences with Need to extracted from the British National Corpus (BNC). The quantitative study shows that Need to is closely connected with discourse-internal sources, conditional sources, and circumstantial sources. It is not closely associated with a subject-oriented source as it has been defined in the taxonomy and in the context of “rules and regulations.” There are significant differences between the spoken and the written modes in the context of conditional sources and discourse-internal sources.
{"title":"Sources of Modal Necessity: The Case of Need to’","authors":"I. Depraetere","doi":"10.1177/00754242221124129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221124129","url":null,"abstract":"This paper offers a principled framework for the analysis of sources associated with modal verbs that express root necessity. First, the notion of “source” (who or what lies at the origin of the necessity) is described and illustrated, and a comprehensive taxonomy of sources is put forward that can be used for empirical analysis. Special attention is paid to “subject-oriented” sources, which have mainly been discussed in the realm of modal possibility (ability) but which are relevant to modal necessity as well. The framework is then applied to a sample of sentences with Need to extracted from the British National Corpus (BNC). The quantitative study shows that Need to is closely connected with discourse-internal sources, conditional sources, and circumstantial sources. It is not closely associated with a subject-oriented source as it has been defined in the taxonomy and in the context of “rules and regulations.” There are significant differences between the spoken and the written modes in the context of conditional sources and discourse-internal sources.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"50 1","pages":"327 - 353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47546256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-01Epub Date: 2022-08-27DOI: 10.1177/00754242221109856
Sky Onosson
This study examines production of the vowels /æ/, /ɛ/, and /e/ among three different English-speaking ethnic populations in Manitoba, Canada, focusing on patterns of raising and vowel overlap in prevelar contexts. Although raising of /æ/ before /ɡ/ has been documented for the Prairies region of Canada generally, its specific occurrence in Manitoba as well as the occurrence of vowel merger(s) there has not previously been examined in detail. This study finds that pre-velar patterns are distinguished by coda voicing, with voiceless /k/ producing lowering and some retraction while voiced /ɡ/ and /ŋ/ produce similar raising and especially fronting patterns in preceding /æ/ and /ɛ/. Statistical analysis of spatial and temporal qualities shows that, while complete merger is not observed between any of the three vowels, there is much more substantial overlap in their productions before the voiced velars than in other contexts; in contrast, the voiceless velar /k/ is associated with productions which often substantially diverge from these. The results suggest that Manitoba speakers' productions of these vowels share some features of other dialects with velar-affected productions, but the arrangement of these features in Manitoba may represent a unique configuration having a potential, incipient, or early-stage prevelar merger of /æ/ and /ɛ/, mainly without the participation of /e/. Social factors such as conservatism and extra-local affiliation are also found to play a role in production.
{"title":"Prevelar Vowel Raising and Merger in Manitoba English.","authors":"Sky Onosson","doi":"10.1177/00754242221109856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242221109856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examines production of the vowels /æ/, /ɛ/, and /e/ among three different English-speaking ethnic populations in Manitoba, Canada, focusing on patterns of raising and vowel overlap in prevelar contexts. Although raising of /æ/ before /ɡ/ has been documented for the Prairies region of Canada generally, its specific occurrence in Manitoba as well as the occurrence of vowel merger(s) there has not previously been examined in detail. This study finds that pre-velar patterns are distinguished by coda voicing, with voiceless /k/ producing lowering and some retraction while voiced /ɡ/ and /ŋ/ produce similar raising and especially fronting patterns in preceding /æ/ and /ɛ/. Statistical analysis of spatial and temporal qualities shows that, while complete merger is not observed between any of the three vowels, there is much more substantial overlap in their productions before the voiced velars than in other contexts; in contrast, the voiceless velar /k/ is associated with productions which often substantially diverge from these. The results suggest that Manitoba speakers' productions of these vowels share some features of other dialects with velar-affected productions, but the arrangement of these features in Manitoba may represent a unique configuration having a potential, incipient, or early-stage prevelar merger of /æ/ and /ɛ/, mainly without the participation of /e/. Social factors such as conservatism and extra-local affiliation are also found to play a role in production.</p>","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"50 3","pages":"247-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/af/18/10.1177_00754242221109856.PMC9420893.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40343112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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