Pub Date : 2021-09-01DOI: 10.1177/00754242211024722
N. Holliday
This study examines how men with one Black parent and one white parent variably construct their racial identities through both linguistic practice and explicit testimonials, with a specific focus on how this construction is realized in narratives about law enforcement. The data consist of interviews with five young men, aged 18-32, in Washington, D.C., and the analysis compares use of intonational phenomena associated with African American Language (AAL) in response to questions about aspects of their racial identities. Declarative intonational phrases from responses to questions were MAE-ToBi annotated and analyzed for use of intonational features subject to racialized stylistic variation, including use of L+H* versus H*, focus marking, and peak delay interval length. Results of multiple regression models indicate speakers avoid intonational features associated with AAL in police narratives, especially L+H* pitch accents with broad focus marking and longer peak delay intervals. These findings illuminate an important aspect of the relationship between linguistic performance and identity: both racial and linguistic identities are subject to topic and audience/referee-conditioned variation and individuals can use specific intonational variables to align themselves within specific audience and topic-influenced constraints. In the context of police narratives, avoidance of salient features of AAL intonation can serve as linguistic respectability politics; these speakers have motivation to employ linguistic behavior that distances them from the most societally and physically precarious implications of their identities.
{"title":"Intonation and Referee Design Phenomena in the Narrative Speech of Black/Biracial Men","authors":"N. Holliday","doi":"10.1177/00754242211024722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242211024722","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines how men with one Black parent and one white parent variably construct their racial identities through both linguistic practice and explicit testimonials, with a specific focus on how this construction is realized in narratives about law enforcement. The data consist of interviews with five young men, aged 18-32, in Washington, D.C., and the analysis compares use of intonational phenomena associated with African American Language (AAL) in response to questions about aspects of their racial identities. Declarative intonational phrases from responses to questions were MAE-ToBi annotated and analyzed for use of intonational features subject to racialized stylistic variation, including use of L+H* versus H*, focus marking, and peak delay interval length. Results of multiple regression models indicate speakers avoid intonational features associated with AAL in police narratives, especially L+H* pitch accents with broad focus marking and longer peak delay intervals. These findings illuminate an important aspect of the relationship between linguistic performance and identity: both racial and linguistic identities are subject to topic and audience/referee-conditioned variation and individuals can use specific intonational variables to align themselves within specific audience and topic-influenced constraints. In the context of police narratives, avoidance of salient features of AAL intonation can serve as linguistic respectability politics; these speakers have motivation to employ linguistic behavior that distances them from the most societally and physically precarious implications of their identities.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"283 - 304"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00754242211024722","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47188354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.1177/00754242211019080
Ken Hyland, F. Jiang
In this paper we explore the ways academics name processes as things and how these practices have changed over the past fifty years. Focusing on nominalization, noun-noun sequences, and acronyms, we document an increase in these features across a corpus of 2.2 million words within a consistent set of journals from four disciplines. Our results show that nominalizations and acronyms have increased in all four fields, particularly in applied linguistics and sociology, and that while noun-noun sequences have fallen in electrical engineering, they have risen in the other disciplines, especially sociology. We also suggest that noun-noun phrases have increasingly come to name methodological approaches, rather than concepts or objects, and we seek to account for these changes. We observe that these increases in naming are related to the need for succinctness in modern research writing and the advantages of endowing named objects with a real existence which can then be credited with explanatory authority. We question, however, the appropriacy of these practices for interpretation in the social sciences.
{"title":"Academic Naming: Changing Patterns of Noun Use in Research Writing","authors":"Ken Hyland, F. Jiang","doi":"10.1177/00754242211019080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242211019080","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we explore the ways academics name processes as things and how these practices have changed over the past fifty years. Focusing on nominalization, noun-noun sequences, and acronyms, we document an increase in these features across a corpus of 2.2 million words within a consistent set of journals from four disciplines. Our results show that nominalizations and acronyms have increased in all four fields, particularly in applied linguistics and sociology, and that while noun-noun sequences have fallen in electrical engineering, they have risen in the other disciplines, especially sociology. We also suggest that noun-noun phrases have increasingly come to name methodological approaches, rather than concepts or objects, and we seek to account for these changes. We observe that these increases in naming are related to the need for succinctness in modern research writing and the advantages of endowing named objects with a real existence which can then be credited with explanatory authority. We question, however, the appropriacy of these practices for interpretation in the social sciences.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"255 - 282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00754242211019080","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45497944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.1177/00754242211019072
Seth Mehl
Where there is any perception of digital humanities (DH) within the field of English linguistics, it may be seen as a technical practice preoccupied with digitizing texts and producing digital editions. The one occurrence of digital humanities in JEngL’s archival content is a passing reference to digital editions and the role of editors—in an interview rather than a research article (Grant 2014). Within DH, there is a more vigorous conversation about what DH fundamentally is, alongside creative methodological questions about what it can be. That is because DH—from within—is largely viewed as a methodological challenge, driven by meaningful, even urgent research questions originating not only in the humanities but also in the social sciences which can be most effectively addressed via the development of new digital methods and tools. If DH is a methodological practice, it is in the sense of methods and epistemology: asking and debating how it is that we can know what we need to know, and testing the efficacy of selected digital methods in the service of specific research questions. As a corpus linguist based in a DH center, I present here a view of DH and English linguistics from within both disciplines. My discussion begins with a focus on corpus linguistics, but also includes English linguistics more generally, and linguistics as a whole. I argue that we as linguists should care about DH, not only because much of what we do is DH (even if we do not always recognize it as such), but also because collaborations between English linguistics and DH will be fruitful for all of us. Research questions in DH are wide-ranging; recent major DH projects that encompass humanities and social sciences include:
{"title":"Why Linguists Should Care about Digital Humanities (and Epidemiology)","authors":"Seth Mehl","doi":"10.1177/00754242211019072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242211019072","url":null,"abstract":"Where there is any perception of digital humanities (DH) within the field of English linguistics, it may be seen as a technical practice preoccupied with digitizing texts and producing digital editions. The one occurrence of digital humanities in JEngL’s archival content is a passing reference to digital editions and the role of editors—in an interview rather than a research article (Grant 2014). Within DH, there is a more vigorous conversation about what DH fundamentally is, alongside creative methodological questions about what it can be. That is because DH—from within—is largely viewed as a methodological challenge, driven by meaningful, even urgent research questions originating not only in the humanities but also in the social sciences which can be most effectively addressed via the development of new digital methods and tools. If DH is a methodological practice, it is in the sense of methods and epistemology: asking and debating how it is that we can know what we need to know, and testing the efficacy of selected digital methods in the service of specific research questions. As a corpus linguist based in a DH center, I present here a view of DH and English linguistics from within both disciplines. My discussion begins with a focus on corpus linguistics, but also includes English linguistics more generally, and linguistics as a whole. I argue that we as linguists should care about DH, not only because much of what we do is DH (even if we do not always recognize it as such), but also because collaborations between English linguistics and DH will be fruitful for all of us. Research questions in DH are wide-ranging; recent major DH projects that encompass humanities and social sciences include:","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"331 - 337"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00754242211019072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48546652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-19DOI: 10.1177/00754242211005831
Jonathan Culpeper
Politeness in the history of English is certainly not the first book to be written in that topic area. 2018 saw the publication of Keith Thomas’s much lauded In pursuit of civility: anners and civilization in early modern England. But that is a book written by a historian for people interested in history. The inescapable fact is that politeness, and related notions such as “civility” and “manners,” is mainly constituted in language. This is the first monograph written by a linguist focusing on the language of politeness in the history of English. To be sure, linguists have written papers on the language of English politeness in particular texts, genres, and periods, but this is the first work to encompass the broad sweep from its beginnings in the Middle Ages through to the present day. That in itself is a huge challenge, which partly explains why nobody has done it before. Seven of the ten chapters, diachronically organized, survey the development of politeness in Britain. Jucker uses a journey metaphor, specifically an “extended road trip,” to explain how he handles breadth and depth: he journeys through time, stopping to take pictures, “both close-ups of interesting details and longshot panoramas of entire sceneries” (xi). Parts of that road have been travelled by other scholars, who also have taken pictures. These pictures/studies are judiciously used, often with updatings and new framings, to fill in any gaps in Jucker’s own many studies. It would be a mistake to think that this is simply a descriptive work. Popular theories and frameworks of linguistic politeness, developed in pragmatics and interactional linguistics, are not able to provide an adequate account of how politeness works in all periods. The first chapter provides a succinct theoretical overview and sharp critique of extant work. The general approach taken by the book is a mixed one, combining both a first-order approach (i.e., one that focuses on what non-academic users do and their understandings) in the examination of politeness vocabulary and discourses on politeness, and a second-order approach (i.e., one that focuses on what academic observers do and their concepts) in theorizing about, for example, conceptualizations of politeness (e.g., the notions of “negative politeness” and “positive politeness”). Regarding the latter, the book contains some important innovations, as I will note below. 1005831 ENGXXX10.1177/00754242211005831Journal of English LinguisticsBook Review book-review2021
{"title":"Book Review: Politeness in the History of English: From the Middle Ages to the Present Day","authors":"Jonathan Culpeper","doi":"10.1177/00754242211005831","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00754242211005831","url":null,"abstract":"Politeness in the history of English is certainly not the first book to be written in that topic area. 2018 saw the publication of Keith Thomas’s much lauded In pursuit of civility: anners and civilization in early modern England. But that is a book written by a historian for people interested in history. The inescapable fact is that politeness, and related notions such as “civility” and “manners,” is mainly constituted in language. This is the first monograph written by a linguist focusing on the language of politeness in the history of English. To be sure, linguists have written papers on the language of English politeness in particular texts, genres, and periods, but this is the first work to encompass the broad sweep from its beginnings in the Middle Ages through to the present day. That in itself is a huge challenge, which partly explains why nobody has done it before. Seven of the ten chapters, diachronically organized, survey the development of politeness in Britain. Jucker uses a journey metaphor, specifically an “extended road trip,” to explain how he handles breadth and depth: he journeys through time, stopping to take pictures, “both close-ups of interesting details and longshot panoramas of entire sceneries” (xi). Parts of that road have been travelled by other scholars, who also have taken pictures. These pictures/studies are judiciously used, often with updatings and new framings, to fill in any gaps in Jucker’s own many studies. It would be a mistake to think that this is simply a descriptive work. Popular theories and frameworks of linguistic politeness, developed in pragmatics and interactional linguistics, are not able to provide an adequate account of how politeness works in all periods. The first chapter provides a succinct theoretical overview and sharp critique of extant work. The general approach taken by the book is a mixed one, combining both a first-order approach (i.e., one that focuses on what non-academic users do and their understandings) in the examination of politeness vocabulary and discourses on politeness, and a second-order approach (i.e., one that focuses on what academic observers do and their concepts) in theorizing about, for example, conceptualizations of politeness (e.g., the notions of “negative politeness” and “positive politeness”). Regarding the latter, the book contains some important innovations, as I will note below. 1005831 ENGXXX10.1177/00754242211005831Journal of English LinguisticsBook Review book-review2021","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"475 - 478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/00754242211005831","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48041400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424221999095
Victorina González-Díaz
This paper explores the development and establishment of intensificatory tautology (specifically, size-adjective clusters, e.g., “great big plans,” “little tiny room”) in the history of English. The analysis suggests that size-adjective clusters appear in the Late Middle English period as a result of the functional-structural reorganization of the English noun phrase. It is only towards the end of the Early Modern English period that they start to become (relatively) productive in the language, and in Present-Day English that they acquire a wide(r) intensifying functional range (i.e., adjective modifier, emphasizer, degree intensifier) and become associated with informal, spoken-based registers. More broadly, the paper suggests that more research is needed as regards the role of collocation in processes of intensifier creation in the noun phrase and, more generally, as regards how collocation interacts with word-formation processes in this context.
{"title":"Intensificatory Tautology in the History of English: A Corpus-based Study","authors":"Victorina González-Díaz","doi":"10.1177/0075424221999095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424221999095","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the development and establishment of intensificatory tautology (specifically, size-adjective clusters, e.g., “great big plans,” “little tiny room”) in the history of English. The analysis suggests that size-adjective clusters appear in the Late Middle English period as a result of the functional-structural reorganization of the English noun phrase. It is only towards the end of the Early Modern English period that they start to become (relatively) productive in the language, and in Present-Day English that they acquire a wide(r) intensifying functional range (i.e., adjective modifier, emphasizer, degree intensifier) and become associated with informal, spoken-based registers. More broadly, the paper suggests that more research is needed as regards the role of collocation in processes of intensifier creation in the noun phrase and, more generally, as regards how collocation interacts with word-formation processes in this context.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"182 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424221999095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49478140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-25DOI: 10.1177/0075424221993850
Belén Méndez-Naya
Even though degree adverbs (e.g., swiþe) represent the most common intensification strategy in Old English, morphological devices are also very frequent, as expected in a predominantly synthetic language. This article studies synthetic intensification strategies in Old English with a focus on degree modification of adjectives and adverbs by means of spatial formatives (e.g., þurh- in þurhbitter ‘very bitter’ and for- in foreaþe ‘very easily’), paying attention both to the features of the intensifying formative and to the characteristics of the intensified base. Using the cognitive construct of the “Image Schema,” I show that the original spatial meaning of the formatives can help explain their combinatorial preferences in terms of boundedness. Of all the items studied, for- stands out as the most grammaticalized Old English spatial intensifying formative: it is semantically opaque, is very productive with both adjectives and adverbs, and has a very wide collocational profile.
{"title":"Synthetic Intensification Devices in Old English","authors":"Belén Méndez-Naya","doi":"10.1177/0075424221993850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424221993850","url":null,"abstract":"Even though degree adverbs (e.g., swiþe) represent the most common intensification strategy in Old English, morphological devices are also very frequent, as expected in a predominantly synthetic language. This article studies synthetic intensification strategies in Old English with a focus on degree modification of adjectives and adverbs by means of spatial formatives (e.g., þurh- in þurhbitter ‘very bitter’ and for- in foreaþe ‘very easily’), paying attention both to the features of the intensifying formative and to the characteristics of the intensified base. Using the cognitive construct of the “Image Schema,” I show that the original spatial meaning of the formatives can help explain their combinatorial preferences in terms of boundedness. Of all the items studied, for- stands out as the most grammaticalized Old English spatial intensifying formative: it is semantically opaque, is very productive with both adjectives and adverbs, and has a very wide collocational profile.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"208 - 227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424221993850","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49100726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-20DOI: 10.1177/0075424221999788
D. Denis
{"title":"Book Review: Creating Canadian English: The Professor, the Mountaineer, and a National Variety of English","authors":"D. Denis","doi":"10.1177/0075424221999788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424221999788","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"478 - 483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424221999788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41711485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-17DOI: 10.1177/0075424221991631
Turo Vartiainen
This paper examines the syntactic distribution of degree modifiers in both spoken and written English. The results of the empirical case studies show that degree modifiers, both amplifiers (e.g., very, extremely) and downtoners (e.g., quite, pretty), are generally more often used in predication than in attribution, a result that is in line with earlier observations of the distribution of individual modifiers. This synchronic trend is also evident in diachronic developments: corpus data show that the recent frequency increase of intensifying this and that has largely taken place in predication, and the adjectivization of a class of -ed participles (e.g., interested, scared) can also be connected to their frequent co-occurrence with degree modifiers after be. Finally, the connection between degree modifiers and predicative usage has recently become stronger for a subset of modifiers (e.g., so, this, that) due to the decline of the “Big Mess” construction (e.g., so good an idea). From a theoretical perspective, this paper promotes a dynamic, usage-based model of word classes where frequency of use plays a role in categorization. The data investigated in the article are mainly discussed from the perspective of usage-based Construction Grammar, and the theoretical implications of the findings are examined both in light of a more traditional Construction Grammar network model of language and some recent ideas of overlapping word classes.
{"title":"Trends and Recent Change in the Syntactic Distribution of Degree Modifiers: Implications for a Usage-based Theory of Word Classes","authors":"Turo Vartiainen","doi":"10.1177/0075424221991631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424221991631","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the syntactic distribution of degree modifiers in both spoken and written English. The results of the empirical case studies show that degree modifiers, both amplifiers (e.g., very, extremely) and downtoners (e.g., quite, pretty), are generally more often used in predication than in attribution, a result that is in line with earlier observations of the distribution of individual modifiers. This synchronic trend is also evident in diachronic developments: corpus data show that the recent frequency increase of intensifying this and that has largely taken place in predication, and the adjectivization of a class of -ed participles (e.g., interested, scared) can also be connected to their frequent co-occurrence with degree modifiers after be. Finally, the connection between degree modifiers and predicative usage has recently become stronger for a subset of modifiers (e.g., so, this, that) due to the decline of the “Big Mess” construction (e.g., so good an idea). From a theoretical perspective, this paper promotes a dynamic, usage-based model of word classes where frequency of use plays a role in categorization. The data investigated in the article are mainly discussed from the perspective of usage-based Construction Grammar, and the theoretical implications of the findings are examined both in light of a more traditional Construction Grammar network model of language and some recent ideas of overlapping word classes.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"228 - 251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424221991631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48561378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424220979116
Ulrike Stange
This paper explores the use of so-called GenX so as a modifier of verb phrases, as exemplified in “He should so be in jail” (SOAP, DAYS, 2005). Drawing on over 1350 relevant tokens retrieved from the Corpus of American Soap Operas (SOAP) (Davies 2011-, 100 million words from 2001-2012), the main purpose of the present study is to provide robust empirical evidence for various findings yielded by small-scale studies and by introspection. The results corroborate some of the previous findings, while others, particularly those based on introspection, are challenged in light of empirical (counter)evidence. The data show that preverbal so is very flexible in that it can occur in various syntactic slots and with a large number of different verbs (wide collocational range) and with different kinds of verbs (full, modal, auxiliary). In a large data set (such as that from SOAP), GenX so is even attested in questions, before auxiliaries in affirmative uses, and after the negator not. Moreover, preverbal so is expanding its functional range from intensification to emphasis.
本文探讨了所谓的GenX so作为动词短语修饰语的使用，例如在“He should be in jail”(SOAP, DAYS, 2005)中。从美国肥皂剧语料库(Soap) (Davies 2011-， 2001-2012年1亿字)中检索的1350多个相关标记，本研究的主要目的是为小规模研究和内省得出的各种发现提供强有力的经验证据。研究结果证实了之前的一些发现，而另一些发现，尤其是那些基于内省的发现，则受到了经验(反)证据的挑战。数据表明，前语so具有很大的灵活性，它可以出现在不同的句法槽中，可以与大量不同的动词搭配(搭配范围广)，可以与不同类型的动词(完整、情态、助动词)搭配。在大型数据集(例如来自SOAP的数据集)中，GenX so甚至在问题中被证明，在肯定用法的辅助词之前，在否定用法的not之后。言语前语的功能范围正在从强化向强调扩展。
{"title":"“He should so be in jail”: An Empirical Study on Preverbal So in American English","authors":"Ulrike Stange","doi":"10.1177/0075424220979116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220979116","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores the use of so-called GenX so as a modifier of verb phrases, as exemplified in “He should so be in jail” (SOAP, DAYS, 2005). Drawing on over 1350 relevant tokens retrieved from the Corpus of American Soap Operas (SOAP) (Davies 2011-, 100 million words from 2001-2012), the main purpose of the present study is to provide robust empirical evidence for various findings yielded by small-scale studies and by introspection. The results corroborate some of the previous findings, while others, particularly those based on introspection, are challenged in light of empirical (counter)evidence. The data show that preverbal so is very flexible in that it can occur in various syntactic slots and with a large number of different verbs (wide collocational range) and with different kinds of verbs (full, modal, auxiliary). In a large data set (such as that from SOAP), GenX so is even attested in questions, before auxiliaries in affirmative uses, and after the negator not. Moreover, preverbal so is expanding its functional range from intensification to emphasis.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"114 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220979116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42126668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-01DOI: 10.1177/0075424220982649
Turo Hiltunen
While intensifiers are primarily associated with informal spoken registers, they serve important interpersonal functions also in more formal registers like academic prose. The use of intensifiers in scientific writing has accordingly been explored in Present-Day English, and previous studies have also investigated diachronic changes in this register in Middle and Early Modern English. However, the Late Modern English period remains largely unexplored, despite the fact that at least in medical writing it represents an important transition period both intellectually and textually. To follow up on the trends and developments established in previous work, this paper explores the patterns of intensification in eighteenth century medical writing using Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT; Taavitsainen et al. 2019), which contains a large collection of texts representing different areas of medicine. While the intensifiers that are selected for study are ubiquitous in the data, their frequency varies considerably between individual texts, and this variation is often linked to the characteristics of individual sub-registers. At the same time, the use of intensifiers in this period is characterized by stability rather than dramatic change, despite ongoing changes in the sociocultural context of medicine. Along with providing a detailed investigation of the frequency of the main intensifiers in different categories of medical writing of the period, the analysis describes their co-selection patterns with particular adjectives.
虽然强化语主要与非正式口语有关，但它们在学术散文等更正式的口语中也具有重要的人际功能。相应地，在现代英语中对科技写作中加强语气的使用进行了探索，之前的研究也调查了中古和早期现代英语中该语域的历时变化。然而，晚期现代英语时期在很大程度上仍未被探索，尽管至少在医学写作中它代表了一个重要的智力和文本过渡时期。为了跟进之前工作中建立的趋势和发展，本文探索了18世纪医学写作的强化模式，使用晚期现代英语医学文本(LMEMT;Taavitsainen et al. 2019)，其中包含大量代表不同医学领域的文本。虽然研究中选择的加强语在数据中普遍存在，但它们在各个文本之间的频率差异很大，这种差异通常与各个子语域的特征有关。与此同时，尽管医学的社会文化背景不断变化，但这一时期强化词的使用特点是稳定而不是剧烈变化。除了对这一时期不同类别医学写作中主要强化词的频率进行详细调查外，分析还描述了它们与特定形容词的共同选择模式。
{"title":"Intensification in Eighteenth Century Medical Writing","authors":"Turo Hiltunen","doi":"10.1177/0075424220982649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0075424220982649","url":null,"abstract":"While intensifiers are primarily associated with informal spoken registers, they serve important interpersonal functions also in more formal registers like academic prose. The use of intensifiers in scientific writing has accordingly been explored in Present-Day English, and previous studies have also investigated diachronic changes in this register in Middle and Early Modern English. However, the Late Modern English period remains largely unexplored, despite the fact that at least in medical writing it represents an important transition period both intellectually and textually. To follow up on the trends and developments established in previous work, this paper explores the patterns of intensification in eighteenth century medical writing using Late Modern English Medical Texts (LMEMT; Taavitsainen et al. 2019), which contains a large collection of texts representing different areas of medicine. While the intensifiers that are selected for study are ubiquitous in the data, their frequency varies considerably between individual texts, and this variation is often linked to the characteristics of individual sub-registers. At the same time, the use of intensifiers in this period is characterized by stability rather than dramatic change, despite ongoing changes in the sociocultural context of medicine. Along with providing a detailed investigation of the frequency of the main intensifiers in different categories of medical writing of the period, the analysis describes their co-selection patterns with particular adjectives.","PeriodicalId":51803,"journal":{"name":"Journal of English Linguistics","volume":"49 1","pages":"90 - 113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0075424220982649","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46502987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：