Over-exploitation of groundwater from coastal aquifers causes seawater intrusion and depletion of freshwater resources. As 40 percent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the coast. This will increase the demand for potable water in coastal aquifers. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the sources of fresh-groundwater potential and productivity in coastal aquifers. Nowadays, integrated studies based on geographic-information systems play a major role in groundwater-exploration studies. Thus, the current study was carried out with the objective to delineate groundwater potential in the Nambiyar river basin in Tamil Nadu's southeast coastal area, where groundwater is in a critical condition. In order to improve groundwater recharge, it is very important to identify possible recharge areas. A novel work of the integration of remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making approaches of analytical hierarchical-process methodologies (AHP) was used in the present study. A total of 11 thematic layers, such as slope, curvature, soil, roughness, topographic-wetness index, drainage density, land use/land cover, geology, geomorphology, lineament density and rainfall, were generated for delineating groundwater potential zones. All the thematic maps are weighted using AHP based on the attributes of the classes and the potential capacity of their water supply. The demarked region of groundwater potential was validated by comparing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater levels. The groundwater potential zone map was classified into five categories: very high, high, moderate, low and very low. Areas with very high and very low potentials are delineated only in very limited areas. 64% of the regions are covered under the moderate-potential zones. The low-and high-groundwater potential zones are delineated at 22% and 14%, respectively. KEYWORDS: GIS, Recharge areas, Groundwater potential, Nambiyar river basin, AHP
{"title":"Groundwater Potential Zone Delineation Using Multi-criteria Decision-making Approach: A Case Study","authors":"S. P. Rajaveni, N. Muniappan","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.01","url":null,"abstract":"Over-exploitation of groundwater from coastal aquifers causes seawater intrusion and depletion of freshwater resources. As 40 percent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the coast. This will increase the demand for potable water in coastal aquifers. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the sources of fresh-groundwater potential and productivity in coastal aquifers. Nowadays, integrated studies based on geographic-information systems play a major role in groundwater-exploration studies. Thus, the current study was carried out with the objective to delineate groundwater potential in the Nambiyar river basin in Tamil Nadu's southeast coastal area, where groundwater is in a critical condition. In order to improve groundwater recharge, it is very important to identify possible recharge areas. A novel work of the integration of remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making approaches of analytical hierarchical-process methodologies (AHP) was used in the present study. A total of 11 thematic layers, such as slope, curvature, soil, roughness, topographic-wetness index, drainage density, land use/land cover, geology, geomorphology, lineament density and rainfall, were generated for delineating groundwater potential zones. All the thematic maps are weighted using AHP based on the attributes of the classes and the potential capacity of their water supply. The demarked region of groundwater potential was validated by comparing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater levels. The groundwater potential zone map was classified into five categories: very high, high, moderate, low and very low. Areas with very high and very low potentials are delineated only in very limited areas. 64% of the regions are covered under the moderate-potential zones. The low-and high-groundwater potential zones are delineated at 22% and 14%, respectively. KEYWORDS: GIS, Recharge areas, Groundwater potential, Nambiyar river basin, AHP","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47543752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asphalt pavements deteriorate over time when subjected to fatigue; hence, it is critical to evaluate in-service pavements to keep them in good condition. The goal of pavement evaluation is to assess the functional and structural performance of a pavement section, with a view to improving both the pavement's serviceability and riding quality. Through field and laboratory experiments, the current study attempts to evaluate the performance of pavement stretches. The sections are ranked and prioritized based on the test results. Medchal-Dabilpur national highway was evaluated for pavement roughness, skid resistance and deflections. In addition, core samples with diameters of 100mm and 150mm were collected and tested in the laboratory for moisture susceptibility, tensile strength, stiffness and fracture characteristics. The current study also intends to establish a unique technique for prioritizing pavement maintenance sections based on functional and structural performance in the field and laboratory. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach was used to develop the relationship between pavement functional and structural performance. Heat maps were created and ranked in Python Jupyter notebook to better visualize the performance of functional and structural characteristics of the pavement. The final evaluation results can be validated by supporting them with laboratory investigations based on the pavement-section field samples. The results demonstrate that there is a strong relationship between the structural and functional properties of the pavement. The developed Maintenance Priority Index (MPI) will be useful in rating the maintenance and rehabilitation actions depending on the level of necessity. KEYWORDS: Functional and structural evaluation, Resilient modulus, Tensile strength ratio, Fracture properties, ANN technique, Maintenance priority index.
{"title":"Assessment and Prioritization of Highway Stretch Deploying Functional and Structural Characteristics","authors":"R. Adepu, V. Varanasi, Harinder Devavath","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.02","url":null,"abstract":"Asphalt pavements deteriorate over time when subjected to fatigue; hence, it is critical to evaluate in-service pavements to keep them in good condition. The goal of pavement evaluation is to assess the functional and structural performance of a pavement section, with a view to improving both the pavement's serviceability and riding quality. Through field and laboratory experiments, the current study attempts to evaluate the performance of pavement stretches. The sections are ranked and prioritized based on the test results. Medchal-Dabilpur national highway was evaluated for pavement roughness, skid resistance and deflections. In addition, core samples with diameters of 100mm and 150mm were collected and tested in the laboratory for moisture susceptibility, tensile strength, stiffness and fracture characteristics. The current study also intends to establish a unique technique for prioritizing pavement maintenance sections based on functional and structural performance in the field and laboratory. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach was used to develop the relationship between pavement functional and structural performance. Heat maps were created and ranked in Python Jupyter notebook to better visualize the performance of functional and structural characteristics of the pavement. The final evaluation results can be validated by supporting them with laboratory investigations based on the pavement-section field samples. The results demonstrate that there is a strong relationship between the structural and functional properties of the pavement. The developed Maintenance Priority Index (MPI) will be useful in rating the maintenance and rehabilitation actions depending on the level of necessity. KEYWORDS: Functional and structural evaluation, Resilient modulus, Tensile strength ratio, Fracture properties, ANN technique, Maintenance priority index.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48025584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Fajrul Falah, Stefanus Adi Kristiawan, Halwan Alfisa Saifullah
Prediction of cracking behavior and deformation of reinforced concrete is a complex problem, including reinforced concrete that can still bear tensile stress after cracking due to the bond between reinforcement and surrounding concrete, termed the tension-stiffening effect. This research aims to determine the tension-stiffening of reinforced High Volume Fly Ash Self-compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC) at various tensile reinforcement ratios. In this tension-stiffening analysis, shrinkage and creep effects are taken away. The data used in the analysis was obtained from beams tested with two loading points. The tests were conducted on six reinforced HVFA-SCC beams and six Normal Concrete (NC) beams with dimensions of 150 x 250 x 2000 mm, with tensile reinforcement ratios of 0.61%, 1.10% and 1.55%. The analysis shows that the effect of creep on shrinkage is negligible, so that it can be ignored in the calculation. On the other hand, shrinkage increases the value of the maximum tension-stiffening stress by 1.43% and the ultimate tension-stiffening stress (𝜎𝑡𝑠,u) by 72.51% from the initial tension-stiffening values. The greater the tensile reinforcement ratio in concrete, the smaller the effect of tension-stiffening stress. KEYWORDS: Creep, HVFA-SCC, NC, RC beams, Shrinkage, Tension-stiffening.
{"title":"Tension-Stiffening of Reinforced HVFA-SCC Beams","authors":"Muhammad Fajrul Falah, Stefanus Adi Kristiawan, Halwan Alfisa Saifullah","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Prediction of cracking behavior and deformation of reinforced concrete is a complex problem, including reinforced concrete that can still bear tensile stress after cracking due to the bond between reinforcement and surrounding concrete, termed the tension-stiffening effect. This research aims to determine the tension-stiffening of reinforced High Volume Fly Ash Self-compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC) at various tensile reinforcement ratios. In this tension-stiffening analysis, shrinkage and creep effects are taken away. The data used in the analysis was obtained from beams tested with two loading points. The tests were conducted on six reinforced HVFA-SCC beams and six Normal Concrete (NC) beams with dimensions of 150 x 250 x 2000 mm, with tensile reinforcement ratios of 0.61%, 1.10% and 1.55%. The analysis shows that the effect of creep on shrinkage is negligible, so that it can be ignored in the calculation. On the other hand, shrinkage increases the value of the maximum tension-stiffening stress by 1.43% and the ultimate tension-stiffening stress (𝜎𝑡𝑠,u) by 72.51% from the initial tension-stiffening values. The greater the tensile reinforcement ratio in concrete, the smaller the effect of tension-stiffening stress. KEYWORDS: Creep, HVFA-SCC, NC, RC beams, Shrinkage, Tension-stiffening.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42547787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A lack of adequate building maintenance is a significant obstacle faced by governmental hospitals. This paper evaluates factors that negatively impact building-maintenance practices in Iraq. A literature review was conducted to identify factors affecting maintenance. A list of 42 factors affecting hospital-buildings was collected from previous studies and tested using a structured questionnaire distributed to hospital-maintenance experts. During the data analysis, 76 valid questionnaires were used. Based on the respondents’ ratings, the relative-importance index (RII) was used to determine the level of importance of each factor. From the results, it was concluded that twelve factors affect maintenance practices in hospital buildings: faulty design (0.889), lack of funding (0.874), inadequate training (0.871), misuse of building facilities (0.866), construction errors (0.863), lack of work experience (0.858), building age (0.826), individual modifications carried out by the hospital staff (0.826), shortage of maintenance staff (0.824), administrative corruption (0.821), selection of unqualified maintenance contractors (0.816) and unavailability of skilled appointed maintenance personnel (0.808). Understanding these factors’ effects is essential for maintenance-department managers to develop strategies for maintaining hospital buildings in Iraq by controlling them, as well as identifying problems and finding appropriate solutions to avoid them. KEYWORDS: Governmental hospitals, Maintenance, Iraq, Building maintenance, Maintenance practices, Factors affecting maintenance
{"title":"Factors Affecting Maintenance Practises in Iraq’s Hospital Buildings","authors":"Esraa M. Kadhim, Meervat R. Altaie","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.04","url":null,"abstract":"A lack of adequate building maintenance is a significant obstacle faced by governmental hospitals. This paper evaluates factors that negatively impact building-maintenance practices in Iraq. A literature review was conducted to identify factors affecting maintenance. A list of 42 factors affecting hospital-buildings was collected from previous studies and tested using a structured questionnaire distributed to hospital-maintenance experts. During the data analysis, 76 valid questionnaires were used. Based on the respondents’ ratings, the relative-importance index (RII) was used to determine the level of importance of each factor. From the results, it was concluded that twelve factors affect maintenance practices in hospital buildings: faulty design (0.889), lack of funding (0.874), inadequate training (0.871), misuse of building facilities (0.866), construction errors (0.863), lack of work experience (0.858), building age (0.826), individual modifications carried out by the hospital staff (0.826), shortage of maintenance staff (0.824), administrative corruption (0.821), selection of unqualified maintenance contractors (0.816) and unavailability of skilled appointed maintenance personnel (0.808). Understanding these factors’ effects is essential for maintenance-department managers to develop strategies for maintaining hospital buildings in Iraq by controlling them, as well as identifying problems and finding appropriate solutions to avoid them. KEYWORDS: Governmental hospitals, Maintenance, Iraq, Building maintenance, Maintenance practices, Factors affecting maintenance","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49545926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ihsan F. Hasan, R. Abdullah, Taymoor A. Awchi, Nurul Hana M. Kamal
In this research work, copula-based methodology is adopted to analyze the hydrological drought frequency. Standardized Runoff Index SRI was calculated using monthly-streamflow data for 50 years of two gauging stations in the northern region of Iraq. The drought duration and severity were extracted using run theory. Three Archimedean family and Gaussian copulas were used and compared to select the most appropriate copula model for bivariate frequency analysis of hydrological-drought characteristics. The dependence between drought duration and drought severity was estimated by Pearson's, Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau correlations. Various probability distributions were utilized to determine the best fit marginal distributions for drought characteristic variables based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-squared statistics. Uni-variate and joint return periods were estimated and compared. Generally, the results indicate that Archimedean copulas performed better than the Gaussian copulas. Exponential and Weibull distributions are the best fit for drought duration and severity, respectively, except for drought severity in case of the 9-month time scale at Lesser Zab region, where lognormal distribution was chosen. The current study can give helpful information for drought-risk assessment and water-resource management under climate change. KEYWORDS: Hydrological drought, Copula, SRI, Greater Zab river, Lesser Zab river, Bivariate return periods.
{"title":"Bivariate Frequency Analysis of Hydrological Drought Using Copula: A Case Study of Northern Iraq","authors":"Ihsan F. Hasan, R. Abdullah, Taymoor A. Awchi, Nurul Hana M. Kamal","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.06","url":null,"abstract":"In this research work, copula-based methodology is adopted to analyze the hydrological drought frequency. Standardized Runoff Index SRI was calculated using monthly-streamflow data for 50 years of two gauging stations in the northern region of Iraq. The drought duration and severity were extracted using run theory. Three Archimedean family and Gaussian copulas were used and compared to select the most appropriate copula model for bivariate frequency analysis of hydrological-drought characteristics. The dependence between drought duration and drought severity was estimated by Pearson's, Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau correlations. Various probability distributions were utilized to determine the best fit marginal distributions for drought characteristic variables based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-squared statistics. Uni-variate and joint return periods were estimated and compared. Generally, the results indicate that Archimedean copulas performed better than the Gaussian copulas. Exponential and Weibull distributions are the best fit for drought duration and severity, respectively, except for drought severity in case of the 9-month time scale at Lesser Zab region, where lognormal distribution was chosen. The current study can give helpful information for drought-risk assessment and water-resource management under climate change. KEYWORDS: Hydrological drought, Copula, SRI, Greater Zab river, Lesser Zab river, Bivariate return periods.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42882905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Saeed Safaei, Seyed Ahmad Mirbagheri, M. Ehteshami, E. Teymouri, M. Salari
In the present study, oxytetracycline (OTC) was selected as a medical contaminant with an organic structure to increase the efficiency and feasibility of comparison with other research studies. Therefore, the removal of OTC from medicinal effluents using different methods; namely, activated carbon, bentonite adsorption, iron(III) chloride coagulation, membrane filtration and reverse osmosis (RO), was investigated. Results indicated that the removal of soluble antibiotics in the factory wastewater by adsorption method was between 35% and 77%, at a pH of 6.5 and the total dissolved solids (TDS) and OTC concentration were reduced by 55% and 77%, respectively. In the coagulation method, where the suitable pH ranges from 5.5 to and 7.5, the optimal dosage of iron (III) chloride coagulation was between 40 and 100 mg/l, which resulted in 98.7% of OTC removal. It was concluded that the highest OTC adsorption of 98.7% in the RO membrane and TDS removal were obtained at a pressure of 9 bars. All the experiments on these membranes were performed within 4 months and the membranes still performed well. Therefore, it is concluded that long-term operation has little effect on the performance of the membrane and this membrane is a suitable membrane for the concentration of OTC. Finally, the RO is defined as the suitable method for OTC removal, after passing once through the membrane, while the other methods are proper to be used in the pre-treatment of medicinal wastewater. KEYWORDS: Antibiotics, Absorption, Coagulation, Membrane filtration, Reverse osmosis.
{"title":"Removal of Antibiotics from Wastewater by Comparison of Coagulation, Membrane and Adsorption Methods","authors":"Saeed Safaei, Seyed Ahmad Mirbagheri, M. Ehteshami, E. Teymouri, M. Salari","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.10","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, oxytetracycline (OTC) was selected as a medical contaminant with an organic structure to increase the efficiency and feasibility of comparison with other research studies. Therefore, the removal of OTC from medicinal effluents using different methods; namely, activated carbon, bentonite adsorption, iron(III) chloride coagulation, membrane filtration and reverse osmosis (RO), was investigated. Results indicated that the removal of soluble antibiotics in the factory wastewater by adsorption method was between 35% and 77%, at a pH of 6.5 and the total dissolved solids (TDS) and OTC concentration were reduced by 55% and 77%, respectively. In the coagulation method, where the suitable pH ranges from 5.5 to and 7.5, the optimal dosage of iron (III) chloride coagulation was between 40 and 100 mg/l, which resulted in 98.7% of OTC removal. It was concluded that the highest OTC adsorption of 98.7% in the RO membrane and TDS removal were obtained at a pressure of 9 bars. All the experiments on these membranes were performed within 4 months and the membranes still performed well. Therefore, it is concluded that long-term operation has little effect on the performance of the membrane and this membrane is a suitable membrane for the concentration of OTC. Finally, the RO is defined as the suitable method for OTC removal, after passing once through the membrane, while the other methods are proper to be used in the pre-treatment of medicinal wastewater. KEYWORDS: Antibiotics, Absorption, Coagulation, Membrane filtration, Reverse osmosis.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43177803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, Lebanon has been grappling with a multitude of crises across all sectors, presenting numerous challenges that have hindered the progress of the construction industry. The construction industry in Lebanon is plagued by a complex array of risks that can lead to the downfall of construction projects. Therefore, this study is primarily concerned with identifying the most crucial economic and time risk factors influencing the Lebanese construction projects. To achieve the research aim, a questionnaire was initially developed from a review of various sources of literature and then refined to reflect the unique circumstances faced by Lebanon in recent years. In addition to that, some interviews to analyze the economic and time risk factors were conducted among expert respondents in the Lebanese construction industry. Then, the relative important index (RII) was applied in order to classify the major risk factors. The findings obtained from the study reveal that currency fluctuation, risk of war, geological risks, risk of pandemics and vendor failures are the most crucial risk factors that influence the time and cost of the Lebanese construction projects. Finally, in order to mitigate the occurrence of the most critical risk factors identified in this study and ensure successful construction projects in Lebanon, effective risk-management strategies should be implemented. KEYWORDS: Risk factors, Construction projects, Cost, Time, Lebanon.
{"title":"Economic and Time Risk Factors Influencing the Construction Projects: A Case Study of Lebanese Construction Projects","authors":"O. Ahmad, Fatemeh Nouban","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.03","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, Lebanon has been grappling with a multitude of crises across all sectors, presenting numerous challenges that have hindered the progress of the construction industry. The construction industry in Lebanon is plagued by a complex array of risks that can lead to the downfall of construction projects. Therefore, this study is primarily concerned with identifying the most crucial economic and time risk factors influencing the Lebanese construction projects. To achieve the research aim, a questionnaire was initially developed from a review of various sources of literature and then refined to reflect the unique circumstances faced by Lebanon in recent years. In addition to that, some interviews to analyze the economic and time risk factors were conducted among expert respondents in the Lebanese construction industry. Then, the relative important index (RII) was applied in order to classify the major risk factors. The findings obtained from the study reveal that currency fluctuation, risk of war, geological risks, risk of pandemics and vendor failures are the most crucial risk factors that influence the time and cost of the Lebanese construction projects. Finally, in order to mitigate the occurrence of the most critical risk factors identified in this study and ensure successful construction projects in Lebanon, effective risk-management strategies should be implemented. KEYWORDS: Risk factors, Construction projects, Cost, Time, Lebanon.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46392484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stilling basins are designed to reduce the high kinetic energy of supercritical flow in a downstream spillway. The USBR II stilling basin is distinguished by chute blocks fixed at the upstream end and a dented sill at the downstream end, allowing for the effective dissipation of excess energy. This research investigates the effect of chute-block geometry on the hydraulic performance of the USBR II stilling basin. Six modified chute-blocks with identical dimensions and spacings as standard blocks were constructed and evaluated for six incoming Froude-number values. The results indicate that chute blocks containing stepped side walls are more effective than standard blocks, increasing energy dissipation by 1.47% and decreasing the sequent depth ratio by 3.91%. Blocks with gradually increased spacings lose 0.7% more energy than standard blocks and reduce the sequential depth ratio by 1.91%. However, blocks with prismatic spacings and top surface angles of 152 degrees, relative to the downstream slope of the spillway, are less effective than standard blocks with energy dissipation reduced by 2.73% and the depth ratio increased by 7.24%.
{"title":"Effects of Chute Block Geometry on the Performance of the USBR II Stilling Basin","authors":"Layla Ali Mohammed Saleh, Saleh Issa Khassaf","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.12","url":null,"abstract":"Stilling basins are designed to reduce the high kinetic energy of supercritical flow in a downstream spillway. The USBR II stilling basin is distinguished by chute blocks fixed at the upstream end and a dented sill at the downstream end, allowing for the effective dissipation of excess energy. This research investigates the effect of chute-block geometry on the hydraulic performance of the USBR II stilling basin. Six modified chute-blocks with identical dimensions and spacings as standard blocks were constructed and evaluated for six incoming Froude-number values. The results indicate that chute blocks containing stepped side walls are more effective than standard blocks, increasing energy dissipation by 1.47% and decreasing the sequent depth ratio by 3.91%. Blocks with gradually increased spacings lose 0.7% more energy than standard blocks and reduce the sequential depth ratio by 1.91%. However, blocks with prismatic spacings and top surface angles of 152 degrees, relative to the downstream slope of the spillway, are less effective than standard blocks with energy dissipation reduced by 2.73% and the depth ratio increased by 7.24%.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46656558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The energy demand is set to grow very rapidly and the potential demand for oil around the world is at its highest level. Apart from indigenous oil sources, crude oil is imported by water transportation to fulfill local demand. The occurrence of oil leakage during drilling and transportation in pipelines is a major concern. As a result of this, soil is getting polluted and its geotechnical properties are altered. In this study, the effect of engine oil and diesel contamination on the geotechnical parameters of sea sand has been studied. Further, to enhance the properties of oil-contaminated sand, the bioremediation method was adopted. Sea sand from Ganagalla Peta beach, Andhra Pradesh state, India was taken up for the study. In the laboratory, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of engine oil and diesel were used to artificially contaminate the sea sand and geotechnical parameters; namely, compaction, shear strength and permeability, were studied for oil-contaminated sand and compared with those of virgin sea sand. In the next stage, bioremediation of engine oil-and diesel-contaminated sand was carried out to improve the geotechnical properties. It has been found that the geotechnical properties had improved after three days of bioremediation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the contaminated sand is of a lipopeptide nature and showed the presence of carboxyl groups, whereas the IR absorption pattern of the treated sand matches with N-Methyl-N-Vinyl Acetamide. KEYWORDS: Engine-oil contamination, Diesel contamination, Bioremediation, Bacillus subtilis, Geotechnical properties, Compaction characteristics, Shear-strength characteristics, Permeability, FTIR analysis.
能源需求将快速增长，全球对石油的潜在需求正处于最高水平。除本地石油来源外，原油通过水运进口以满足当地需求。在钻井和管道运输过程中，石油泄漏的发生一直是人们关注的焦点。因此，土壤受到污染，其岩土力学特性被改变。本文研究了发动机机油和柴油污染对海砂岩土参数的影响。为了提高油砂的性能，采用了生物修复的方法。印度安得拉邦Ganagalla Peta海滩的海砂被用于研究。在实验室中，分别使用4%、8%、12%和16%的机油和柴油对海砂和岩土参数进行人工污染;研究了含油污染砂的压实、抗剪强度和渗透性，并与原始海砂进行了比较。下一步，对机油和柴油污染砂进行生物修复，以改善其岩土性能。经过3天的生物修复，土工性能得到了改善。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明，污染砂具有脂肽性质，并存在羧基，而处理砂的红外吸收模式与n -甲基- n -乙烯基乙酰胺相匹配。关键词:机油污染，柴油污染，生物修复，枯草芽孢杆菌，岩土力学特性，压实特性，抗剪强度特性，渗透性，FTIR分析
{"title":"Bioremediation of Oil-contaminated Sand","authors":"S. Sathyapriya, R. Sharvesh, C. Natarajan","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.05","url":null,"abstract":"The energy demand is set to grow very rapidly and the potential demand for oil around the world is at its highest level. Apart from indigenous oil sources, crude oil is imported by water transportation to fulfill local demand. The occurrence of oil leakage during drilling and transportation in pipelines is a major concern. As a result of this, soil is getting polluted and its geotechnical properties are altered. In this study, the effect of engine oil and diesel contamination on the geotechnical parameters of sea sand has been studied. Further, to enhance the properties of oil-contaminated sand, the bioremediation method was adopted. Sea sand from Ganagalla Peta beach, Andhra Pradesh state, India was taken up for the study. In the laboratory, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% of engine oil and diesel were used to artificially contaminate the sea sand and geotechnical parameters; namely, compaction, shear strength and permeability, were studied for oil-contaminated sand and compared with those of virgin sea sand. In the next stage, bioremediation of engine oil-and diesel-contaminated sand was carried out to improve the geotechnical properties. It has been found that the geotechnical properties had improved after three days of bioremediation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that the contaminated sand is of a lipopeptide nature and showed the presence of carboxyl groups, whereas the IR absorption pattern of the treated sand matches with N-Methyl-N-Vinyl Acetamide. KEYWORDS: Engine-oil contamination, Diesel contamination, Bioremediation, Bacillus subtilis, Geotechnical properties, Compaction characteristics, Shear-strength characteristics, Permeability, FTIR analysis.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47247580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study proposes recycling waste clay brick and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles as substitution materials in geopolymer concrete. To accomplish this goal, the control mix of geopolymer concrete was prepared based on blended metakaolin and waste clay brick powder (CBP) at a 1:1 mixture by weight. To evaluate the use of shredded PET particles as fine aggregate, three mixtures were made by replacing sand with PET aggregate at volumetric percentages (10%, 15% and 20%). The specimens containing PET aggregate were tested and compared against the control mix (0% PET), with emphasis on the fresh and dry densities, mechanical performance, water absorption and microstructure characteristics. The results indicated the inclusion of PET aggregate to slightly reduce density and improve mechanical properties. When compared to the control mix, the compressive strength of the 20% PET replacement increased to 28.1 MPa after 28 days. Moreover, the concrete with 20% PET obtained the lowest water-absorption rate. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the inclusion of waste PET as sand had a significant effect on the microstructure of Mk-CBP geopolymer concrete. When compared to the control mix, the matrix containing 20% PET had a denser microstructure, as well as fewer holes and microcracks, in addition to the packing of paste at the interfacial transition zone. KEYWORDS: Brick powder, Fine aggregate, Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
{"title":"Effective Use of Waste Plastic As Sand in Metakaolin/Brick-Powder Geopolymer Concrete","authors":"Mahmood Fawzi Ahmed","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.09","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes recycling waste clay brick and waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles as substitution materials in geopolymer concrete. To accomplish this goal, the control mix of geopolymer concrete was prepared based on blended metakaolin and waste clay brick powder (CBP) at a 1:1 mixture by weight. To evaluate the use of shredded PET particles as fine aggregate, three mixtures were made by replacing sand with PET aggregate at volumetric percentages (10%, 15% and 20%). The specimens containing PET aggregate were tested and compared against the control mix (0% PET), with emphasis on the fresh and dry densities, mechanical performance, water absorption and microstructure characteristics. The results indicated the inclusion of PET aggregate to slightly reduce density and improve mechanical properties. When compared to the control mix, the compressive strength of the 20% PET replacement increased to 28.1 MPa after 28 days. Moreover, the concrete with 20% PET obtained the lowest water-absorption rate. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the inclusion of waste PET as sand had a significant effect on the microstructure of Mk-CBP geopolymer concrete. When compared to the control mix, the matrix containing 20% PET had a denser microstructure, as well as fewer holes and microcracks, in addition to the packing of paste at the interfacial transition zone. KEYWORDS: Brick powder, Fine aggregate, Geopolymer concrete, Metakaolin, Polyethylene terephthalate (PET).","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48314820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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