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Ethical Theories and Controversial Intuitions 伦理理论和有争议的直觉
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2264721
Rach Cosker-Rowland
We have controversial intuitions about the rightness of retributive punishment, keeping promises for its own sake, and pushing the heavy man off of the bridge in the footbridge trolley case. How do these intuitions relate to ethical theories? Should ethical theories aim to fit with and explain them? Or are only uncontroversial intuitions relevant to explanatory ethical theorising? I argue against several views that we might hold about the relationship between controversial intuitions and ethical theories. I then propose and defend the view that ethical theories should only aim to fit with and explain the intuitions that almost all people (who minimally understand the relevant issues) share. I argue that this view has interesting and important implications for ethical theorising and theorising about justice and equality.
我们对报复性惩罚的正确性有争议的直觉,为了自己的利益而遵守承诺,以及在行人桥电车情况下将重物推下桥。这些直觉与伦理理论有什么关系?伦理理论是否应该以适应和解释它们为目标?或者只有无可争议的直觉与解释性伦理理论化相关?我反对我们可能持有的关于有争议的直觉和伦理理论之间关系的几种观点。然后,我提出并捍卫这样一种观点,即伦理理论应该只以符合和解释几乎所有人(对相关问题了解最少的人)的直觉为目标。我认为,这种观点对伦理理论化和正义与平等的理论化具有有趣而重要的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Unknown Peers 未知的同行
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2263711
Marc Andree Weber
ABSTRACTUnknown peers create a problem for those epistemologists who argue that we should be conciliatory in cases of peer disagreement. The standard interpretation of ‘being conciliatory’ has it that we should revise our opinions concerning a specific subject matter whenever we encounter someone who is as competent and well informed as we are concerning this subject matter (and thus is our peer) and holds a different opinion. As a consequence, peers whom we have never encountered and who are hence unknown to us are not taken into account. This, however, appears odd; not only because it is an accidental matter which peers we happen to encounter and which not, but also because it would allow people to deliberately isolate themselves from any kind of intellectual exchange on the topic under consideration. The paper argues that we should take the problem of unknown peers seriously, and that disregarding the problem is an instance of the more general mistake of assuming that evidential quality and justified believability can be dealt with separately. Moreover, a solution to the problem of unknown peers is suggested.KEYWORDS: EpistemologyevidencedisagreementpeersEqual Weight Viewjustification AcknowledgementThe paper benefitted a lot from comments and impulses by Wolfgang Freitag (who also convinced me of the need to clarify how EW is to be defined), Sanford Goldberg, Jonathan Matheson, Christoph Schamberger, Nadja-Mira Yolcu, Elia Zardini, Q1 Alexandra Zinke, and several anonymous referees.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. For the purpose of the present paper, this rough characterization of epistemic peerhood suffices. See, e.g., Matheson (Citation2015, 24–25), Elga (Citation2007, 499, fn. 21), King (Citation2011), Vorobej (Citation2011), and my Weber (Citation2017b) for a more detailed discussion of the concept.2. See Lasonen-Aarnio (Citation2014, 317) and Rosenkranz and Schulz (Citation2015, 570–572).3. Analogously, it does not speak against the A-Variant that it is compatible with giving no weight to both one’s own view and that of one’s epistemic peer. For it does not follow that one could instead focus on first-order evidence alone, since one cannot consider first-order evidence withing interpreting it, which means that there must be at least one person to whose interpretation one gives more than zero weight. This person need not be oneself or one’s peer: arguably, giving no weight to both one’s own view and that of one’s epistemic peer is exactly what one should do if there is an epistemic superior regarding the matter under debate.4. A case in point is Kelly (Citation2010, 112).5. David Enoch also distinguishes what I call the A-, B-, and C-Variant and argues for the latter; see Enoch (Citation2010, 970–972).6. This position is usually called the Right Reasons View. For versions this view, see Kelly (Citation2005, 180) and Titelbaum (Citation2015). A strong externalist element is also p
不知名的同伴给那些认识论家带来了一个问题,他们认为我们应该在同伴分歧的情况下进行调解。“和解”的标准解释是,每当我们遇到与我们一样有能力和消息灵通的人(因此是我们的同行)并持有不同意见时,我们就应该修改我们对特定主题的意见。因此,那些我们从未见过、因此不认识的同伴就没有被考虑在内。然而,这看起来很奇怪;不仅因为我们碰巧遇到哪些同伴,哪些没有,这是一个偶然的问题,而且还因为它会让人们故意将自己与正在考虑的话题的任何智力交流隔绝开来。这篇论文认为,我们应该认真对待未知同行的问题,忽视这个问题是一个更普遍的错误的例子,即假设证据质量和合理的可信度可以分开处理。此外,还提出了未知对等体问题的解决方案。本文从Wolfgang Freitag(他也让我相信有必要澄清EW的定义)、Sanford Goldberg、Jonathan Matheson、Christoph Schamberger、Nadja-Mira Yolcu、Elia Zardini、Q1 Alexandra Zinke和几位匿名审稿人的评论和推动中获益良多。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。对于本文的目的而言,这种对认知对等的粗略描述就足够了。参见Matheson (Citation2015, 24-25), Elga (Citation2007, 499, fn)。21), King (Citation2011), Vorobej (Citation2011)和我的Weber (Citation2017b)对这个概念进行了更详细的讨论。参见Lasonen-Aarnio (Citation2014, 317)和Rosenkranz and Schulz (Citation2015, 570-572)。类似地,它并不反对a变体,因为它与不重视自己的观点和认识论同行的观点是相容的。因为这并不意味着人们可以转而只关注一阶证据,因为人们不能在解释一阶证据时考虑它,这意味着必须至少有一个人对其解释给予超过零的权重。这个人不必是自己或自己的同行:可以说,如果在争论的问题上有一个认识上的优势,那么一个人就应该既不重视自己的观点,也不重视认识上的同行的观点。一个恰当的例子是Kelly (Citation2010, 112)。David Enoch也区分了我所说的A-, B-和c -变体,并支持后者;参见以诺(Citation2010, 970-972)。这一立场通常被称为正确理由观点。有关此视图的版本,请参阅Kelly (Citation2005, 180)和Titelbaum (Citation2015)。强烈的外在主义元素也是拉基的辩护主义观点的一部分(特别是参见拉基引文2010,320),以及威瑟森的证据聚合观点(威瑟森引文2019,第12章)。例如,参见Hall和Johnson (Citation1998)对这一原则强有力的认识论版本的辩护。我们应该记住,有些专家几乎从不参加会议或发表论文,尽管他们是他们行业中的佼佼者。这种情况在哲学或数学领域可能比那些研究至少部分依赖于昂贵设备的科学领域更为常见。(我想我们很多人都认识一些哲学家,他们是某一领域的专家,但从未在该领域发表过任何值得注意的文章——比如盖蒂埃,但没有一篇著名的三页论文)。有一个关于数字是否重要的讨论正在进行,也就是说,我们是否应该,在同伴不同意的情况下,采用大多数人持有的信念,或者我们是否应该保留信念,即使在相互独立的同伴中有明显的多数人支持有争议的立场之一。参见Lackey (Citation2013)对前一种观点的证明。在韦伯未出版的书中,我支持后者。如果数字无关紧要,就很难排除同伴之间存在分歧的可能性,这就需要对信念进行修正。严格地说,要区分两个步骤:首先要采访别人,了解他们是自己在相关领域的认识上的同辈,甚至是上级,然后与自己的同辈或上级(如果有的话)讨论自己感兴趣的具体问题。为了表述方便,我将在下面简单地说,如果争论的问题是哲学性质的,就应该与所有哲学家交谈;如果争论的问题涉及生物学,就应该与所有生物学家交谈,等等。这些分歧的一个共同特征是戈德堡所说的系统性。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: The Ethics and Politics of Disagreement 引言:分歧的伦理和政治
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2278832
Maria Baghramian
The introduction to the special issue on the Ethics and Politics of Disagreement provides a history of the Robert Papazian and PERITIA IJPs Essay prizes, announces the winners of the 2023 prizes, provides a brief overview of the articles in this special issue and highlights some of their connections, and concludes with an announcement of a new IJPS essay prize.
《分歧的伦理和政治》特刊的引言介绍了罗伯特·帕帕齐安和佩里西亚IJPs论文奖的历史,宣布了2023年奖项的获奖者,简要概述了本期特刊中的文章,并强调了它们之间的一些联系,最后宣布了新的IJPs论文奖。
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引用次数: 0
Disagreeing with Experts 与专家意见相左
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2263712
Manuel Almagro Holgado, Neftalí Villanueva Fernández
ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the question of who should be trusted as an expert and when, particularly in the context of public deliberation. Trust in experts is crucial in making decisions about public policies that involve complex information beyond the expertise of most people. However, fruitful deliberation also requires being able to resist misinformation campaigns, no matter how widespread these might be; being able, in general, to evaluate the evidence at our disposal and form our own opinions. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on this apparent tension between epistemic deference and epistemic independence. The paper has two goals. First, it aims at providing a more nuanced understanding of the question of who should be trusted as an expert by examining cases in which seemingly factual claims are made in public settings by experts. Second, it emphasizes the need to pay attention to the conditions under which we actually trust each other. We suggest that fostering trust in science may be better approached by modifying the conditions under which scientific dialogue takes place, rather than trying to convince the public to trust experts, or blaming them for not doing so.KEYWORDS: Trustdistrustexpertsdisagreementscience communication AcknowledgmentsWe thank Manuel de Pinedo for his comments on a previous version of this article. We also thank the participants of the workshop (No) more stories: The new challenges of science communication, led by Ophelia Deroy, and organized by the Center of Advanced Studies’ Research Group Challenges and norms of science communication (University of Munich).Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. See Kappel (Citation2020) for a recent discussion of what we should do, epistemically speaking, when we learn that others don’t trust the ones we do trust.2. Recent literature has started to explore not only the characteristics of experts, but also the heterogeneity of non-experts and how this heterogeneity impacts the context of science communication (see Pérez-González and Jiménez-Buedo Citation2023).3. The effectiveness of these strategies is limited. Research has shown that we tend to underestimate our own biases compared to those of others, known as the ‘bias blind spot’, which can hinder our ability to recognize our own biases. Additionally, some scholars have recently argued that there is no circumstance under which introspection can be reliable to detect our biases (see, for instance, Kelly Citation2023).Additional informationFundingThe publication of this work was made possible with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870883. This work was also partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities and Next-Generation EU, the Spanish Ministry of Science [PID2019-109764RB-I00, PID2022-140562NB-I00], Junta de Andalucía [B-HUM-459-UGR18], the BBVA Foundation [BBVA2021-EQUIPOS, AYUDAS F
摘要本文探讨了在公共审议的背景下,谁应该被信任为专家以及何时被信任的问题。在公共政策决策中,对专家的信任至关重要,因为公共政策涉及的复杂信息超出了大多数人的专业知识范围。然而,富有成效的审议还需要能够抵制错误信息运动,无论这些运动有多普遍;一般来说,能够评估我们掌握的证据并形成我们自己的观点。本文的目的是反思这种认知服从和认知独立之间明显的紧张关系。本文有两个目标。首先,它旨在通过审查专家在公共场合提出看似事实的主张的案例,对谁应该被信任作为专家的问题提供更细致入微的理解。其次,它强调需要关注我们真正相互信任的条件。我们建议,培养对科学的信任可能更好的方法是修改进行科学对话的条件,而不是试图说服公众信任专家,或者指责他们没有这样做。关键词:信任不信任专家分歧科学传播致谢感谢Manuel de Pinedo对本文前一版本的评论。我们也感谢研讨会的参与者(No)更多的故事:科学传播的新挑战,由Ophelia Deroy领导,由慕尼黑大学高级研究中心“科学传播的挑战和规范”研究小组组织。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。参见Kappel (Citation2020)最近的一个讨论,从认识论上讲,当我们知道别人不信任我们信任的人时,我们应该怎么做。最近的文献不仅开始探讨专家的特征,而且还探讨了非专家的异质性以及这种异质性如何影响科学传播的背景(见Pérez-González和jimsamunez - buedo Citation2023)。这些策略的有效性是有限的。研究表明,与他人的偏见相比,我们往往会低估自己的偏见,这被称为“偏见盲点”,它会阻碍我们识别自己偏见的能力。此外,一些学者最近认为,在任何情况下,内省都不能可靠地检测我们的偏见(例如,参见Kelly Citation2023)。本研究的发表得到了欧盟地平线2020研究与创新计划的资助,资助协议编号870883。这项工作也得到了西班牙大学和下一代欧盟部、西班牙科学部[PID2019-109764RB-I00, PID2022-140562NB-I00]、Junta de Andalucía [b - humi -459- ugr18]、BBVA基金会[BBVA2021-EQUIPOS, AYUDAS FUNDACION BBVA2021,项目:OPIDPOLA]和格拉纳达大学资助的FiloLab卓越小组的部分资助。
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引用次数: 0
Who’s Afraid of Disagreement about Disagreement? 谁害怕分歧?
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2264723
Ruth Weintraub
This paper is not concerned with the (amply discussed) question as to the rational response to peer disagreement. Instead, it addresses a (considerably less often debated) problem to which many views about the (epistemic) significance of disagreement are vulnerable (to some extent or another): self-undermining. I reject several answers that have been proposed in the literature, defend one that has been offered (by meeting objections to it), and show that in its light, the prevalent assumption that the ‘equal-weight view’, a prominent view about disagreement, rationally requires us to suspend judgement about contentious matters, is seen to be too pessimistic.
本文不涉及(充分讨论过的)关于对同伴分歧的理性反应的问题。相反,它解决了一个(很少被讨论的)问题,许多关于分歧(认识论)意义的观点都很容易(在某种程度上)受到这个问题的影响:自我破坏。我拒绝了文献中提出的几个答案,捍卫了一个已经提出的答案(通过满足对它的反对意见),并表明,在它的光照下,普遍的假设,即“同等权重观点”,一个关于分歧的突出观点,理性地要求我们暂停对有争议问题的判断,被视为过于悲观。
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引用次数: 0
Towards a Politicized Anatomy of Fundamental Disagreement 对根本分歧的政治化剖析
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2265230
Sophie Juliane Veigl
Fundamental disagreement is at the core of many debates surrounding epistemic relativism. Proponents of epistemic relativism argue that certain disagreements are irresolvable because proponents base their views on fundamentally different epistemic principles and, thus, fundamentally different epistemic systems. Critics of epistemic relativism argue that this analysis is wrong since the particular epistemic principles in question are most of the time derived from or instances of the same, more basic, epistemic principle. With regard to the individuation of epistemic systems, there is, thus, an impasse within the epistemic relativism literature. It is the aim of this article to employ the recently developed notion of ‘situated judgments’ as well as the concepts of ‘world-traveling’ and ‘epistemic friction’ to provide an epistemic agent-based, dynamic account of disagreeing and thereby also contribute to the question of how to individuate an epistemic system.
围绕认识论相对主义的许多争论的核心是根本分歧。认识论相对主义的支持者认为,某些分歧是无法解决的,因为支持者的观点基于根本不同的认识论原则,因此,也就是根本不同的认识论体系。认识论相对主义的批评者认为这种分析是错误的,因为所讨论的特定认识论原则在大多数情况下都是从相同的、更基本的认识论原则衍生出来的或实例。因此,关于认识系统的个性化,在认识相对主义文献中存在一个僵局。本文的目的是利用最近发展起来的“情境判断”概念,以及“世界旅行”和“认知摩擦”的概念,提供一种基于认知主体的、对不同意的动态解释,从而也有助于解决如何使认知系统个性化的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Making Room for the Solution: A Critical and Applied Phenomenology of Conflict Space 为解决方案腾出空间:冲突空间的批判与应用现象学
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2264724
Niclas Rautenberg
ABSTRACTThis essay discusses the normative significance of the spatial dimension of conflict events. Drawing on qualitative interviews conducted with political actors – politicians, officials, and activists – and on Heidegger’s account of spatiality in Being and Time, I will argue that the experience of conflict space is co-constituted by the respective conflict participants, as well as the location where the conflict unfolds. Location and conflict parties’ (self-)understandings ‘open up’ a space that enables and constrains ways of seeing and acting. Yet, a purely transcendental phenomenology will remain oblivious to the quasi-transcendental, societal structures of power that shape a person’s conflict experience. To illuminate these facets of the phenomenon, phenomenology has to join forces with critical theory. Introducing Garland-Thomson’s feminist distinction of fit/misfit, I will illustrate how power shapes conflict space in manifold ways. The essay thereby fills a gap in the philosophical literature that rarely analyses political conflict as a phenomenon sui generis.KEYWORDS: Conflictspacecritical phenomenologyapplied phenomenologyHeideggerGarland-Thomson AcknowledgmentsFor comments on earlier drafts of this essay, I would like to thank Fabian Freyenhagen, Jörg Schaub, Matt Burch, Irene McMullin, Robin Celikates, Sean Irving, Felix Schnell, Johanna Amaya-Panche, Béatrice Han-Pile, Wayne Martin, and Timo Jütten. I owe special gratitude to Matt Burch, Fabian Freyenhagen, and Wayne Martin for inviting me to give guest lectures on the topic at their seminars. Their students’ feedback was much appreciated. Further, I received helpful comments at the 2022 conference of The British Society for Phenomenology, the ‘11th Congress for Practical Philosophy’ in Salzburg, the 2022 MANCEPT workshop ‘Equality and Space’, and the University of Essex’s SPAH Philosophy Colloquium. Research on the essay was funded by The German Academic Scholarship Foundation, the Consortium for the Humanities and the Arts South-East England, and the Royal Institute of Philosophy.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. I am aware of the (ethical) tension in drawing on Heidegger’s work and critical theory. I do not, however, share the conviction that Heidegger’s appalling political positions necessarily render his philosophy invalid. Instead, one has to reflexively engage with his work and let it be interrogated by the theories and testimonies of people from marginalized groups. For a meditation on the role of the White philosopher, including my own, in tackling racism and other forms of oppression, see Rautenberg (Citation2023, 2–4).2. Similar approaches can be found in recent sociological research on space (e.g. Löw Citation2008). See also the ‘spatial turn’ in the field of peace and conflict studies (e.g. Björkdahl and Buckley-Zistel Citation2016; Björkdahl and Kappler Citation2017; Brigg and George Citation2020).3. For furt
摘要本文探讨了冲突事件空间维度的规范意义。根据对政治行动者——政治家、官员和活动家——进行的定性访谈,以及海德格尔在《存在与时间》中对空间性的描述,我将论证冲突空间的经验是由各自的冲突参与者以及冲突展开的地点共同构成的。地点和冲突各方的(自我)理解“打开”了一个空间,使人们能够看到和采取行动,也限制了他们的方式。然而,一个纯粹的先验现象学将仍然无视准先验的社会权力结构,它塑造了一个人的冲突经验。为了阐明现象的这些方面,现象学必须与批判理论结合起来。通过介绍Garland-Thomson的适合/不适合的女权主义区分,我将说明权力如何以多种方式塑造冲突空间。因此,这篇文章填补了哲学文献中很少将政治冲突作为一种特殊现象进行分析的空白。对于本文早期草稿的评论,我要感谢Fabian Freyenhagen, Jörg Schaub, Matt Burch, Irene McMullin, Robin Celikates, Sean Irving, Felix Schnell, Johanna Amaya-Panche, b<s:1> atrice Han-Pile, Wayne Martin和Timo j<e:1> tten。我要特别感谢Matt Burch、Fabian Freyenhagen和Wayne Martin邀请我在他们的研讨会上就这个主题做客座演讲。他们非常感谢学生们的反馈。此外,我还在2022年英国现象学学会会议、萨尔茨堡“第11届实践哲学大会”、2022年MANCEPT“平等与空间”研讨会以及埃塞克斯大学SPAH哲学研讨会上收到了有益的评论。这篇论文的研究是由德国学术奖学金基金会、英格兰东南部人文艺术联合会和皇家哲学研究所资助的。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。我意识到在借鉴海德格尔的作品和批判理论时的(伦理)张力。然而,我并不认为海德格尔骇人听闻的政治立场必然使他的哲学无效。相反,人们必须反射性地参与他的工作,并让它受到来自边缘群体的人的理论和证词的质疑。关于白人哲学家(包括我自己)在应对种族主义和其他形式的压迫方面的角色,请参见劳滕贝格(Citation2023, 2-4)。类似的方法可以在最近的空间社会学研究中找到(例如Löw Citation2008)。另见和平与冲突研究领域的“空间转向”(例如Björkdahl和Buckley-Zistel Citation2016;Björkdahl和Kappler Citation2017;布里格和乔治引文(2020)。进一步讨论,见Rautenberg (Citation2023, 3-4, fn)。1)。4。批评者可能会认为,13次访谈不足以让我的数据具有代表性。首先,我想说的是,这种定量的主张与定性研究非常不一致;由于我的方法的重点是对冲突经历进行丰富的描述,因此13次访谈足以达到预期的目标。话虽如此,我并不是说我的发现是最终的和全面的;相反,他们邀请进一步的研究和主体间确证(Gallagher和Zahavi Citation2010)。然而,与我的方法相反,Køster和Fernandez只对这些不变结构的模态感兴趣,而不是这些结构本身(Citation2023)。所有的名字都变了。为了尊重莫妮卡要求匿名的要求,进一步的信息仍未公开。我在这里遵循Wrathall和murphy对海德格尔关怀结构的解释(2013,20)。类似的解释可以在Blattner (Citation2019);德雷福斯(citation1991,244);郝格兰(Citation2013, 227-30)。参见Mulhall (Citation2005, 163-4)和Crowell (Citation2013, 179ff)的不同描述。在本章的其余部分,我将引用德文原文《Sein und Zeit》。在引用英文时,我引用了斯坦博翻译的《存在与时间》(Citation(1927) 1996),首先注明了德文原文的页码,然后注明了英文译文的页码。Wrathall将这两种形式的去距离区分为“可用性差异”——使用对象的接近程度——和“重要程度差异”——重要或重要对象的接近程度(citation2017,230)。Cerbone批评海德格尔没有明确区分这两者,导致他认为在他对空间性的描述中存在有问题的模糊性(Citation2013, 139-41)。 事实上,最近的网络社交现象表明,数字世界并不总是缺乏直接的他人理解(移情)、具体化和肉体间性,也应该在空间方面加以考虑。例如,参见Ekdahl and Ravn (Citation2022), Osler (Citation2021), Osler and Krueger (Citation2022)。关于扔东西的其他解释,见(Dreyfus引文,1991;Mulhall Citation2005;Wrathall Citation2005;Wrathall and murphy引文(2013)。Crowell (Citation2003, 110-1)和Withy (Citation2011)认为,也存在着更基本的“此在”的纯粹存在感,即它被投入的“在那里”。虽然我同意Crowell和Withy关于抛掷性或真实性的观点,但在这里,我只需要关注抛掷性在具体情境中的衍生意义就足够了。在他后来的文章《建筑居住思维》(Citation(1951) 2001)中,海德格尔更加强调地将地点本身呈现为一个规范的实体。然而,考虑到关于海德格尔早期和晚期哲学之间兼容性的持续争论,以及晚期海德格尔是否仍然参与现象学项目的相关问题,我将把我的分析限制在他的早期阶段。这足以证明我想提出的观点。以批评家萨特和列维纳斯为首,海德格尔的本体论存在主义(Mitsein)及其相关的存在主义是否能为解释我们如何在生活世界中与具体的他人相遇提供必要的基础,存在着相当大的争论。我不同意这种观点;参见McMullin (Citation2013)的详细反驳。这也意味着,从规范上理解,空间并不具有某种形式的稳定完整性。地点,就像物理和建筑结构一样。但是在此体验空间作为规范性意味着它意识到发生在它可能获得的可能性范围内的变化,例如,当冲突参与者的构成发生变化时。这就是我所说的空间是一种动态现象。此外,我感谢Timo j<e:1> tten在一次谈话中问我,我的方法是否相当于一种隐喻性的空间感,我是否把对空间的体验视为对空间的体验。我喜欢这样认为,特别是因为这种理解与位置(物理)实体密切相关。从字面意义上讲,我们的住所在某个地方。Mensch后来关于这个问题的论文(Citation2012)对阿伦特的立场提出了更多的批评;不过,他的叙述对空间和地点缺乏更清晰的区分。本研究得到了东南英格兰人文与艺术协会(CHASE)的支持;英国皇家哲学研究所;德意志人民学院。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding Deep Disagreement 理解深刻分歧
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2263709
Duncan Pritchard
ABSTRACTThe axiological account of deep disagreements is described and defended. This proposal understands this notion in terms of the existential importance of the topic of disagreement. It is argued that this account provides a straightforward explanation for the main features of deep disagreements. This proposal is then compared to the contemporary popular view that deep disagreements are essentially hinge disagreements – i.e. disagreements concerning clashes of one’s hinge commitments, in the sense described by the later Wittgenstein. It is claimed that hinge disagreements are only plausibly deep disagreements insofar as there can be a specific class of hinge commitments that are axiological in nature, thereby lending further support to the axiological account of deep disagreement.KEYWORDS: Deep disagreementepistemologyepistemology of disagreementhinge epistemologyWittgenstein Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. For discussion of this general idea, see Fogelin (Citation1985), Brenner and Godden (Citation2010), Pritchard (Citation2018c), Lavorerio (Citation2020), Ranalli (Citation2020), and Siegel (Citation2021). See also the related discussion of epistemic relativism in the context of hinge epistemology, such as Williams (Citation2007), Coliva (Citation2010), Pritchard (Citation2010, Citation2018c), Kusch (Citation2016), and Carter (Citation2017). For two recent critical discussions of the relationship between hinge disagreements and deep disagreements, see Ranalli (Citation2021) and Pritchard (Citationforthcoming-a).2. There is, of course, a wealth of philosophical material on the question of what, if anything, could appropriately perform the role of being of fundamental value in the sense that we are interested in. For a recent work that usefully engages with questions of this general kind, see Tiberius (Citation2018).3. See Pritchard (Citation2018a).4. The case is due to Christensen (Citation2007, 193) and is widely discussed in the epistemology of peer disagreement literature.5. For some prominent defences of (versions of) conciliationism, see Christensen (Citation2007), Elga (Citation2007), Feldman (Citation2007), and Cohen (Citation2013).6. I explore this point about reflection and non-conciliationism, along with some of its implications for the epistemology of disagreement, in Pritchard (Citation2018b, Citation2019). See also Pritchard (Citation2020, Citation2022c).7. Interestingly, this high level of conviction can go hand-in-hand with periods of anxiety about whether such conviction is warranted. I discuss this phenomenon as it manifests itself in the religious case in Pritchard (Citationforthcoming-b, Citationforthcoming-c).8. I offer my own reading of On Certainty in a number of places, but see especially Pritchard (Citation2015, part 2). For some of the main texts in this regard, see Strawson (Citation1985), McGinn (Citation1989), Williams (Citation1991), Moyal-Sharrock (Cita
摘要对深层分歧的价值论解释进行了描述和辩护。本提案从分歧话题的存在重要性的角度来理解这一概念。有人认为,这种说法为深刻分歧的主要特征提供了一个直截了当的解释。然后将这一建议与当代流行的观点进行比较,即深刻的分歧本质上是铰链分歧-即,在后来的维特根斯坦所描述的意义上,关于一个人的铰链承诺冲突的分歧。有人声称,只要存在一种特定类别的铰链行为本质上是价值论的,铰链分歧就只能是似是而非的深度分歧,从而进一步支持深度分歧的价值论解释。关键词:深度歧见;歧见论;歧见论;关于这一总体思路的讨论,请参见Fogelin (Citation1985)、Brenner和Godden (Citation2010)、Pritchard (Citation2018c)、Lavorerio (Citation2020)、Ranalli (Citation2020)和Siegel (Citation2021)。参见在hinge认识论背景下对认识论相对主义的相关讨论,如Williams (Citation2007)、Coliva (Citation2010)、Pritchard (Citation2010、Citation2018c)、Kusch (Citation2016)和Carter (Citation2017)。关于最近关于关键分歧和深度分歧之间关系的两个关键讨论,请参见Ranalli (Citation2021)和Pritchard (citation即将到来-a)。当然,有大量的哲学材料是关于什么,如果有的话,可以适当地扮演我们感兴趣的意义上的基本价值的角色。最近有一部关于这类问题的著作,见《提比略》(Citation2018)。参见Pritchard (Citation2018a)。这个案例是由Christensen提出的(Citation2007, 193),并在同行分歧文献的认识论中被广泛讨论。关于和解主义(不同版本)的一些突出辩护,请参见克里斯滕森(Citation2007)、埃尔加(Citation2007)、费尔德曼(Citation2007)和科恩(Citation2013)。我在Pritchard (Citation2018b, Citation2019)中探讨了关于反思和不调和主义的这一点,以及它对分歧认识论的一些含义。参见Pritchard (Citation2020, Citation2022c)。有趣的是,这种高水平的信念可能与对这种信念是否有根据的焦虑时期密切相关。我讨论这一现象,因为它在普里查德的宗教案例中表现出来(引文即将到来-b,引文即将到来-c)。我在许多地方提供了我自己对《论确定性》的阅读,但请特别参阅普里查德(Citation2015,第2部分)。关于这方面的一些主要文本,请参阅斯特劳森(Citation1985)、麦克金(Citation1989)、威廉姆斯(Citation1991)、莫亚尔-沙罗克(Citation2004)、赖特(Citation2004)、科利瓦(Citation2015)和Schönbaumsfeld (Citation2016)。有关该文献的最新调查,请参阅Pritchard (Citation2017b)。提到不同的认知框架自然会引起认知相对主义的幽灵。虽然在这里讨论这个问题会让我们走得太远,但我自己的观点是,在关键行为中分歧的可能性不一定会导致认知相对主义,至少不会导致那种需要不可通约的认知系统的有问题的相对主义。参见Pritchard (Citation2010, Citation2018c)。关于深层分歧取决于不同基本认知原则的运用这一相关观点的讨论,见Lynch (Citation2010)和Kappel (Citation2012)。这种对铰链承诺的思考方式与Wright提出的权利解释(例如Citation2004)和Coliva提出的相关扩展理性解释(例如Citation2015)最为相关。例如,参见Williams (Citation2004)和Pritchard (Citation2015, part 2)。事实上,维特根斯坦关于关键行为的讨论的主题之一是,一个人的行为表现出这种压倒一切的确定性,这是我们理性评估体系的基础。正如他引用歌德的话所说:“一开始就有行动。”(oc,第396段)。在其他地方,我把这种压倒一切的确定性描述为“她的关键承诺”。例如,参见Pritchard (Citation2015, part 2)。这是维特根斯坦。我突然意识到,宗教信仰只能是一种对参照系的热情承诺。因此,虽然它是信仰,但它实际上是一种生活方式,或一种评估生活的方式。它充满激情地抓住了这种解释”(Wittgenstein Citation1977,§64e)。维特根斯坦的这句话引发了许多批评性的讨论,但对于它的一个特别有用的当代处理,请参见Schönbaumsfeld (Citation2014)。
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引用次数: 0
Hidden Depths: Testimonial Injustice, Deep Disagreement, and Democratic Deliberation 隐藏的深度:证词的不公正、深刻的分歧和民主的审议
3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-05-27 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2263710
Aidan McGlynn
ABSTRACTDeep disagreements are those involving a disagreement about (relatively) fundamental epistemic principles. This paper considers the bearing of testimonial injustice, in Miranda Fricker’s sense, on the depth of disagreements, and what this can teach us about the nature and significance of deep disagreements. I start by re-evaluating T. J. Lagewaard’s recent argument that disagreements about the nature, scope, and impact of oppression will often be deepened by testimonial injustice, since the people best placed to offer relevant testimony will be subject to testimonial injustice, pushing the disagreement into one about the bearing of certain epistemic sources on the original debate. I take issue with this last step, but I build on the argument to bring attention to unappreciated and worrying ways in which prejudices can make a disagreement deep in ways that can be hidden from one or more of the participants and from observers. Finally, I revisit some of the ways that deep disagreement has been thought to be problematic for the proper functioning of a democracy, and I examine whether the kinds of hidden deep disagreements I argue for in the paper make these problems any worse, concluding that they likely do.KEYWORDS: Deep disagreementepistemic injusticetestimonial injusticedemocracypolitical polarisation AcknowledgmentsThis publication was made possible through funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 870883.My thanks to audience members at the 2022 European Epistemology Network meeting, hosted by the Cogito Epistemology Research Centre at the University of Glasgow, particularly to Thirza Lagewaard, Guido Melchior, Chris Ranalli and Mona Simion, as well as to anonymous readers for this journal.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. Though if I regard you as an epistemic peer with respect to the issues under contention, there are tricky and widely discussed questions about whether and how I need to change my confidence in my original verdict while we wait for this further evidence. The restaurant example comes from Christensen (Citation2007, 193), and the horse race from Elga (Citation2007, 486–487).2. Such ‘faultless’ disagreements have often been thought to call into question the objectivity of the domain under dispute (for example, matters of taste), and to call for some kind of relativistic treatment, though it’s contested what exactly this involves. See, for example, Wright (Citation1992) and the papers in Wright (Citation2023), and MacFarlane (Citation2014, chapter 7).3. Lynch calls the kinds of cases we’re interested in ‘epistemic disagreements’ instead of the more standard ‘deep disagreements’.4. Reflecting my primary focus in section 5 below, this sketches de Ridder’s point rather than Lynch’s, though I do say a little about the latter below too.5. For Fricker, epistemic injustice involves a person being wronged disti
Ranalli将维特根斯坦的解释和基本认知原则的解释视为两个对立的概念,存在深刻的分歧。值得注意的是,如果一个人持有认知原则扮演枢纽角色的观点,这些都不是真正的选择。再次,Ranalli认为,在这个概念上,深刻的分歧可以是对这类基本认识原则的“代理”,就像对特定神学主张的分歧是对宗教经验的认识地位的潜在分歧的代理一样。正如我在本文的最后一节所指出的那样,由于不同的原因,de Ridder认为这种深度分歧的概念过于狭隘。在道德问题上存在深刻分歧的案例促使他提出,有时分歧可能是深刻的,因为它涉及对基本道德原则的分歧。在此,我将遵循拉格沃德的观点,将认识论原则与深度分歧建立特殊关系,但在本文中,这一选择没有任何关键意义。也比较de Ridder (Citation2021, 229)和Lynch (Citation2021, 247-248)。13.比较de Ridder (Citation2021, 229)。请注意,派生的认知原则的概念与Ranalli的代理分歧的概念是不一样的,即使有一些表面的相似点和重叠点。Ranalli的观点关注的是分歧的本质是什么,而这根本不是lageward想要表达的;正如我们已经提到的,对道德的深刻分歧是关于那些道德问题的,即使它也涉及到对认知原则的分歧。相应的,作为代理的命题本身不一定是认识原则;在我上面提供的例子中,对特定神学主张的分歧可以代表对有关宗教经验的认识论原则的分歧,但神学主张并不是由此衍生出的认识论原则。拉格沃德部分地通过诉诸立场认识论来支持这一主张,根据立场认识论,与弱势社会群体相关的认识论优势地位可能存在。这种诉求对拉格沃德的论证是否至关重要是个好问题;我倾向于认为它不是,但我在这里没有足够的篇幅来阐述这一点。由于篇幅有限,我无法详细说明,但伊丽莎白·巴恩斯(Elizabeth Barnes)的讨论可能提供了另一个例子,她讨论了残疾人关于自己幸福的证词是如何被偏见地忽视的(Citation2016,第4章)。拉格沃德在这里提到的关于认识论原则的第三种分歧(C)涉及解释学上的不公正,因此与本文无关。在最近的研究中,Fricker明确地将证词不公正所涉及的偏见描述为隐性偏见(Citation2016, 162)。19.在哈珀·李的《杀死一只知更鸟》中,汤姆·鲁滨逊在审判中由于陪审团对残疾黑人的偏见而无法使陪审团认真对待他的证词,这是弗里克提出的系统性证词不公正的两个主要例子之一。福格林的讨论清楚地表明,他持有一种版本,我们在第二节中称之为维特根斯坦对深度分歧的描述。我在那里简要地说过,这不需要被看作是关注认知原则的版本的竞争对手;但无论如何,这些深刻分歧的概念之间的差异对我在本节中对福格林的讨论无关紧要。感谢Guido Melchior和Mona Simion促使我更充分地解决这个担忧。当每个人都接受的相关认知原则对每个参与者来说都是私人的时候,深刻的分歧可以隐藏在一种无趣的感觉中;在认知原则上的分歧可能只是还没有显露出来。使我所考虑的案例更有趣的是,即使双方接受的认知原则是相互或公共知识的问题,这些分歧的深度也可以被隐藏起来。de Ridder还认为,深刻的分歧给分歧有利于民主的观点施加了压力(特别参见Citation2021, 226-7),尽管这是由于对两极分化的担忧,我将在下一篇主要文章中谈到这一点。我在这里的独特观点是,证词的不公正导致了深刻的分歧,这些分歧可能看起来很肤浅(因此可能对民主有益),即使对那些参与其中的人来说也是如此。这一观点与Lynch Citation2021中提出的观点有些相反;林奇认为,有时肤浅的分歧会被误认为是相对深刻的分歧,而这些被误解的肤浅分歧会导致两极分化,从而损害民主。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking Early Modern Philosophy 重新思考早期现代哲学
IF 0.6 3区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-03-15 DOI: 10.1080/09672559.2023.2250186
G. Clay, Ruth Boeker
ABSTRACT This introductory article outlines how this special issue contributes to existing scholarship that calls for a rethinking and re-evaluation of common assumptions about early modern philosophy. One way of challenging existing narratives is by questioning what role systems or systematicity play during this period. Another way of rethinking early modern philosophy is by considering assumptions about the role of philosophy itself and how philosophy can effect change in those who form philosophical beliefs or engage in philosophical argumentation. A further way of advancing early modern scholarship is by examining the tight links between early modern views on metaphysics and epistemology, on the one hand, and moral, social, and political philosophy, on the other hand. Moreover, there are ongoing debates whether and how the traditional distinction between rationalism and empiricism, which has been questioned for several reasons, should be replaced. It has been proposed to replace it with a distinction between experimental and speculative philosophy, but this distinction cannot easily accommodate early modern debates concerning moral, social, and political philosophy. In addition to highlighting several ways how early modern philosophy has and can be rethought, we summarize how the papers in this special issue contribute to these ongoing efforts.
摘要:这篇介绍性文章概述了这一特刊如何为现有学术做出贡献,这些学术需要对早期现代哲学的常见假设进行反思和重新评估。挑战现有叙事的一种方法是质疑系统或系统性在这一时期发挥了什么作用。反思早期现代哲学的另一种方式是考虑对哲学本身作用的假设,以及哲学如何影响那些形成哲学信仰或从事哲学论证的人的变化。推进早期现代学术的另一种方法是,一方面考察早期现代形而上学和认识论观点与道德、社会和政治哲学之间的紧密联系。此外,由于几个原因受到质疑的理性主义和经验主义之间的传统区别是否以及如何被取代,目前仍存在争论。有人提议用实验哲学和思辨哲学之间的区别来取代它,但这种区别很难适应现代早期关于道德、社会和政治哲学的辩论。除了强调早期现代哲学如何被重新思考的几种方式外,我们还总结了本期特刊中的论文如何为这些正在进行的努力做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES
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