The reuse of reclaimed asphalt material (RAM) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste is a reliable approach to limit the use of virgin aggregates for road construction and mitigate environmental challenges. This study highlights the structural performance of the cementitious base or cement-treated base (CTB) layer by incorporating reclaimed asphalt and plastic waste material. Structural compatibility of CTB layer with different proportions of RAM (20%, 45%, 70% and 95%), virgin aggregates and plastic waste (5%) is recognized by the moisture-density relationship, unconfined compressive, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and California bearing ratio tests. In the current study, a ranking methodology is used to analyze the overall suitability of the cementitious base mix proportions using different laboratory test parameters. Furthermore, a finite element analysis using the ANSYS software is performed to investigate the effect of CTB layer on the pavement structural responses. Also, using the central public works department guidelines, a cost comparative study is provided. Experimental results showed that all the cementitious base mixes met the requirements for the unconfined compressive strength, except for the 95% and 70% RAM mixes. Therefore, 20%-45% of RAM can partially be used in the CTB layer to replace virgin aggregates partially. The finite element analysis results showed that CTB reduced fatigue strain by 57% and surface deformation by 47%. Moreover, it has been concluded that by utilizing a cementitious base with RAM, there is a 30% cost reduction. KEYWORDS: Reclaimed asphalt material, Cement-treated base, Polyethylene terephthalate, Finite element analysis, Unconfined compressive strength.
{"title":"Structural Performance of Cement-treated Base Layer by Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt Material and Plastic Waste","authors":"A. Banerji, P. Topdar, A. Datta","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.08","url":null,"abstract":"The reuse of reclaimed asphalt material (RAM) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste is a reliable approach to limit the use of virgin aggregates for road construction and mitigate environmental challenges. This study highlights the structural performance of the cementitious base or cement-treated base (CTB) layer by incorporating reclaimed asphalt and plastic waste material. Structural compatibility of CTB layer with different proportions of RAM (20%, 45%, 70% and 95%), virgin aggregates and plastic waste (5%) is recognized by the moisture-density relationship, unconfined compressive, indirect tensile strength, flexural strength and California bearing ratio tests. In the current study, a ranking methodology is used to analyze the overall suitability of the cementitious base mix proportions using different laboratory test parameters. Furthermore, a finite element analysis using the ANSYS software is performed to investigate the effect of CTB layer on the pavement structural responses. Also, using the central public works department guidelines, a cost comparative study is provided. Experimental results showed that all the cementitious base mixes met the requirements for the unconfined compressive strength, except for the 95% and 70% RAM mixes. Therefore, 20%-45% of RAM can partially be used in the CTB layer to replace virgin aggregates partially. The finite element analysis results showed that CTB reduced fatigue strain by 57% and surface deformation by 47%. Moreover, it has been concluded that by utilizing a cementitious base with RAM, there is a 30% cost reduction. KEYWORDS: Reclaimed asphalt material, Cement-treated base, Polyethylene terephthalate, Finite element analysis, Unconfined compressive strength.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47346506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Concrete, being the most widely used construction material in the world, lacks strength in direct tension and flexure. Attempts to reinforce concrete in tension include the use of steel rebars to strengthen the tensile side of concrete as well as the use of discrete fibers as a reinforcing medium. The study conducted in this manuscript details the effects of including alkali-resistant glass fibers in concrete. Mechanical strength, such as strength in compression and flexure, chord modulus of elasticity and bond pull-out strength, have been measured along with porosity and resistance to accelerated carbonation. Five different water to binder ratios in a range of 0.4 to 0.6 had been used to prepare the design mix proportions. The optimum fiber dosage was found to be 1.5% by weight of cement used. The same had been adopted in the design mix proportions. The average increase in compressive strength and flexural strength was 13% and 28%, respectively. Alkali-resistant glass fiber concrete showed less resistance to carbonation when compared to control mix. Results indicate that glass fibers play a predominant role in providing flexural strength to concrete. The pull-out strength of fiber was added to extra post-cracking flexural strength. The inclusion of alkali-resistant glass fibers imparted a maximum addition of 44% increase in the flexural strength compared to control concrete. The inclusion of alkali-resistant glass fibers in concrete paves the way for a leaner mix and eradicates the possibility of congestion of steel reinforcement for certain structures. KEYWORDS: Alkali-resistant glass fibers, Accelerated carbonation, Bond strength, Compressive strength, Flexural strength.
{"title":"Mechanical and Durability Performances of Alkali-resistant Glass Fiber-reinforced Concrete","authors":"Shaik Hussain, J. Yadav","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.06","url":null,"abstract":"Concrete, being the most widely used construction material in the world, lacks strength in direct tension and flexure. Attempts to reinforce concrete in tension include the use of steel rebars to strengthen the tensile side of concrete as well as the use of discrete fibers as a reinforcing medium. The study conducted in this manuscript details the effects of including alkali-resistant glass fibers in concrete. Mechanical strength, such as strength in compression and flexure, chord modulus of elasticity and bond pull-out strength, have been measured along with porosity and resistance to accelerated carbonation. Five different water to binder ratios in a range of 0.4 to 0.6 had been used to prepare the design mix proportions. The optimum fiber dosage was found to be 1.5% by weight of cement used. The same had been adopted in the design mix proportions. The average increase in compressive strength and flexural strength was 13% and 28%, respectively. Alkali-resistant glass fiber concrete showed less resistance to carbonation when compared to control mix. Results indicate that glass fibers play a predominant role in providing flexural strength to concrete. The pull-out strength of fiber was added to extra post-cracking flexural strength. The inclusion of alkali-resistant glass fibers imparted a maximum addition of 44% increase in the flexural strength compared to control concrete. The inclusion of alkali-resistant glass fibers in concrete paves the way for a leaner mix and eradicates the possibility of congestion of steel reinforcement for certain structures. KEYWORDS: Alkali-resistant glass fibers, Accelerated carbonation, Bond strength, Compressive strength, Flexural strength.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42188373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigated the performance of rural public bus transport services in Jordan Valley. The performance measures included availability, comfort and convenience, waiting time, mobility, productivity and safety. The data used in this research was collected from three sources: field survey of existing bus routes, operational data from Land Transport Regulatory Commission and questionnaire surveys which were distributed to a sample of passengers and bus drivers. The obtained data was used to compute the performance measures, as well as to develop statistical models to estimate the average waiting time of buses at peak and off-peak hours. The results indicated that the waiting time at off-peak hours was two and a half times the waiting time at peak hours. It was found that 40% of the external bus routes were within the range of overall Level of Service (LOS) C & D, 26.67% between B & D, 13.33% between B & C, 13.33% between C & E and 6.67% between D & E. Also, it was found that 60% of internal bus routes’ LOSs were between C & D, 20% between C & E and 20% with LOS C. It was found that the average perceived waiting time depends on the total travel time regardless of on-peak or off-peak trips. KEYWORDS: Public transport, Bus services, Performance measures, Waiting time, Jordan Valley.
本研究调查了约旦河谷地区农村公共汽车运输服务的绩效。性能指标包括可用性、舒适性和便利性、等待时间、移动性、生产率和安全性。本研究使用的数据来自三个来源:现有巴士路线的实地调查，陆路运输管理委员会的运营数据，以及对乘客和巴士司机抽样的问卷调查。获得的数据用于计算性能指标，并建立统计模型来估计高峰和非高峰时段公交车的平均等待时间。结果表明，非高峰时段的候车时间是高峰时段的2.5倍。发现40%的外部公交线路范围内整体的服务水平(LOS) C和D, B和D之间的26.67%,13.33% B和C, C & E之间的13.33%和6.67%之间D & E .也发现60%的内部公交线路的损失是C和D之间,20%与洛杉矶C . C和E - 20%发现认为平均等待时间取决于供需的总旅行时间不管或非高峰出行。关键词:公共交通，公交服务，绩效指标，等待时间，约旦河谷。
{"title":"Performance Analysis of Public Bus Transport Services in Rural Areas","authors":"T. Al-Suleiman, Rawan Al-Torkman, R. Mujalli","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.09","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigated the performance of rural public bus transport services in Jordan Valley. The performance measures included availability, comfort and convenience, waiting time, mobility, productivity and safety. The data used in this research was collected from three sources: field survey of existing bus routes, operational data from Land Transport Regulatory Commission and questionnaire surveys which were distributed to a sample of passengers and bus drivers. The obtained data was used to compute the performance measures, as well as to develop statistical models to estimate the average waiting time of buses at peak and off-peak hours. The results indicated that the waiting time at off-peak hours was two and a half times the waiting time at peak hours. It was found that 40% of the external bus routes were within the range of overall Level of Service (LOS) C & D, 26.67% between B & D, 13.33% between B & C, 13.33% between C & E and 6.67% between D & E. Also, it was found that 60% of internal bus routes’ LOSs were between C & D, 20% between C & E and 20% with LOS C. It was found that the average perceived waiting time depends on the total travel time regardless of on-peak or off-peak trips. KEYWORDS: Public transport, Bus services, Performance measures, Waiting time, Jordan Valley.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48729422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
One of the problematic issues with the recycling of used automobile tires is the production of unwanted fiber waste. This waste is considered as a major burden and as an industrial waste which constitutes an extra cost to industries. In this project, thermal and noise insulators were produced from the fiber waste of automobiles. The insulation materials were used in insulating different types of rooms to study their thermal and noise insulation effectiveness (Caravan rooms and brick rooms). Results were also compared to identical rooms without insulation. Results showed that the thermal properties of the obtained sheets are similar to those used currently in construction. The differences between the insulated rooms and the non-insulated rooms were about 2⸰C and 1-4 dBA for thermal and sound level, respectively, for both construction models during day and night all over the year period. KEYWORDS: Automobile tires, Fiber, Thermal insulation, Sound insulation.
{"title":"Production of Thermal and Sound Insulators from Used Automobile Tires' Fiber","authors":"M. Kandah, A. Al-Otoom","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.02","url":null,"abstract":"One of the problematic issues with the recycling of used automobile tires is the production of unwanted fiber waste. This waste is considered as a major burden and as an industrial waste which constitutes an extra cost to industries. In this project, thermal and noise insulators were produced from the fiber waste of automobiles. The insulation materials were used in insulating different types of rooms to study their thermal and noise insulation effectiveness (Caravan rooms and brick rooms). Results were also compared to identical rooms without insulation. Results showed that the thermal properties of the obtained sheets are similar to those used currently in construction. The differences between the insulated rooms and the non-insulated rooms were about 2⸰C and 1-4 dBA for thermal and sound level, respectively, for both construction models during day and night all over the year period. KEYWORDS: Automobile tires, Fiber, Thermal insulation, Sound insulation.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47584038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mahadik, S. Bhagat, P. D. Gunaware, Vijay N. Patil
A shear wall becomes weak when an opening is provided in it. It is important to provide some arrangement in the shear wall having an opening for recovering strength loss due to the opening. It may be recovered by providing some steel profiles around the opening or at weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening. At first, the identification of weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening is important and then, the wall can be made stronger as the shear wall without an opening by strengthening weaker sections. In the present study, the performance of a shear wall having an opening subjected to horizontal cyclic loading along the plane of the shear wall in the presence of concealed stiffeners is investigated. The reduced models of shear walls with openings were tested under axial and lateral load conditions. Load-carrying capacity, deformation behavior and strain behavior of shear walls were studied with experiments and the validation of the results was made with general-purpose finite element software ANSYS. Significant improvements were observed in strength, deformation and strain behavior of a shear wall having a central opening using concealed reinforced concrete (RC) stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners. KEYWORDS: Shear wall, Strength, Stiffness, Strain, Openings, Stiffeners.
{"title":"Experimental and Numerical Study of the Behavior of RC Shear Wall with Opening Using Concealed Stiffeners","authors":"S. Mahadik, S. Bhagat, P. D. Gunaware, Vijay N. Patil","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.04","url":null,"abstract":"A shear wall becomes weak when an opening is provided in it. It is important to provide some arrangement in the shear wall having an opening for recovering strength loss due to the opening. It may be recovered by providing some steel profiles around the opening or at weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening. At first, the identification of weaker sections in the shear wall having an opening is important and then, the wall can be made stronger as the shear wall without an opening by strengthening weaker sections. In the present study, the performance of a shear wall having an opening subjected to horizontal cyclic loading along the plane of the shear wall in the presence of concealed stiffeners is investigated. The reduced models of shear walls with openings were tested under axial and lateral load conditions. Load-carrying capacity, deformation behavior and strain behavior of shear walls were studied with experiments and the validation of the results was made with general-purpose finite element software ANSYS. Significant improvements were observed in strength, deformation and strain behavior of a shear wall having a central opening using concealed reinforced concrete (RC) stiffeners and steel tube stiffeners. KEYWORDS: Shear wall, Strength, Stiffness, Strain, Openings, Stiffeners.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41572692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Abdullah, S. I. Ahmed, Etikaf Husain, Farahbakhsh Hasan, Shoaib Ahmed
Pakistan continuously remains under the threat of drought, as approximately 88% of its area falls under arid and semi-arid regions. The most affected province due to drought is Balochistan, facing migration, scarcity, famine and economic strain. The insufficiency of meteorolgical and hydrological data in the area intensifies the problem because of the late or non-diagnosis of drought. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology to quantify the drought in a watershed with inadequate meteorological and hydrological data. This study aims to design a method to find the extent and duration of drought conditions for watersheds where only basic meteorological data is available. For this purpose, Quetta Valley, Balochistan, Pakistan, is chosen as the study area. First, the hydrological components of water balance for the watershed are calibrated for 10 years using a distributed hydrological model (MIKE-SHE). The modeling results and other observed meteorological data are then used to evaluate eight drought indices to assess the existence and extent of drought, including those which use the hydrological parameters as input from MIKE-SHE. Reconnaissance drought and Palmer drought severity indices, which use detailed hydrological parameters, are found to provide more accurate results coupled with early drought detection of historical events. The results showed that the proposed method could be effectively used to determine the secondary parameters from the hydrological model, which in turn gives more realistic drought conditions for such regions. KEYWORDS: Meteorological drought indices, Hydrological modeling, MIKE SHE, Drought, Palmer drought severity index.
{"title":"Drought Assessment of a Data-scarced Watershed – Quetta Valley, Pakistan","authors":"S. Abdullah, S. I. Ahmed, Etikaf Husain, Farahbakhsh Hasan, Shoaib Ahmed","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"Pakistan continuously remains under the threat of drought, as approximately 88% of its area falls under arid and semi-arid regions. The most affected province due to drought is Balochistan, facing migration, scarcity, famine and economic strain. The insufficiency of meteorolgical and hydrological data in the area intensifies the problem because of the late or non-diagnosis of drought. Therefore, this study proposes a methodology to quantify the drought in a watershed with inadequate meteorological and hydrological data. This study aims to design a method to find the extent and duration of drought conditions for watersheds where only basic meteorological data is available. For this purpose, Quetta Valley, Balochistan, Pakistan, is chosen as the study area. First, the hydrological components of water balance for the watershed are calibrated for 10 years using a distributed hydrological model (MIKE-SHE). The modeling results and other observed meteorological data are then used to evaluate eight drought indices to assess the existence and extent of drought, including those which use the hydrological parameters as input from MIKE-SHE. Reconnaissance drought and Palmer drought severity indices, which use detailed hydrological parameters, are found to provide more accurate results coupled with early drought detection of historical events. The results showed that the proposed method could be effectively used to determine the secondary parameters from the hydrological model, which in turn gives more realistic drought conditions for such regions. KEYWORDS: Meteorological drought indices, Hydrological modeling, MIKE SHE, Drought, Palmer drought severity index.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42188858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Disposal or incineration of waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags is a major problem, as it causes pollution. The pavement over time gets deteriorated by vehicular traffic, which mostly results in rutting and other distresses. This research is based on the performance evaluation of hot mix asphalt (HMA) modified with LDPE. Aggregates National Highway Authority Pakistan (NHA) gradation B, bitumen grade 60/70 and waste LDPE bags from the dump yards of Islamabad (Pakistan) were used in this study. Penetration, ductility and softening-point tests were conducted with bitumen modified with different contents of waste LDPE bag flakes; i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% to figure out the optimum modifier content (OMC). Marshall testing was performed for the determination of optimum bitumen content (OBC). Using OBC and incorporating LDPE contents as a replacement for OBC, HMA samples were tested for performance evaluation, including rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility and compared with the performance of unmodified HMA. It was observed that 4% of LDPE as a replacement for OBC in the HMA can be used as OMC and yielded better performance results than unmodified asphalt mix. Rutting resistance was improved by 20.86% and tensile strength ratio (TSR) for moisture susceptibility evaluation was above the specified limit of 80%. KEYWORDS: Waste LDPE bags, Low-cost bitumen modifier, Performance evaluation, Performance improvement, Cost comparison, Sustainable environment.
{"title":"Effect of Adding LDPE Bags on Rutting and Stripping Behaviour of Asphalt Mix","authors":"S. Khan, Hamza Marjan","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Disposal or incineration of waste low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bags is a major problem, as it causes pollution. The pavement over time gets deteriorated by vehicular traffic, which mostly results in rutting and other distresses. This research is based on the performance evaluation of hot mix asphalt (HMA) modified with LDPE. Aggregates National Highway Authority Pakistan (NHA) gradation B, bitumen grade 60/70 and waste LDPE bags from the dump yards of Islamabad (Pakistan) were used in this study. Penetration, ductility and softening-point tests were conducted with bitumen modified with different contents of waste LDPE bag flakes; i.e., 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% to figure out the optimum modifier content (OMC). Marshall testing was performed for the determination of optimum bitumen content (OBC). Using OBC and incorporating LDPE contents as a replacement for OBC, HMA samples were tested for performance evaluation, including rutting resistance and moisture susceptibility and compared with the performance of unmodified HMA. It was observed that 4% of LDPE as a replacement for OBC in the HMA can be used as OMC and yielded better performance results than unmodified asphalt mix. Rutting resistance was improved by 20.86% and tensile strength ratio (TSR) for moisture susceptibility evaluation was above the specified limit of 80%. KEYWORDS: Waste LDPE bags, Low-cost bitumen modifier, Performance evaluation, Performance improvement, Cost comparison, Sustainable environment.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46179148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to present a simple method of construction of the load-transfer P-Y curves for the design of laterally loaded piles in sand based on the cone penetration test (CPT). The proposed method was developed on the basis of interpretation of 5 field tests on single instrumented piles conducted in sandy sites in France and shows a simple relationship linking the P-Y curve parameters, the cone penetration resistance and the lateral pile/soil stiffness ratio. The validation process was carried out by direct comparison of the predicted load-deflection curves based on the proposed method to those obtained from a worldwide case history of field lateral loading tests on piles and showed a very good quality of the prediction using the proposed method. KEYWORDS: Piles, Lateral load, Sand, Full-scale loading, P-Y curves, CPT test.
{"title":"Design of Laterally Loaded Single Piles by Using P-Y Curves and the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) in Sandy Soils","authors":"Ali Bouafia","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.05","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to present a simple method of construction of the load-transfer P-Y curves for the design of laterally loaded piles in sand based on the cone penetration test (CPT). The proposed method was developed on the basis of interpretation of 5 field tests on single instrumented piles conducted in sandy sites in France and shows a simple relationship linking the P-Y curve parameters, the cone penetration resistance and the lateral pile/soil stiffness ratio. The validation process was carried out by direct comparison of the predicted load-deflection curves based on the proposed method to those obtained from a worldwide case history of field lateral loading tests on piles and showed a very good quality of the prediction using the proposed method. KEYWORDS: Piles, Lateral load, Sand, Full-scale loading, P-Y curves, CPT test.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42956543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Time-cost trade-off is an important optimization problem for contractors, because its optimum solution minimizes the total project cost. Formation of the time-cost trade-off problem causes an important workload, since the problem requires preparation of different construction cost and duration alternatives of the activities. Previous studies focused on the optimum solution of the problem and ignored the difficulties of the preparation of the different construction alternatives for the activities, which is a very difficult task for contractors. In this study, the creation of construction alternatives consisting of different time and cost values is automated. Quantity take-off of construction items is computed by user-defined dimensions of structural elements. Workmanship and material requirements are computed by pre-defined job descriptions and quantity take-off values. Different construction alternatives are formed by assigning different crew sizes and the corresponding construction durations are computed by estimating the job efficiency of the crew by regression models derived from the literature. Precedence relationships of the main construction items are pre-defined and the construction schedule is formed by a line of balance in terms of work days. The problem is optimized by a genetic algorithm the parameters of which are fine-tuned by experimental design. The developed approach is implemented on a spreadsheet application and the total optimization process including data entry is completed in one and a half hour on a desktop computer with i5 CPU. This study contributes to relevant literature by proposing a systematic approach for the formation of construction alternatives of the time-cost trade-off problem. The proposed approach can be beneficial for contractors and project managers to form and solve the time-cost trade-off problem with minimum endeavor and cost. KEYWORDS: Time-cost trade-off, Genetic algorithm, Line of balance, Optimization, Experimental design.
{"title":"Simplified Solution of Time-Cost Trade-off Problem for Building Constructions by Linear Scheduling","authors":"Ö. Bettemir","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Time-cost trade-off is an important optimization problem for contractors, because its optimum solution minimizes the total project cost. Formation of the time-cost trade-off problem causes an important workload, since the problem requires preparation of different construction cost and duration alternatives of the activities. Previous studies focused on the optimum solution of the problem and ignored the difficulties of the preparation of the different construction alternatives for the activities, which is a very difficult task for contractors. In this study, the creation of construction alternatives consisting of different time and cost values is automated. Quantity take-off of construction items is computed by user-defined dimensions of structural elements. Workmanship and material requirements are computed by pre-defined job descriptions and quantity take-off values. Different construction alternatives are formed by assigning different crew sizes and the corresponding construction durations are computed by estimating the job efficiency of the crew by regression models derived from the literature. Precedence relationships of the main construction items are pre-defined and the construction schedule is formed by a line of balance in terms of work days. The problem is optimized by a genetic algorithm the parameters of which are fine-tuned by experimental design. The developed approach is implemented on a spreadsheet application and the total optimization process including data entry is completed in one and a half hour on a desktop computer with i5 CPU. This study contributes to relevant literature by proposing a systematic approach for the formation of construction alternatives of the time-cost trade-off problem. The proposed approach can be beneficial for contractors and project managers to form and solve the time-cost trade-off problem with minimum endeavor and cost. KEYWORDS: Time-cost trade-off, Genetic algorithm, Line of balance, Optimization, Experimental design.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41371604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Utilization of rubber-sand mixtures as construction materials, such as lightweight filling materials, embankment construction, seismic isolation materials, … etc., provides significant advantages, as scrap tires induce environmental issues. In this study, unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed to examine the shear-strength characteristics of geogrid-reinforced sand-rubber mixtures. The rubber percent (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%), the confining pressure of the cell (19.6 kPa, 49 kPa and 98 kPa) and the number of geogrid reinforcements (1 to 4) were varied for investigating the impact of these parameters. The relative density of sand remained constant (80%) during the test. The test results were evaluated in terms of the stress-strain characteristics of rubber-sand mixtures. The test findings demonstrated that by increasing the confining pressure of the cell, the same rubber-sand mixtures with the same relative density and rubber content take more loads. The peak stress of unreinforced rubber-sand mixtures increased with the increasing proportion of rubber content up to 30%, beyond which it decreased as rubber content increased. Maximum peak stress and axial strain have been achieved with 50% of the rubber content and four layers of geogrid reinforcement. The brittleness index of the rubber-sand mixture reduces when geogrid reinforcement is added. The minimum brittleness was found to be 0.042 at 50% rubber content with three layers of geogrid reinforcement. KEYWORDS: Geogrid, Shear strength, Triaxial test, Rubber-sand mixture, Soil reinforcement.
{"title":"Effect of Geogrid Reinforcement on Shear Strength Characteristics of a Rubber-Sand Mixture under Undrained Triaxial Test","authors":"Md Asfaque Ansari, L. B. Roy","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Utilization of rubber-sand mixtures as construction materials, such as lightweight filling materials, embankment construction, seismic isolation materials, … etc., provides significant advantages, as scrap tires induce environmental issues. In this study, unconsolidated undrained triaxial tests were performed to examine the shear-strength characteristics of geogrid-reinforced sand-rubber mixtures. The rubber percent (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%), the confining pressure of the cell (19.6 kPa, 49 kPa and 98 kPa) and the number of geogrid reinforcements (1 to 4) were varied for investigating the impact of these parameters. The relative density of sand remained constant (80%) during the test. The test results were evaluated in terms of the stress-strain characteristics of rubber-sand mixtures. The test findings demonstrated that by increasing the confining pressure of the cell, the same rubber-sand mixtures with the same relative density and rubber content take more loads. The peak stress of unreinforced rubber-sand mixtures increased with the increasing proportion of rubber content up to 30%, beyond which it decreased as rubber content increased. Maximum peak stress and axial strain have been achieved with 50% of the rubber content and four layers of geogrid reinforcement. The brittleness index of the rubber-sand mixture reduces when geogrid reinforcement is added. The minimum brittleness was found to be 0.042 at 50% rubber content with three layers of geogrid reinforcement. KEYWORDS: Geogrid, Shear strength, Triaxial test, Rubber-sand mixture, Soil reinforcement.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48270442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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