This article investigates the impact of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) and fibre additives (aramid fibre and basalt fibre) on the performance properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Tests were conducted to evaluate mix design, draindown, cantabro loss, moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. The Marshall method, the draindown parameters (ASTM D6390-11) and the cantabro loss characteristics (ASTM D 7064) were used to examine the mix design qualities. The modified Lottman test was used to assess the moisture sensitivity of SMA mixes. The roller compactor cum rut analyzer was used to assess rutting resistance. Findings showed that CRMB and fibre additives effectively controlled binder draindown and minimized abrasion loss in SMA mixtures. SMA-CRMB mixtures had higher draindown, but comparable cantabro loss than SMA-AF and SMA-BF mixtures. Incorporating CRMB and fibre additives enhanced moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. SMA mixtures with 0.3% fibre addition displayed similar performance properties to SMA with CRMB. Further, substituting fibre additions for CRMB in SMA combinations may yield similar performance. KEYWORDS: Stone matrix asphalt, Crumb rubber-modified bitumen, Fibre additives, Draindown, Cantabro loss, Moisture sensitivity, Rutting resistance, Fatigue behaviour.
研究了橡胶屑改性沥青(CRMB)和纤维添加剂(芳纶纤维和玄武岩纤维)对石基沥青(SMA)混合料性能的影响。试验评估了混合料设计、排水、番茄损失、水分敏感性、车辙抗性和疲劳性能。采用马歇尔法、漏降参数(ASTM D6390-11)和cantabro损失特性(ASTM D 7064)来检验混合料设计质量。采用改进的Lottman试验评估SMA混合料的水分敏感性。采用碾压机和车辙分析仪对车辙阻力进行评估。研究结果表明，CRMB和纤维添加剂有效地控制了SMA混合物中的粘结剂流失，并将磨损损失降至最低。与SMA-AF和SMA-BF混合物相比，SMA-CRMB混合物具有更高的排干量，但与之相当的番茄损失。加入CRMB和纤维添加剂增强了湿气敏感性，抗车辙性和疲劳性能。添加0.3%纤维的SMA混合物与添加CRMB的SMA具有相似的性能。此外，在SMA组合中替换CRMB的纤维添加剂可能会产生类似的性能。关键词:石基沥青，橡胶改性沥青，纤维添加剂，排水，Cantabro损失，湿度敏感性，车辙抗性，疲劳性能。
{"title":"Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt Modified with Crumb Rubber and Fibres","authors":"G. Shiva Kumar","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.08","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the impact of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) and fibre additives (aramid fibre and basalt fibre) on the performance properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) mixtures. Tests were conducted to evaluate mix design, draindown, cantabro loss, moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. The Marshall method, the draindown parameters (ASTM D6390-11) and the cantabro loss characteristics (ASTM D 7064) were used to examine the mix design qualities. The modified Lottman test was used to assess the moisture sensitivity of SMA mixes. The roller compactor cum rut analyzer was used to assess rutting resistance. Findings showed that CRMB and fibre additives effectively controlled binder draindown and minimized abrasion loss in SMA mixtures. SMA-CRMB mixtures had higher draindown, but comparable cantabro loss than SMA-AF and SMA-BF mixtures. Incorporating CRMB and fibre additives enhanced moisture sensitivity, rutting resistance and fatigue behavior. SMA mixtures with 0.3% fibre addition displayed similar performance properties to SMA with CRMB. Further, substituting fibre additions for CRMB in SMA combinations may yield similar performance. KEYWORDS: Stone matrix asphalt, Crumb rubber-modified bitumen, Fibre additives, Draindown, Cantabro loss, Moisture sensitivity, Rutting resistance, Fatigue behaviour.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In light of the current global climate changes, floods have emerged as a significant hydraulic and hydrological challenge on a global scale. The primary contributors to the expansion of impermeable areas and the intensification of flood flow are extensive urbanization, the proliferation of concrete edifices and the construction of asphalt thoroughfares. Anticipating the flow beforehand will be conducive to the successful execution of the task at hand. The objective is to reduce the likelihood of harm to individuals and damage to assets. By accurately determining the flow coefficient, which is a significant factor in flood flow, it is possible to mitigate existing issues to a significant degree. Numerous methodologies for modeling flow coefficients can be found in the extant literature. However, most of these methodologies rely on black-box techniques and are not easily generalizable. Hence, the present investigation has opted for a novel methodology; namely, the fuzzy SMRGT method that takes into account the physical characteristics of the phenomenon and is designed to assist individuals who encounter difficulties in selecting the appropriate quantity, structure and rationale of membership functions and fuzzy rules within a given fuzzy set. The data comprising annual precipitation, temperature and relative humidity measurements was acquired from the Regional Directorate of Meteorology. The model outcomes were juxtaposed with the actual observations. Statistical parameters, such as the coefficient of determination (R2 ), the root mean square error (RMSE), the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The statistical test results were: (RMSE: 0.096, NSE: 0.90, MAPE: 17.3, R2 :0.96). The findings suggest that the SMRGT model is highly effective in accurately forecasting the flow coefficient and represents a robust approach for constructing membership functions and fuzzy rules. KEYWORDS: Fuzzy logic, Uncertainty modeling, SMRGT, Flow coefficient, Precipitation, Mamdani fuzzy inference system.
{"title":"Computation of Flow Coefficient via Non-deterministic Approach of Fuzzy Logic Called \"SMRGT\" Based on Meteorological Properties","authors":"Ayse Yeter Gunal","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.11","url":null,"abstract":"In light of the current global climate changes, floods have emerged as a significant hydraulic and hydrological challenge on a global scale. The primary contributors to the expansion of impermeable areas and the intensification of flood flow are extensive urbanization, the proliferation of concrete edifices and the construction of asphalt thoroughfares. Anticipating the flow beforehand will be conducive to the successful execution of the task at hand. The objective is to reduce the likelihood of harm to individuals and damage to assets. By accurately determining the flow coefficient, which is a significant factor in flood flow, it is possible to mitigate existing issues to a significant degree. Numerous methodologies for modeling flow coefficients can be found in the extant literature. However, most of these methodologies rely on black-box techniques and are not easily generalizable. Hence, the present investigation has opted for a novel methodology; namely, the fuzzy SMRGT method that takes into account the physical characteristics of the phenomenon and is designed to assist individuals who encounter difficulties in selecting the appropriate quantity, structure and rationale of membership functions and fuzzy rules within a given fuzzy set. The data comprising annual precipitation, temperature and relative humidity measurements was acquired from the Regional Directorate of Meteorology. The model outcomes were juxtaposed with the actual observations. Statistical parameters, such as the coefficient of determination (R2 ), the root mean square error (RMSE), the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NSE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The statistical test results were: (RMSE: 0.096, NSE: 0.90, MAPE: 17.3, R2 :0.96). The findings suggest that the SMRGT model is highly effective in accurately forecasting the flow coefficient and represents a robust approach for constructing membership functions and fuzzy rules. KEYWORDS: Fuzzy logic, Uncertainty modeling, SMRGT, Flow coefficient, Precipitation, Mamdani fuzzy inference system.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135406456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Reinforced earth retaining walls are being utilized more frequently in civil infrastructure projects as an alternate design structure to typical reinforced concrete walls and other structures for supporting backfill. The objective of the present study is to model and analyze a 2-dimensional Segmental Precast Concrete Panel (SPCP) wall using the 2-dimensional finite-element tool PLAXIS and analyze the behaviour of the wall concerning the effect of reinforcement type and surcharge loads. The present work also includes the investigations of the effects of reinforcement type and surcharge loads, as well as the influence of different supporting systems on the deformations and ground-surface settlements of the SPCP wall. Ribbed steel reinforcements, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) geogrids and Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geogrids are used to evaluate the wall deformations for reinforcement types. For ribbed-steel reinforcement, ground settlements and wall deformations are 14% and 25% less compared to those of PET and HDPE geogrid reinforcements, respectively. With the increase in surcharge on the backfill soil, wall deformations and surface-ground settlements are increased significantly by 150%. To decrease the deformations of walls resting on soft soil, pile foundations and aggregate piers are considered as supporting solutions. In the case of reinforced blocks with pile foundation as supporting systems, the wall deformations and settlement are 60% lesser than for aggregate pier supporting systems. KEYWORDS: Segmental precast concrete panel, PLAXIS, Reinforcement type, Aggregate pier, Pile Foundation, Wall deformation
{"title":"Finite Element Analysis of Segmental Precast Concrete Panel Reinforced Earth Retaining Wall","authors":"Anand M. Hulagabali","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.03","url":null,"abstract":"Reinforced earth retaining walls are being utilized more frequently in civil infrastructure projects as an alternate design structure to typical reinforced concrete walls and other structures for supporting backfill. The objective of the present study is to model and analyze a 2-dimensional Segmental Precast Concrete Panel (SPCP) wall using the 2-dimensional finite-element tool PLAXIS and analyze the behaviour of the wall concerning the effect of reinforcement type and surcharge loads. The present work also includes the investigations of the effects of reinforcement type and surcharge loads, as well as the influence of different supporting systems on the deformations and ground-surface settlements of the SPCP wall. Ribbed steel reinforcements, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) geogrids and Density Polyethylene (HDPE) geogrids are used to evaluate the wall deformations for reinforcement types. For ribbed-steel reinforcement, ground settlements and wall deformations are 14% and 25% less compared to those of PET and HDPE geogrid reinforcements, respectively. With the increase in surcharge on the backfill soil, wall deformations and surface-ground settlements are increased significantly by 150%. To decrease the deformations of walls resting on soft soil, pile foundations and aggregate piers are considered as supporting solutions. In the case of reinforced blocks with pile foundation as supporting systems, the wall deformations and settlement are 60% lesser than for aggregate pier supporting systems. KEYWORDS: Segmental precast concrete panel, PLAXIS, Reinforcement type, Aggregate pier, Pile Foundation, Wall deformation","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arid and semi-arid regions significantly depend upon groundwater to meet their water demand, especially when groundwater is the only and limited resource for drinking and other human needs. The primary concerns are the excessive consumption of groundwater for agricultural and industrial activities, low recharge rate and percolation of impurities in groundwater, affecting groundwater quality and quantity. This study was performed to identify the variation in the water quality of groundwater of arid or semi-arid regions using geographical information system (GIS) and water-quality index (WQI). The database generated by analyzing samples of 3 decades (1990 to 2019) spatially varied over 68 sampling locations and the dataset was classified based on designated use. The dispersal of chemical constituents in groundwater over the study area was determined using GIS and water quality was classified based on WQI. The maximum concentrations of magnesium, nitrates and sulphates were found to be 307.6 mg/L, 600.16 mg/L and 890.0 mg/L, respectively, but the overall water quality was found varying between marginal and good due to tremendous variations. The southeastern and southwestern parts of the study area were found to be majorly affected with high concentrations of electrical conductivity, total hardness, chlorides and sulphates. Integrating GIS and WQI gives new knowledge on the spatial variation in groundwater characteristics for designated use. The integrated model derives valuable information for land-use planners and decision-makers on groundwater-resource management. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Groundwater-quality index, GIS, Spatial distribution
{"title":"Groundwater Quality Analysis for Wardha, Maharashtra, India","authors":"Ashay Shende","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i4.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i4.02","url":null,"abstract":"Arid and semi-arid regions significantly depend upon groundwater to meet their water demand, especially when groundwater is the only and limited resource for drinking and other human needs. The primary concerns are the excessive consumption of groundwater for agricultural and industrial activities, low recharge rate and percolation of impurities in groundwater, affecting groundwater quality and quantity. This study was performed to identify the variation in the water quality of groundwater of arid or semi-arid regions using geographical information system (GIS) and water-quality index (WQI). The database generated by analyzing samples of 3 decades (1990 to 2019) spatially varied over 68 sampling locations and the dataset was classified based on designated use. The dispersal of chemical constituents in groundwater over the study area was determined using GIS and water quality was classified based on WQI. The maximum concentrations of magnesium, nitrates and sulphates were found to be 307.6 mg/L, 600.16 mg/L and 890.0 mg/L, respectively, but the overall water quality was found varying between marginal and good due to tremendous variations. The southeastern and southwestern parts of the study area were found to be majorly affected with high concentrations of electrical conductivity, total hardness, chlorides and sulphates. Integrating GIS and WQI gives new knowledge on the spatial variation in groundwater characteristics for designated use. The integrated model derives valuable information for land-use planners and decision-makers on groundwater-resource management. KEYWORDS: Groundwater, Groundwater-quality index, GIS, Spatial distribution","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135407600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has become very popular in pavement construction due to its benefits to the economy and the environment. The present study investigates the feasibility of employing Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Waste Engine Oil (WEO) as rejuvenators blended with reusable asphalt binder through physical and rheological properties at high and intermediate temperatures. Examined conventional properties of WCO-and WEO-modified bitumen include softening point, penetration, ductility and viscosity. In addition to these rheological properties, they also include Amplitude Sweep, Frequency Sweep, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) and High-temperature Performance Grading (HTPG) tests carried out by Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The experimental outcomes revealed that both WCO and WEO could reduce deformation resistance and improve stiffness, workability and viscous behavior of aged bitumen. Moreover, the addition of waste oils improves the fatigue lives of rejuvenated bitumen and enhance fatigue cracking resistance, but at the cost of rutting resistance. Overall, WCO performs better in restoring stiff binder properties than WEO as per rheological testing. KEYWORDS: Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Rejuvenators, Waste cooking oil (WCO), Waste engine oil (WEO).
{"title":"Characteristics of Waste Oil-rejuvenated RAP Bitumen: An Experimental Study","authors":"Vishal Kumar, P. Aggarwal","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.07","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) has become very popular in pavement construction due to its benefits to the economy and the environment. The present study investigates the feasibility of employing Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) and Waste Engine Oil (WEO) as rejuvenators blended with reusable asphalt binder through physical and rheological properties at high and intermediate temperatures. Examined conventional properties of WCO-and WEO-modified bitumen include softening point, penetration, ductility and viscosity. In addition to these rheological properties, they also include Amplitude Sweep, Frequency Sweep, Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) and High-temperature Performance Grading (HTPG) tests carried out by Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). The experimental outcomes revealed that both WCO and WEO could reduce deformation resistance and improve stiffness, workability and viscous behavior of aged bitumen. Moreover, the addition of waste oils improves the fatigue lives of rejuvenated bitumen and enhance fatigue cracking resistance, but at the cost of rutting resistance. Overall, WCO performs better in restoring stiff binder properties than WEO as per rheological testing. KEYWORDS: Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), Rejuvenators, Waste cooking oil (WCO), Waste engine oil (WEO).","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47401809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over-exploitation of groundwater from coastal aquifers causes seawater intrusion and depletion of freshwater resources. As 40 percent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the coast. This will increase the demand for potable water in coastal aquifers. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the sources of fresh-groundwater potential and productivity in coastal aquifers. Nowadays, integrated studies based on geographic-information systems play a major role in groundwater-exploration studies. Thus, the current study was carried out with the objective to delineate groundwater potential in the Nambiyar river basin in Tamil Nadu's southeast coastal area, where groundwater is in a critical condition. In order to improve groundwater recharge, it is very important to identify possible recharge areas. A novel work of the integration of remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making approaches of analytical hierarchical-process methodologies (AHP) was used in the present study. A total of 11 thematic layers, such as slope, curvature, soil, roughness, topographic-wetness index, drainage density, land use/land cover, geology, geomorphology, lineament density and rainfall, were generated for delineating groundwater potential zones. All the thematic maps are weighted using AHP based on the attributes of the classes and the potential capacity of their water supply. The demarked region of groundwater potential was validated by comparing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater levels. The groundwater potential zone map was classified into five categories: very high, high, moderate, low and very low. Areas with very high and very low potentials are delineated only in very limited areas. 64% of the regions are covered under the moderate-potential zones. The low-and high-groundwater potential zones are delineated at 22% and 14%, respectively. KEYWORDS: GIS, Recharge areas, Groundwater potential, Nambiyar river basin, AHP
{"title":"Groundwater Potential Zone Delineation Using Multi-criteria Decision-making Approach: A Case Study","authors":"S. P. Rajaveni, N. Muniappan","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.01","url":null,"abstract":"Over-exploitation of groundwater from coastal aquifers causes seawater intrusion and depletion of freshwater resources. As 40 percent of the world’s population live within 100 km of the coast. This will increase the demand for potable water in coastal aquifers. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the sources of fresh-groundwater potential and productivity in coastal aquifers. Nowadays, integrated studies based on geographic-information systems play a major role in groundwater-exploration studies. Thus, the current study was carried out with the objective to delineate groundwater potential in the Nambiyar river basin in Tamil Nadu's southeast coastal area, where groundwater is in a critical condition. In order to improve groundwater recharge, it is very important to identify possible recharge areas. A novel work of the integration of remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and multi-criteria decision-making approaches of analytical hierarchical-process methodologies (AHP) was used in the present study. A total of 11 thematic layers, such as slope, curvature, soil, roughness, topographic-wetness index, drainage density, land use/land cover, geology, geomorphology, lineament density and rainfall, were generated for delineating groundwater potential zones. All the thematic maps are weighted using AHP based on the attributes of the classes and the potential capacity of their water supply. The demarked region of groundwater potential was validated by comparing pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater levels. The groundwater potential zone map was classified into five categories: very high, high, moderate, low and very low. Areas with very high and very low potentials are delineated only in very limited areas. 64% of the regions are covered under the moderate-potential zones. The low-and high-groundwater potential zones are delineated at 22% and 14%, respectively. KEYWORDS: GIS, Recharge areas, Groundwater potential, Nambiyar river basin, AHP","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47543752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asphalt pavements deteriorate over time when subjected to fatigue; hence, it is critical to evaluate in-service pavements to keep them in good condition. The goal of pavement evaluation is to assess the functional and structural performance of a pavement section, with a view to improving both the pavement's serviceability and riding quality. Through field and laboratory experiments, the current study attempts to evaluate the performance of pavement stretches. The sections are ranked and prioritized based on the test results. Medchal-Dabilpur national highway was evaluated for pavement roughness, skid resistance and deflections. In addition, core samples with diameters of 100mm and 150mm were collected and tested in the laboratory for moisture susceptibility, tensile strength, stiffness and fracture characteristics. The current study also intends to establish a unique technique for prioritizing pavement maintenance sections based on functional and structural performance in the field and laboratory. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach was used to develop the relationship between pavement functional and structural performance. Heat maps were created and ranked in Python Jupyter notebook to better visualize the performance of functional and structural characteristics of the pavement. The final evaluation results can be validated by supporting them with laboratory investigations based on the pavement-section field samples. The results demonstrate that there is a strong relationship between the structural and functional properties of the pavement. The developed Maintenance Priority Index (MPI) will be useful in rating the maintenance and rehabilitation actions depending on the level of necessity. KEYWORDS: Functional and structural evaluation, Resilient modulus, Tensile strength ratio, Fracture properties, ANN technique, Maintenance priority index.
{"title":"Assessment and Prioritization of Highway Stretch Deploying Functional and Structural Characteristics","authors":"R. Adepu, V. Varanasi, Harinder Devavath","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.02","url":null,"abstract":"Asphalt pavements deteriorate over time when subjected to fatigue; hence, it is critical to evaluate in-service pavements to keep them in good condition. The goal of pavement evaluation is to assess the functional and structural performance of a pavement section, with a view to improving both the pavement's serviceability and riding quality. Through field and laboratory experiments, the current study attempts to evaluate the performance of pavement stretches. The sections are ranked and prioritized based on the test results. Medchal-Dabilpur national highway was evaluated for pavement roughness, skid resistance and deflections. In addition, core samples with diameters of 100mm and 150mm were collected and tested in the laboratory for moisture susceptibility, tensile strength, stiffness and fracture characteristics. The current study also intends to establish a unique technique for prioritizing pavement maintenance sections based on functional and structural performance in the field and laboratory. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach was used to develop the relationship between pavement functional and structural performance. Heat maps were created and ranked in Python Jupyter notebook to better visualize the performance of functional and structural characteristics of the pavement. The final evaluation results can be validated by supporting them with laboratory investigations based on the pavement-section field samples. The results demonstrate that there is a strong relationship between the structural and functional properties of the pavement. The developed Maintenance Priority Index (MPI) will be useful in rating the maintenance and rehabilitation actions depending on the level of necessity. KEYWORDS: Functional and structural evaluation, Resilient modulus, Tensile strength ratio, Fracture properties, ANN technique, Maintenance priority index.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48025584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhammad Fajrul Falah, Stefanus Adi Kristiawan, Halwan Alfisa Saifullah
Prediction of cracking behavior and deformation of reinforced concrete is a complex problem, including reinforced concrete that can still bear tensile stress after cracking due to the bond between reinforcement and surrounding concrete, termed the tension-stiffening effect. This research aims to determine the tension-stiffening of reinforced High Volume Fly Ash Self-compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC) at various tensile reinforcement ratios. In this tension-stiffening analysis, shrinkage and creep effects are taken away. The data used in the analysis was obtained from beams tested with two loading points. The tests were conducted on six reinforced HVFA-SCC beams and six Normal Concrete (NC) beams with dimensions of 150 x 250 x 2000 mm, with tensile reinforcement ratios of 0.61%, 1.10% and 1.55%. The analysis shows that the effect of creep on shrinkage is negligible, so that it can be ignored in the calculation. On the other hand, shrinkage increases the value of the maximum tension-stiffening stress by 1.43% and the ultimate tension-stiffening stress (𝜎𝑡𝑠,u) by 72.51% from the initial tension-stiffening values. The greater the tensile reinforcement ratio in concrete, the smaller the effect of tension-stiffening stress. KEYWORDS: Creep, HVFA-SCC, NC, RC beams, Shrinkage, Tension-stiffening.
{"title":"Tension-Stiffening of Reinforced HVFA-SCC Beams","authors":"Muhammad Fajrul Falah, Stefanus Adi Kristiawan, Halwan Alfisa Saifullah","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.11","url":null,"abstract":"Prediction of cracking behavior and deformation of reinforced concrete is a complex problem, including reinforced concrete that can still bear tensile stress after cracking due to the bond between reinforcement and surrounding concrete, termed the tension-stiffening effect. This research aims to determine the tension-stiffening of reinforced High Volume Fly Ash Self-compacting Concrete (HVFA-SCC) at various tensile reinforcement ratios. In this tension-stiffening analysis, shrinkage and creep effects are taken away. The data used in the analysis was obtained from beams tested with two loading points. The tests were conducted on six reinforced HVFA-SCC beams and six Normal Concrete (NC) beams with dimensions of 150 x 250 x 2000 mm, with tensile reinforcement ratios of 0.61%, 1.10% and 1.55%. The analysis shows that the effect of creep on shrinkage is negligible, so that it can be ignored in the calculation. On the other hand, shrinkage increases the value of the maximum tension-stiffening stress by 1.43% and the ultimate tension-stiffening stress (𝜎𝑡𝑠,u) by 72.51% from the initial tension-stiffening values. The greater the tensile reinforcement ratio in concrete, the smaller the effect of tension-stiffening stress. KEYWORDS: Creep, HVFA-SCC, NC, RC beams, Shrinkage, Tension-stiffening.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42547787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A lack of adequate building maintenance is a significant obstacle faced by governmental hospitals. This paper evaluates factors that negatively impact building-maintenance practices in Iraq. A literature review was conducted to identify factors affecting maintenance. A list of 42 factors affecting hospital-buildings was collected from previous studies and tested using a structured questionnaire distributed to hospital-maintenance experts. During the data analysis, 76 valid questionnaires were used. Based on the respondents’ ratings, the relative-importance index (RII) was used to determine the level of importance of each factor. From the results, it was concluded that twelve factors affect maintenance practices in hospital buildings: faulty design (0.889), lack of funding (0.874), inadequate training (0.871), misuse of building facilities (0.866), construction errors (0.863), lack of work experience (0.858), building age (0.826), individual modifications carried out by the hospital staff (0.826), shortage of maintenance staff (0.824), administrative corruption (0.821), selection of unqualified maintenance contractors (0.816) and unavailability of skilled appointed maintenance personnel (0.808). Understanding these factors’ effects is essential for maintenance-department managers to develop strategies for maintaining hospital buildings in Iraq by controlling them, as well as identifying problems and finding appropriate solutions to avoid them. KEYWORDS: Governmental hospitals, Maintenance, Iraq, Building maintenance, Maintenance practices, Factors affecting maintenance
{"title":"Factors Affecting Maintenance Practises in Iraq’s Hospital Buildings","authors":"Esraa M. Kadhim, Meervat R. Altaie","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.04","url":null,"abstract":"A lack of adequate building maintenance is a significant obstacle faced by governmental hospitals. This paper evaluates factors that negatively impact building-maintenance practices in Iraq. A literature review was conducted to identify factors affecting maintenance. A list of 42 factors affecting hospital-buildings was collected from previous studies and tested using a structured questionnaire distributed to hospital-maintenance experts. During the data analysis, 76 valid questionnaires were used. Based on the respondents’ ratings, the relative-importance index (RII) was used to determine the level of importance of each factor. From the results, it was concluded that twelve factors affect maintenance practices in hospital buildings: faulty design (0.889), lack of funding (0.874), inadequate training (0.871), misuse of building facilities (0.866), construction errors (0.863), lack of work experience (0.858), building age (0.826), individual modifications carried out by the hospital staff (0.826), shortage of maintenance staff (0.824), administrative corruption (0.821), selection of unqualified maintenance contractors (0.816) and unavailability of skilled appointed maintenance personnel (0.808). Understanding these factors’ effects is essential for maintenance-department managers to develop strategies for maintaining hospital buildings in Iraq by controlling them, as well as identifying problems and finding appropriate solutions to avoid them. KEYWORDS: Governmental hospitals, Maintenance, Iraq, Building maintenance, Maintenance practices, Factors affecting maintenance","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49545926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ihsan F. Hasan, R. Abdullah, Taymoor A. Awchi, Nurul Hana M. Kamal
In this research work, copula-based methodology is adopted to analyze the hydrological drought frequency. Standardized Runoff Index SRI was calculated using monthly-streamflow data for 50 years of two gauging stations in the northern region of Iraq. The drought duration and severity were extracted using run theory. Three Archimedean family and Gaussian copulas were used and compared to select the most appropriate copula model for bivariate frequency analysis of hydrological-drought characteristics. The dependence between drought duration and drought severity was estimated by Pearson's, Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau correlations. Various probability distributions were utilized to determine the best fit marginal distributions for drought characteristic variables based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-squared statistics. Uni-variate and joint return periods were estimated and compared. Generally, the results indicate that Archimedean copulas performed better than the Gaussian copulas. Exponential and Weibull distributions are the best fit for drought duration and severity, respectively, except for drought severity in case of the 9-month time scale at Lesser Zab region, where lognormal distribution was chosen. The current study can give helpful information for drought-risk assessment and water-resource management under climate change. KEYWORDS: Hydrological drought, Copula, SRI, Greater Zab river, Lesser Zab river, Bivariate return periods.
{"title":"Bivariate Frequency Analysis of Hydrological Drought Using Copula: A Case Study of Northern Iraq","authors":"Ihsan F. Hasan, R. Abdullah, Taymoor A. Awchi, Nurul Hana M. Kamal","doi":"10.14525/jjce.v17i3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14525/jjce.v17i3.06","url":null,"abstract":"In this research work, copula-based methodology is adopted to analyze the hydrological drought frequency. Standardized Runoff Index SRI was calculated using monthly-streamflow data for 50 years of two gauging stations in the northern region of Iraq. The drought duration and severity were extracted using run theory. Three Archimedean family and Gaussian copulas were used and compared to select the most appropriate copula model for bivariate frequency analysis of hydrological-drought characteristics. The dependence between drought duration and drought severity was estimated by Pearson's, Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau correlations. Various probability distributions were utilized to determine the best fit marginal distributions for drought characteristic variables based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-squared statistics. Uni-variate and joint return periods were estimated and compared. Generally, the results indicate that Archimedean copulas performed better than the Gaussian copulas. Exponential and Weibull distributions are the best fit for drought duration and severity, respectively, except for drought severity in case of the 9-month time scale at Lesser Zab region, where lognormal distribution was chosen. The current study can give helpful information for drought-risk assessment and water-resource management under climate change. KEYWORDS: Hydrological drought, Copula, SRI, Greater Zab river, Lesser Zab river, Bivariate return periods.","PeriodicalId":51814,"journal":{"name":"Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42882905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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