{"title":"Review of Winter (2019): Sensory Linguistics: Language, Perception and Metaphor","authors":"Magdalena Zawisławska","doi":"10.1075/msw.22005.zaw","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.22005.zaw","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45975744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies of metaphor usage (e.g., Cameron, 2011; Semino et al., 2013) have shifted focus from relatively static mappings between source and target domains towards an emphasis on how metaphors are appropriated and recontextualized across different genres to convey new meanings and serve new functions. More recently, this emphasis has begun to be applied to the study of metaphor usage in religious discourse (Pihlaja, 2014; Richardson, 2017; Richardson et al., 2021). The current article investigates how metaphors of movement are used in conjunction with metonymy, force dynamics, and conceptual blending to create particular rhetorical effects in a debate between the atheist Richard Dawkins and the Christian apologist John Lennox. It demonstrates how previous figurative language is expanded and reconfigured during the course of the debate in an attempt to establish situated, dominant conceptualizations.
{"title":"Contested paths","authors":"P. Richardson, Charles M. Mueller","doi":"10.1075/msw.20004.ric","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.20004.ric","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Recent studies of metaphor usage (e.g., Cameron, 2011; Semino et al., 2013) have shifted focus from relatively static mappings between source\u0000 and target domains towards an emphasis on how metaphors are appropriated and recontextualized across different genres to convey\u0000 new meanings and serve new functions. More recently, this emphasis has begun to be applied to the study of metaphor usage in\u0000 religious discourse (Pihlaja, 2014; Richardson,\u0000 2017; Richardson et al., 2021). The current article investigates how\u0000 metaphors of movement are used in conjunction with metonymy, force dynamics, and conceptual blending to create particular\u0000 rhetorical effects in a debate between the atheist Richard Dawkins and the Christian apologist John Lennox. It demonstrates how\u0000 previous figurative language is expanded and reconfigured during the course of the debate in an attempt to establish situated,\u0000 dominant conceptualizations.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42430687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Margaux Mohnke, U. Christmann, Yannick Roos, C. Thomale
Introduction: A frame makes specific information about a topic more salient. Metaphors can be used as frames to influence people’s opinions on controversial political topics as well as on health-related topics. This study aims to determine the influence of metaphorical frames on the opinion towards surrogacy and examines whether specific aspects of surrogacy are more prone to the influence than others. Method: 236 participants were assigned to one of three groups with different metaphorical frames for surrogacy and thereafter completed the Attitude Towards Surrogacy Questionnaire. To investigate if participants’ opinions on surrogacy were influenced by the frame used for surrogacy, three ANOVAS were conducted. Result: The main effect of the ANOVAS revealed that opinion towards payment of the surrogate mothers, but not the attitude towards surrogacy in general, was influenced by the metaphorical frame used for surrogacy. Discussion: The results support the idea that a metaphorical frame can evoke reactance regarding the payment of surrogate mothers. Participants might resist the frame of the metaphorical term for surrogacy as an unemotional business act, by favouring less monetary compensation of the surrogate mother, when the metaphorical frame implies that surrogates only help intended parents for the monetary compensation.
{"title":"Do metaphors make opinions?","authors":"Margaux Mohnke, U. Christmann, Yannick Roos, C. Thomale","doi":"10.1075/msw.20028.moh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.20028.moh","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 Introduction: A frame makes specific information about a topic more salient. Metaphors can be used as\u0000 frames to influence people’s opinions on controversial political topics as well as on health-related topics. This study aims to\u0000 determine the influence of metaphorical frames on the opinion towards surrogacy and examines whether specific aspects of surrogacy\u0000 are more prone to the influence than others.\u0000 \u0000 Method: 236 participants were assigned to one of three groups with different metaphorical frames for\u0000 surrogacy and thereafter completed the Attitude Towards Surrogacy Questionnaire. To investigate if participants’ opinions on\u0000 surrogacy were influenced by the frame used for surrogacy, three ANOVAS were conducted.\u0000 \u0000 Result: The main effect of the ANOVAS revealed that opinion towards payment of the surrogate mothers,\u0000 but not the attitude towards surrogacy in general, was influenced by the metaphorical frame used for surrogacy.\u0000 \u0000 Discussion: The results support the idea that a metaphorical frame can evoke reactance regarding the\u0000 payment of surrogate mothers. Participants might resist the frame of the metaphorical term for surrogacy as an unemotional\u0000 business act, by favouring less monetary compensation of the surrogate mother, when the metaphorical frame implies that surrogates\u0000 only help intended parents for the monetary compensation.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45688397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The present study explores (verbo)-visual metaphtonymy in Twitter-based Internet memes featuring Donald Trump, focusing both on the patterns of conceptual interaction of metaphor and metonymy and their socio-pragmatic potential to influence Internet users. The results of the study reveal four types of (verbo)-visual metaphtonymy employed in the analyzed Internet memes. The types are differentiated in accordance with the complexity of the metaphoric source: metaphtonymy with a simple metaphoric source, metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by simple metonymy, metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by metonymic chain, and metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by radial metonymy. In all the four types, the metaphoric target is structured by metonymic amalgam – a metonymic complex in which metonymies that are based on different ICMs merge due to the association of contiguity that is relevant in the current communicative and social/political context. Besides metonymic amalgam, the study introduces the notion of radial metonymy – a metonymic complex that emerges when one metonymic source gives access to several metonymic targets. We argue that the analyzed metaphtonymies rest on conceptual incongruity created to trigger negative evaluative inferences and emotional responses to shape Trump’s image.
{"title":"Socio-pragmatic potential of (verbo)-visual metaphtonymy in Internet memes featuring Donald Trump","authors":"A. Martynyuk, O. Meleshchenko","doi":"10.1075/msw.20010.mar","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.20010.mar","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The present study explores (verbo)-visual metaphtonymy in Twitter-based Internet memes featuring Donald Trump,\u0000 focusing both on the patterns of conceptual interaction of metaphor and metonymy and their socio-pragmatic potential to influence\u0000 Internet users. The results of the study reveal four types of (verbo)-visual metaphtonymy employed in the analyzed Internet memes.\u0000 The types are differentiated in accordance with the complexity of the metaphoric source: metaphtonymy with a simple metaphoric\u0000 source, metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by simple metonymy, metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by\u0000 metonymic chain, and metaphtonymy with a metaphoric source structured by radial metonymy. In all the four types, the metaphoric\u0000 target is structured by metonymic amalgam – a metonymic complex in which metonymies that are based on different\u0000 ICMs merge due to the association of contiguity that is relevant in the current communicative and social/political context.\u0000 Besides metonymic amalgam, the study introduces the notion of radial metonymy – a metonymic complex that emerges\u0000 when one metonymic source gives access to several metonymic targets. We argue that the analyzed metaphtonymies rest on conceptual\u0000 incongruity created to trigger negative evaluative inferences and emotional responses to shape Trump’s image.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43615386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When talking about anticipated events, speakers can conceptualize them either as destinations towards which they are moving or as entities moving towards them, which correspond to the Ego- and the Time-moving metaphors, respectively (cf. ‘We are approaching Christmas’ and ‘Christmas is approaching’). Research in psycholinguistics has shown affective valence, i.e. whether the conceptualized event is perceived as positive or negative, to be one of the factors that modulate metaphor choice; positive anticipation is preferentially associated with Ego-moving expressions, whereas negative anticipation is predominantly associated with Time-moving metaphors. This paper sets out to test if the time-affect association surfaces in naturally-occurring language use when both metaphorical patterns are available. By focusing on the temporal usage of the verb approach, we provide linguistic evidence in favor of such an affective bias in time representations. In addition, the language data point to a semantic preference for a particular type of event (i.e., personal vs social) under each metaphorical pattern. We interpret this finding as preliminary evidence for a possible semantic bias in time representations to be further investigated.
{"title":"The affect bias in the metaphorical representation of anticipated events","authors":"Anna Piata, C. Soriano","doi":"10.1075/msw.18034.pia","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.18034.pia","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000When talking about anticipated events, speakers can conceptualize them either as destinations towards which they are moving or as entities moving towards them, which correspond to the Ego- and the Time-moving metaphors, respectively (cf. ‘We are approaching Christmas’ and ‘Christmas is approaching’). Research in psycholinguistics has shown affective valence, i.e. whether the conceptualized event is perceived as positive or negative, to be one of the factors that modulate metaphor choice; positive anticipation is preferentially associated with Ego-moving expressions, whereas negative anticipation is predominantly associated with Time-moving metaphors. This paper sets out to test if the time-affect association surfaces in naturally-occurring language use when both metaphorical patterns are available. By focusing on the temporal usage of the verb approach, we provide linguistic evidence in favor of such an affective bias in time representations. In addition, the language data point to a semantic preference for a particular type of event (i.e., personal vs social) under each metaphorical pattern. We interpret this finding as preliminary evidence for a possible semantic bias in time representations to be further investigated.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42646577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses metaphors and analogies of cultural diversity at UNESCO in a discursive and rhetorical-argumentative framework, to answer the following question: How do these rhetorical devices play a legitimizing role when introducing a new keyword into the public sphere? Conventional and creative metaphors are analyzed separately to examine if they represent different legitimization strategies. Conventional metaphors and analogies include variations on treasure, heritage, and biodiversity; creative metaphors include cultural diversity as a living treasure and a Rainbow River. The findings suggest that the wealth metaphor fulfills an evaluative meliorative function, while the heritage metaphor constructs a collective identity devoid of internal conflict, thereby depoliticizing the concept of cultural diversity. The biodiversity analogy further depoliticizes cultural diversity via naturalization and the invocation of the authority of science. Legitimization is also achieved by invoking past discourse and shared knowledge, and by tapping into UNESCO’s “discursive memory.” In contrast, the creative metaphors living treasure and Rainbow River play a different argumentative role: they offer a rhetorical solution of coexistence to two contradicting views on culture; one as a static, closed entity to be protected from extinction, and the other as a changing, dynamic process. They do so by fusing both views, represented by different metaphors, into one creative metaphor.
{"title":"Metaphors of cultural diversity at UNESCO","authors":"Irit S. Kornblit","doi":"10.1075/msw.20018.kor","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.20018.kor","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper analyses metaphors and analogies of cultural diversity at UNESCO in a discursive and rhetorical-argumentative framework, to answer the following question: How do these rhetorical devices play a legitimizing role when introducing a new keyword into the public sphere? Conventional and creative metaphors are analyzed separately to examine if they represent different legitimization strategies. Conventional metaphors and analogies include variations on treasure, heritage, and biodiversity; creative metaphors include cultural diversity as a living treasure and a Rainbow River. The findings suggest that the wealth metaphor fulfills an evaluative meliorative function, while the heritage metaphor constructs a collective identity devoid of internal conflict, thereby depoliticizing the concept of cultural diversity. The biodiversity analogy further depoliticizes cultural diversity via naturalization and the invocation of the authority of science. Legitimization is also achieved by invoking past discourse and shared knowledge, and by tapping into UNESCO’s “discursive memory.” In contrast, the creative metaphors living treasure and Rainbow River play a different argumentative role: they offer a rhetorical solution of coexistence to two contradicting views on culture; one as a static, closed entity to be protected from extinction, and the other as a changing, dynamic process. They do so by fusing both views, represented by different metaphors, into one creative metaphor.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44247940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the different interpretations related to the metaphorical imprint of climate change in English and French media discourses. This cross-linguistic perspective is motivated by the particularities of both languages which have been assumed to promote different understandings of climate change-related concepts. We focus on the metaphor carbon footprint whose meaning can be compared to another climate change metaphor in English: fingerprint . These two source domains share a highly specific and concrete meaning interpreted from lexical constructions enabled by the English language. In French, however, such a specification cannot be interpreted from the meaning of the metaphor empreinte carbone ( carbon imprint ) which defines a similar concept. We rely on visual representations of these metaphorical expressions in English and French to discuss the characteristics associated with each source domain: we show that visual metaphors can contradict expectations emerging from the interpretations of verbal metaphors.
{"title":"How visual metaphors can contradict verbal occurrences","authors":"Anaïs Augé","doi":"10.1075/msw.20001.aug","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.20001.aug","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000We investigate the different interpretations related to the metaphorical \u0000 imprint\u0000 of climate change in English and French media discourses. This cross-linguistic perspective is motivated by the particularities of both languages which have been assumed to promote different understandings of climate change-related concepts. We focus on the metaphor \u0000 carbon footprint\u0000 whose meaning can be compared to another climate change metaphor in English: \u0000 fingerprint\u0000 . These two source domains share a highly specific and concrete meaning interpreted from lexical constructions enabled by the English language. In French, however, such a specification cannot be interpreted from the meaning of the metaphor \u0000 empreinte carbone\u0000 (\u0000 carbon imprint\u0000 ) which defines a similar concept. We rely on visual representations of these metaphorical expressions in English and French to discuss the characteristics associated with each source domain: we show that visual metaphors can contradict expectations emerging from the interpretations of verbal metaphors.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45781119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of the current paper is to reinterpret some results of two previous studies on the mastery of figurative expressions from the perspective of usage-based linguistics. The reanalysis aims to shed more light on the learning and use of figurative language by multilingual students by exploring the complex interplay of linguistic creativity, expressivity, and conventionality in figurative expressions. The reinterpretation shows that many of the examples that were previously categorized as novel figurative expressions used in students’ writing, can be analyzed as instances of regular patterns, i.e. constructions, with certain lexical idiosyncrasies. Modifications of conventionalized figurative expressions are discussed and reinterpreted in terms of strength of entrenchment of links between form and meaning within certain constructions or links between constructions and conventionalized pragmatic information in the multilinguals’ mental construction. Implications for the treatment of Swedish figurative expressions in the second language class room are, in line with previous research, that focusing on regularity might reduce unpredictability, often seen as the core difficulty in the learning of such expressions in an L2. The paper also offers some directions for further investigation of the socio-cognitive processes involved in the learning of figurative language in an additional language.
{"title":"Figurative language in multilingual students’ L2 Swedish – a usage-based perspective","authors":"Julia Prentice","doi":"10.1075/msw.00017.pre","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00017.pre","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The aim of the current paper is to reinterpret some results of two previous studies on the mastery of figurative\u0000 expressions from the perspective of usage-based linguistics. The reanalysis aims to shed more light on the learning and use of\u0000 figurative language by multilingual students by exploring the complex interplay of linguistic creativity, expressivity, and\u0000 conventionality in figurative expressions. The reinterpretation shows that many of the examples that were previously categorized\u0000 as novel figurative expressions used in students’ writing, can be analyzed as instances of regular patterns, i.e.\u0000 constructions, with certain lexical idiosyncrasies. Modifications of conventionalized figurative expressions are discussed and\u0000 reinterpreted in terms of strength of entrenchment of links between form and meaning within certain constructions or links between\u0000 constructions and conventionalized pragmatic information in the multilinguals’ mental construction. Implications for the treatment\u0000 of Swedish figurative expressions in the second language class room are, in line with previous research, that focusing on\u0000 regularity might reduce unpredictability, often seen as the core difficulty in the learning of such expressions in an L2. The\u0000 paper also offers some directions for further investigation of the socio-cognitive processes involved in the learning of\u0000 figurative language in an additional language.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41557746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Foreword","authors":"A. Piquer-Píriz","doi":"10.1075/msw.00014.for","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00014.for","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43728035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From 1850 to 1980 the Norwegian state pursued a policy of Norwegianization of the Sami, where schools played an important part in the attempt to turn Sami children into Norwegian citizens. Pupils lived in boarding schools where all teaching was in Norwegian and it was forbidden to speak Sami, both in and out of the classroom. This article examines metaphors in three types of material: Norwegian textbooks; Sami literature in these textbooks; and Sami testimony literature. The aim is to find out how the Norwegian state used its power to stigmatize Sami identity through metaphors in textbooks, and how Sami writers show their resistance to Norwegianization through metaphors in Sami literary texts and Sami testimony literature. The analysis also examines whether metaphors are signalled or not, in order to see if they are open to negotiation or taken as self-evident, and if signalling can be related to genre. One central finding is that the Norwegian texts contain more condescending and less signalled metaphors than the Sami ones. Another is that signalling might be related to genre: there are more signalled metaphors in the reflective narratives of witness testimonies than in the other genres that are examined. The theoretical foundations of the analyses are discourse-based metaphor analysis in a post-colonial perspective.
{"title":"Answering the charge?","authors":"Norunn Askeland","doi":"10.1075/msw.00020.ask","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/msw.00020.ask","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000From 1850 to 1980 the Norwegian state pursued a policy of Norwegianization of the Sami, where schools played an important part in the attempt to turn Sami children into Norwegian citizens. Pupils lived in boarding schools where all teaching was in Norwegian and it was forbidden to speak Sami, both in and out of the classroom. This article examines metaphors in three types of material: Norwegian textbooks; Sami literature in these textbooks; and Sami testimony literature. The aim is to find out how the Norwegian state used its power to stigmatize Sami identity through metaphors in textbooks, and how Sami writers show their resistance to Norwegianization through metaphors in Sami literary texts and Sami testimony literature. The analysis also examines whether metaphors are signalled or not, in order to see if they are open to negotiation or taken as self-evident, and if signalling can be related to genre. One central finding is that the Norwegian texts contain more condescending and less signalled metaphors than the Sami ones. Another is that signalling might be related to genre: there are more signalled metaphors in the reflective narratives of witness testimonies than in the other genres that are examined. The theoretical foundations of the analyses are discourse-based metaphor analysis in a post-colonial perspective.","PeriodicalId":51936,"journal":{"name":"Metaphor and the Social World","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46607159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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