The use of lime in sulfate-bearing clayey soils has historically caused structural damage to infrastructures due to the formation of an expansive ettringite mineral. In this paper, a research was conducted to study the effectiveness of natural pozzolana (NP) for providing better stabilization of sulfate-bearing soils. Compaction and free-swell potential tests were first performed on lime-stabilized grey and red clayey soils (GS and RS) containing different contents of added sodium and calcium sulfates (2, 4 and 6% Na2SO4 or CaSO4·2H2O). Then, the same tests were repeated by adding 20%NP. The test results indicated that the presence of 4% and 6% Na2SO4 in the soil resulted in an abnormal increase in the swell potential of both lime-stabilized GS and RS. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the growth of the ettringite mineral responsible for this higher swell potential. However, the use of 8% lime with 20%NP in stabilizing sulfate-bearing clayey soils produced significant improvements in the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD), as well as in the swell potential. The addition of 20%NP into the lime-stabilized GS and RS eliminated the harmful effect of Na2SO4. In addition, for 120-day curing period, the use of 6% CaSO4·2H2O was found very effective by reducing the swell potential of NP-lime-stabilized GS and RS from 7.33% to 0.4% and from 2.79% to 0.2%, respectively trips. KEYWORDS: Clayey soils, Mineral additives, Sulfates, Compaction, Swell potential, Stabilization.
{"title":"Behavior of Natural Pozzolana-Lime-stabilized Clayey Soils Artificially Contaminated by Sulfates","authors":"Hamid Gadouri","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.07","url":null,"abstract":"The use of lime in sulfate-bearing clayey soils has historically caused structural damage to infrastructures due to the formation of an expansive ettringite mineral. In this paper, a research was conducted to study the effectiveness of natural pozzolana (NP) for providing better stabilization of sulfate-bearing soils. Compaction and free-swell potential tests were first performed on lime-stabilized grey and red clayey soils (GS and RS) containing different contents of added sodium and calcium sulfates (2, 4 and 6% Na2SO4 or CaSO4·2H2O). Then, the same tests were repeated by adding 20%NP. The test results indicated that the presence of 4% and 6% Na2SO4 in the soil resulted in an abnormal increase in the swell potential of both lime-stabilized GS and RS. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the growth of the ettringite mineral responsible for this higher swell potential. However, the use of 8% lime with 20%NP in stabilizing sulfate-bearing clayey soils produced significant improvements in the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry density (MDD), as well as in the swell potential. The addition of 20%NP into the lime-stabilized GS and RS eliminated the harmful effect of Na2SO4. In addition, for 120-day curing period, the use of 6% CaSO4·2H2O was found very effective by reducing the swell potential of NP-lime-stabilized GS and RS from 7.33% to 0.4% and from 2.79% to 0.2%, respectively trips. KEYWORDS: Clayey soils, Mineral additives, Sulfates, Compaction, Swell potential, Stabilization.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Temperature has a significant impact on the structural performance of the China Railway Track System (CRTS) Ⅱ slab ballastless track-bridge and the structure is susceptible to fatigue damage under long-term loading. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct cyclic-loading test on the track-bridge structure to reveal the evolution of its mechanical properties under coupled temperature-load effect. In this study, a 1:4 scaled-down model of a ballastless track-bridge was produced and placed in a large-size environmental chamber for temperature-load coupled cyclic-loading tests. The results showed that after 1×10^6 cycles of loading, no cracks were observed on the surface of the track structure. The structural workability and load capacity of the track-bridge met the required service standards. During the temperature-load coupling test, the load-displacement curves of the structural system exhibited intervals, with a more significant increase in static-deflection values. The dynamic deflection of the structural system under the coupling action experienced a higher growth rate and more abrupt changes compared to single-load conditions. These observations indicated that the ambient temperature amplified the deflection of the structural system. The strain values in the track structure exhibited significant non-linearity, with temperature amplifying this effect. The dynamic-response test results revealed a negative correlation between the inherent frequency of the track structure and the ambient temperature, further emphasizing the influence of temperature on the stability of the track structure. Consequently, it is essential to enhance the monitoring of track structures in high-temperature climates to ensure their safe operation.
{"title":"Mechanical Properties of Slab Ballastless Track Subjected to Combined Effects of Loading and Temperature","authors":"Guowen Yao","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.01","url":null,"abstract":"Temperature has a significant impact on the structural performance of the China Railway Track System (CRTS) Ⅱ slab ballastless track-bridge and the structure is susceptible to fatigue damage under long-term loading. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct cyclic-loading test on the track-bridge structure to reveal the evolution of its mechanical properties under coupled temperature-load effect. In this study, a 1:4 scaled-down model of a ballastless track-bridge was produced and placed in a large-size environmental chamber for temperature-load coupled cyclic-loading tests. The results showed that after 1×10^6 cycles of loading, no cracks were observed on the surface of the track structure. The structural workability and load capacity of the track-bridge met the required service standards. During the temperature-load coupling test, the load-displacement curves of the structural system exhibited intervals, with a more significant increase in static-deflection values. The dynamic deflection of the structural system under the coupling action experienced a higher growth rate and more abrupt changes compared to single-load conditions. These observations indicated that the ambient temperature amplified the deflection of the structural system. The strain values in the track structure exhibited significant non-linearity, with temperature amplifying this effect. The dynamic-response test results revealed a negative correlation between the inherent frequency of the track structure and the ambient temperature, further emphasizing the influence of temperature on the stability of the track structure. Consequently, it is essential to enhance the monitoring of track structures in high-temperature climates to ensure their safe operation.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135372527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on the deflection behavior of structural components occurring at the lateral deformation of moment frames, a new lateral force-resisting system, the R-BRACE Frame (RBF) system, was proposed. This system is capable of effectively limiting the inter-story drift response of tall buildings. An evaluation was conducted using the finite element method program SAP2000 to simulate the internal force distribution and deformation of the system. The equivalent lateral force procedure (ELFP), the capacity spectrum method (CSM), a linear time-history analysis and the pushover method were applied to assess the yielding mechanism of the structure under different earthquake intensity levels. The findings revealed that the sub-unit, referred to as an R-BRACE, had a major impact on improving a structure's lateral stiffness. The placement of R-BRACE units could guarantee controllable stiffness degradation and enhanced seismic ductility, but would not alter the vertical load transfer path of the initial structure, which makes the RBF system an ideal option for seismic retrofitting. KEYWORDS: Lateral force-resisting system, R-BRACE frame, Enhanced lateral stiffness resistance, Seismic ductility
{"title":"Seismic Behavior of an Inter-story Hinged Lateral Resistance Braced Frame","authors":"Yu Ren","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.10","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the deflection behavior of structural components occurring at the lateral deformation of moment frames, a new lateral force-resisting system, the R-BRACE Frame (RBF) system, was proposed. This system is capable of effectively limiting the inter-story drift response of tall buildings. An evaluation was conducted using the finite element method program SAP2000 to simulate the internal force distribution and deformation of the system. The equivalent lateral force procedure (ELFP), the capacity spectrum method (CSM), a linear time-history analysis and the pushover method were applied to assess the yielding mechanism of the structure under different earthquake intensity levels. The findings revealed that the sub-unit, referred to as an R-BRACE, had a major impact on improving a structure's lateral stiffness. The placement of R-BRACE units could guarantee controllable stiffness degradation and enhanced seismic ductility, but would not alter the vertical load transfer path of the initial structure, which makes the RBF system an ideal option for seismic retrofitting. KEYWORDS: Lateral force-resisting system, R-BRACE frame, Enhanced lateral stiffness resistance, Seismic ductility","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Traffic-signal recognition and anticipation are essential for advanced driver-assistance systems. Due to its superior performance in data categorization, deep learning has gained significance in vision-based object identification in recent years. When examining the application of deep learning to develop a high-performance urban traffic-signal detection system, the input image's colour space, as well as the deep-learning network model are examined as part of the system's primary components. Using distinct network models based on the Faster R-CNN algorithm and colour spaces in simulations helps the RGB (red, green and blue) colour space and the Faster R-CNN model detects the method of network target. A series of fundamental convolutional networks is used depending on pooling layers to extract the features of maps of images for training datasets, where the data may be used to develop a system for traffic-signal detection and create a new traffic signal that requires image recognition. KEYWORDS: Bounding boxes, Faster R-CNN, Modelled environments, Simulation, Traffic-signal detecting system.
{"title":"Reinforcement Learning in Urban Network Traffic-signal Control","authors":"Eslam Al-Kharabsheh","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.12","url":null,"abstract":"Traffic-signal recognition and anticipation are essential for advanced driver-assistance systems. Due to its superior performance in data categorization, deep learning has gained significance in vision-based object identification in recent years. When examining the application of deep learning to develop a high-performance urban traffic-signal detection system, the input image's colour space, as well as the deep-learning network model are examined as part of the system's primary components. Using distinct network models based on the Faster R-CNN algorithm and colour spaces in simulations helps the RGB (red, green and blue) colour space and the Faster R-CNN model detects the method of network target. A series of fundamental convolutional networks is used depending on pooling layers to extract the features of maps of images for training datasets, where the data may be used to develop a system for traffic-signal detection and create a new traffic signal that requires image recognition. KEYWORDS: Bounding boxes, Faster R-CNN, Modelled environments, Simulation, Traffic-signal detecting system.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The damage caused by the frost heaving pressure on the surrounding rocks and lining structure of cold-region tunnels is always common, which can seriously threaten the safety and stability for cold-region tunnels. Although many achievements of frost heave pressure model have been obtained, two factors have been often ignored, which are in-situ stress and freeze-thaw cycles. Therefore, the calculation mechanical model of coldregion tunnels is established and the expression of frost heaving pressure considering frost heaving effect and in-situ stress is derived based on the elastic theory. The relationship between the elastic modulus of surrounding rocks and the number of freeze-thaw cycles was fitted by experimental data and the calculation formula of frost heaving rate of rocks considering their porosity change caused by freeze-thaw cycles is derived. Based on that, the calculation method of frost heaving pressure considering in-situ stress and freeze-thaw cycles is proposed. The example analysis results show that frost heaving ratio and frost heaving pressure gradually increase with freeze-thaw cycles, which are eventually subjected to a steady value. Simultaneously, the frost heaving pressure acting on lining increases with in-situ stress for tunnels in cold regions and some effective insulation measures should be applied to prevent frost damage. KEYWORDS: Frost heaving pressure, Cold-region tunnels, Freeze-thaw cycles, Analytical solution, Zero-frost heave displacemen
{"title":"An Analytical Solution of Frost Heaving Pressure for Cold-region Tunnel Considering Freeze-thaw Cycles and in-situ Stress","authors":"Wang-Tao Jiang","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.09","url":null,"abstract":"The damage caused by the frost heaving pressure on the surrounding rocks and lining structure of cold-region tunnels is always common, which can seriously threaten the safety and stability for cold-region tunnels. Although many achievements of frost heave pressure model have been obtained, two factors have been often ignored, which are in-situ stress and freeze-thaw cycles. Therefore, the calculation mechanical model of coldregion tunnels is established and the expression of frost heaving pressure considering frost heaving effect and in-situ stress is derived based on the elastic theory. The relationship between the elastic modulus of surrounding rocks and the number of freeze-thaw cycles was fitted by experimental data and the calculation formula of frost heaving rate of rocks considering their porosity change caused by freeze-thaw cycles is derived. Based on that, the calculation method of frost heaving pressure considering in-situ stress and freeze-thaw cycles is proposed. The example analysis results show that frost heaving ratio and frost heaving pressure gradually increase with freeze-thaw cycles, which are eventually subjected to a steady value. Simultaneously, the frost heaving pressure acting on lining increases with in-situ stress for tunnels in cold regions and some effective insulation measures should be applied to prevent frost damage. KEYWORDS: Frost heaving pressure, Cold-region tunnels, Freeze-thaw cycles, Analytical solution, Zero-frost heave displacemen","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article investigates the impact of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) and fibre additives (aramid fibre and basalt fibre) on the performance properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Tests were conducted to evaluate mix design, draindown, cantabro loss, moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. The Marshall method, the draindown parameters (ASTM D6390-11) and the cantabro loss characteristics (ASTM D 7064) were used to examine the mix design qualities. The modified Lottman test was used to assess the moisture sensitivity of SMA mixes. The roller compactor cum rut analyzer was used to assess rutting resistance. Findings showed that CRMB and fibre additives effectively controlled binder draindown and minimized abrasion loss in SMA mixtures. SMA-CRMB mixtures had higher draindown, but comparable cantabro loss than SMA-AF and SMA-BF mixtures. Incorporating CRMB and fibre additives enhanced moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. SMA mixtures with 0.3% fibre addition displayed similar performance properties to SMA with CRMB. Further, substituting fibre additions for CRMB in SMA combinations may yield similar performance. KEYWORDS: Stone matrix asphalt, Crumb rubber-modified bitumen, Fibre additives, Draindown, Cantabro loss, Moisture sensitivity, Rutting resistance, Fatigue behaviour.
研究了橡胶屑改性沥青(CRMB)和纤维添加剂(芳纶纤维和玄武岩纤维)对石基沥青(SMA)混合料性能的影响。试验评估了混合料设计、排水、番茄损失、水分敏感性、车辙抗性和疲劳性能。采用马歇尔法、漏降参数(ASTM D6390-11)和cantabro损失特性(ASTM D 7064)来检验混合料设计质量。采用改进的Lottman试验评估SMA混合料的水分敏感性。采用碾压机和车辙分析仪对车辙阻力进行评估。研究结果表明，CRMB和纤维添加剂有效地控制了SMA混合物中的粘结剂流失，并将磨损损失降至最低。与SMA-AF和SMA-BF混合物相比，SMA-CRMB混合物具有更高的排干量，但与之相当的番茄损失。加入CRMB和纤维添加剂增强了湿气敏感性，抗车辙性和疲劳性能。添加0.3%纤维的SMA混合物与添加CRMB的SMA具有相似的性能。此外，在SMA组合中替换CRMB的纤维添加剂可能会产生类似的性能。关键词:石基沥青，橡胶改性沥青，纤维添加剂，排水，Cantabro损失，湿度敏感性，车辙抗性，疲劳性能。
{"title":"Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber and Fibres","authors":"G. Shiva Kumar","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.08","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the impact of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) and fibre additives (aramid fibre and basalt fibre) on the performance properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Tests were conducted to evaluate mix design, draindown, cantabro loss, moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. The Marshall method, the draindown parameters (ASTM D6390-11) and the cantabro loss characteristics (ASTM D 7064) were used to examine the mix design qualities. The modified Lottman test was used to assess the moisture sensitivity of SMA mixes. The roller compactor cum rut analyzer was used to assess rutting resistance. Findings showed that CRMB and fibre additives effectively controlled binder draindown and minimized abrasion loss in SMA mixtures. SMA-CRMB mixtures had higher draindown, but comparable cantabro loss than SMA-AF and SMA-BF mixtures. Incorporating CRMB and fibre additives enhanced moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. SMA mixtures with 0.3% fibre addition displayed similar performance properties to SMA with CRMB. Further, substituting fibre additions for CRMB in SMA combinations may yield similar performance. KEYWORDS: Stone matrix asphalt, Crumb rubber-modified bitumen, Fibre additives, Draindown, Cantabro loss, Moisture sensitivity, Rutting resistance, Fatigue behaviour.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In light of the current global climate changes, floods have emerged as a significant hydraulic and hydrological challenge on a global scale. The primary contributors to the expansion of impermeable areas and the intensification of flood flow are extensive urbanization, the proliferation of concrete edifices and the construction of asphalt thoroughfares. Anticipating the flow beforehand will be conducive to the successful execution of the task at hand. The objective is to reduce the likelihood of harm to individuals and damage to assets. By accurately determining the flow coefficient, which is a significant factor in flood flow, it is possible to mitigate existing issues to a significant degree. Numerous methodologies for modeling flow coefficients can be found in the extant literature. However, most of these methodologies rely on black-box techniques and are not easily generalizable. Hence, the present investigation has opted for a novel methodology; namely, the fuzzy SMRGT method that takes into account the physical characteristics of the phenomenon and is designed to assist individuals who encounter difficulties in selecting the appropriate quantity, structure and rationale of membership functions and fuzzy rules within a given fuzzy set. The data comprising annual precipitation, temperature and relative humidity measurements was acquired from the Regional Directorate of Meteorology. The model outcomes were juxtaposed with the actual observations. Statistical parameters, such as the coefficient of determination (R2 ), the root mean square error (RMSE), the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The statistical test results were: (RMSE: 0.096, NSE: 0.90, MAPE: 17.3, R2 :0.96). The findings suggest that the SMRGT model is highly effective in accurately forecasting the flow coefficient and represents a robust approach for constructing membership functions and fuzzy rules. KEYWORDS: Fuzzy logic, Uncertainty modeling, SMRGT, Flow coefficient, Precipitation, Mamdani fuzzy inference system.
{"title":"Computation of Flow Coefficient via Non-deterministic Approach of Fuzzy Logic Called \"SMRGT\" Based on Meteorological Properties","authors":"Ayse Yeter Gunal","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.11","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the current global climate changes, floods have emerged as a significant hydraulic and hydrological challenge on a global scale. The primary contributors to the expansion of impermeable areas and the intensification of flood flow are extensive urbanization, the proliferation of concrete edifices and the construction of asphalt thoroughfares. Anticipating the flow beforehand will be conducive to the successful execution of the task at hand. The objective is to reduce the likelihood of harm to individuals and damage to assets. By accurately determining the flow coefficient, which is a significant factor in flood flow, it is possible to mitigate existing issues to a significant degree. Numerous methodologies for modeling flow coefficients can be found in the extant literature. However, most of these methodologies rely on black-box techniques and are not easily generalizable. Hence, the present investigation has opted for a novel methodology; namely, the fuzzy SMRGT method that takes into account the physical characteristics of the phenomenon and is designed to assist individuals who encounter difficulties in selecting the appropriate quantity, structure and rationale of membership functions and fuzzy rules within a given fuzzy set. The data comprising annual precipitation, temperature and relative humidity measurements was acquired from the Regional Directorate of Meteorology. The model outcomes were juxtaposed with the actual observations. Statistical parameters, such as the coefficient of determination (R2 ), the root mean square error (RMSE), the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The statistical test results were: (RMSE: 0.096, NSE: 0.90, MAPE: 17.3, R2 :0.96). The findings suggest that the SMRGT model is highly effective in accurately forecasting the flow coefficient and represents a robust approach for constructing membership functions and fuzzy rules. KEYWORDS: Fuzzy logic, Uncertainty modeling, SMRGT, Flow coefficient, Precipitation, Mamdani fuzzy inference system.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reinforced earth retaining walls are being utilized more frequently in civil infrastructure projects as an alternate design structure to typical reinforced concrete walls and other structures for supporting backfill. The objective of the present study is to model and analyze a 2-dimensional Segmental Precast Concrete Panel (SPCP) wall using the 2-dimensional finite-element tool PLAXIS and analyze the behaviour of the wall concerning the effect of reinforcement type and surcharge loads. The present work also includes the investigations of the effects of reinforcement type and surcharge loads, as well as the influence of different supporting systems on the deformations and ground-surface settlements of the SPCP wall. Ribbed steel reinforcements, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) geogrids and Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geogrids are used to evaluate the wall deformations for reinforcement types. For ribbed-steel reinforcement, ground settlements and wall deformations are 14% and 25% less compared to those of PET and HDPE geogrid reinforcements, respectively. With the increase in surcharge on the backfill soil, wall deformations and surface-ground settlements are increased significantly by 150%. To decrease the deformations of walls resting on soft soil, pile foundations and aggregate piers are considered as supporting solutions. In the case of reinforced blocks with pile foundation as supporting systems, the wall deformations and settlement are 60% lesser than for aggregate pier supporting systems. KEYWORDS: Segmental precast concrete panel, PLAXIS, Reinforcement type, Aggregate pier, Pile Foundation, Wall deformation
{"title":"Finite Element Analysis of Segmental Precast Concrete Panel Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall","authors":"Anand M. Hulagabali","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.03","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforced earth retaining walls are being utilized more frequently in civil infrastructure projects as an alternate design structure to typical reinforced concrete walls and other structures for supporting backfill. The objective of the present study is to model and analyze a 2-dimensional Segmental Precast Concrete Panel (SPCP) wall using the 2-dimensional finite-element tool PLAXIS and analyze the behaviour of the wall concerning the effect of reinforcement type and surcharge loads. The present work also includes the investigations of the effects of reinforcement type and surcharge loads, as well as the influence of different supporting systems on the deformations and ground-surface settlements of the SPCP wall. Ribbed steel reinforcements, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) geogrids and Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geogrids are used to evaluate the wall deformations for reinforcement types. For ribbed-steel reinforcement, ground settlements and wall deformations are 14% and 25% less compared to those of PET and HDPE geogrid reinforcements, respectively. With the increase in surcharge on the backfill soil, wall deformations and surface-ground settlements are increased significantly by 150%. To decrease the deformations of walls resting on soft soil, pile foundations and aggregate piers are considered as supporting solutions. In the case of reinforced blocks with pile foundation as supporting systems, the wall deformations and settlement are 60% lesser than for aggregate pier supporting systems. KEYWORDS: Segmental precast concrete panel, PLAXIS, Reinforcement type, Aggregate pier, Pile Foundation, Wall deformation","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arid and semi-arid regions significantly depend upon groundwater to meet their water demand, especially when groundwater is the only and limited resource for drinking and other human needs. The primary concerns are the excessive consumption of groundwater for agricultural and industrial activities, low recharge rate and percolation of impurities in groundwater, affecting groundwater quality and quantity. This study was performed to identify the variation in the water quality of groundwater of arid or semi-arid regions using geographical information system (GIS) and water-quality index (WQI). The database generated by analyzing samples of 3 decades (1990 to 2019) spatially varied over 68 sampling locations and the dataset was classified based on designated use. The dispersal of chemical constituents in groundwater over the study area was determined using GIS and water quality was classified based on WQI. The maximum concentrations of magnesium, nitrates and sulphates were found to be 307.6 mg/L, 600.16 mg/L and 890.0 mg/L, respectively, but the overall water quality was found varying between marginal and good due to tremendous variations. The southeastern and southwestern parts of the study area were found to be majorly affected with high concentrations of electrical conductivity, total hardness, chlorides and sulphates. Integrating GIS and WQI gives new knowledge on the spatial variation in groundwater characteristics for designated use. The integrated model derives valuable information for land-use planners and decision-makers on groundwater-resource management. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Groundwater-quality index, GIS, Spatial distribution
{"title":"Groundwater Quality Analysis for Wardha, Maharashtra, India","authors":"Ashay Shende","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.02","url":null,"abstract":"Arid and semi-arid regions significantly depend upon groundwater to meet their water demand, especially when groundwater is the only and limited resource for drinking and other human needs. The primary concerns are the excessive consumption of groundwater for agricultural and industrial activities, low recharge rate and percolation of impurities in groundwater, affecting groundwater quality and quantity. This study was performed to identify the variation in the water quality of groundwater of arid or semi-arid regions using geographical information system (GIS) and water-quality index (WQI). The database generated by analyzing samples of 3 decades (1990 to 2019) spatially varied over 68 sampling locations and the dataset was classified based on designated use. The dispersal of chemical constituents in groundwater over the study area was determined using GIS and water quality was classified based on WQI. The maximum concentrations of magnesium, nitrates and sulphates were found to be 307.6 mg/L, 600.16 mg/L and 890.0 mg/L, respectively, but the overall water quality was found varying between marginal and good due to tremendous variations. The southeastern and southwestern parts of the study area were found to be majorly affected with high concentrations of electrical conductivity, total hardness, chlorides and sulphates. Integrating GIS and WQI gives new knowledge on the spatial variation in groundwater characteristics for designated use. The integrated model derives valuable information for land-use planners and decision-makers on groundwater-resource management. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Groundwater-quality index, GIS, Spatial distribution","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has become very popular in pavement construction due to its benefits to the economy and the environment. The present study investigates the feasibility of employing Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Waste Engine Oil (WEO) as rejuvenators blended with reusable asphalt binder through physical and rheological properties at high and intermediate temperatures. Examined conventional properties of WCO-and WEO-modified bitumen include softening point, penetration, ductility and viscosity. In addition to these rheological properties, they also include Amplitude Sweep, Frequency Sweep, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) and High-temperature Performance Grading (HTPG) tests carried out by Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The experimental outcomes revealed that both WCO and WEO could reduce deformation resistance and improve stiffness, workability and viscous behavior of aged bitumen. Moreover, the addition of waste oils improves the fatigue lives of rejuvenated bitumen and enhance fatigue cracking resistance, but at the cost of rutting resistance. Overall, WCO performs better in restoring stiff binder properties than WEO as per rheological testing. KEYWORDS: Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Rejuvenators, Waste cooking oil (WCO), Waste engine oil (WEO).
{"title":"Characteristics of Waste Oil-rejuvenated RAP Bitumen: An Experimental Study","authors":"Vishal Kumar, P. Aggarwal","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.07","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has become very popular in pavement construction due to its benefits to the economy and the environment. The present study investigates the feasibility of employing Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Waste Engine Oil (WEO) as rejuvenators blended with reusable asphalt binder through physical and rheological properties at high and intermediate temperatures. Examined conventional properties of WCO-and WEO-modified bitumen include softening point, penetration, ductility and viscosity. In addition to these rheological properties, they also include Amplitude Sweep, Frequency Sweep, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) and High-temperature Performance Grading (HTPG) tests carried out by Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The experimental outcomes revealed that both WCO and WEO could reduce deformation resistance and improve stiffness, workability and viscous behavior of aged bitumen. Moreover, the addition of waste oils improves the fatigue lives of rejuvenated bitumen and enhance fatigue cracking resistance, but at the cost of rutting resistance. Overall, WCO performs better in restoring stiff binder properties than WEO as per rheological testing. KEYWORDS: Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Rejuvenators, Waste cooking oil (WCO), Waste engine oil (WEO).","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47401809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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