Class analysis is intimately linked to the very development and consolidation of Portuguese sociology after the Carnation Revolution. Throughout the last decades, different research programmes assessed the nature and extent of class inequalities, drawing on Marxist, Weberian and functionalist paradigms. After a highly productive and intensely debated phase, a syncretic and compact approach prevailed. While this approach captures relevant features of class inequality, its current version overshadows critical aspects of difference and misrecognition in the social space in Portugal. From an analysis of occupational, qualifications and income data, we first propose a scheme of class fractions, which draws on the relational and multidimensional approach to class originally proposed by Bourdieu and recently taken up in European sociology. Using multiple correspondence analysis and nationally representative datasets, we demonstrate the validity of this tool for studying class and linkages to fields and its potential for replication in further statistical and qualitative research.
{"title":"Remapping the Portuguese social space: Towards a Bourdieusian class scheme","authors":"Vasco Ramos, Tiago Carvalho","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00031_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00031_1","url":null,"abstract":"Class analysis is intimately linked to the very development and consolidation of Portuguese sociology after the Carnation Revolution. Throughout the last decades, different research programmes assessed the nature and extent of class inequalities, drawing on Marxist, Weberian and functionalist\u0000 paradigms. After a highly productive and intensely debated phase, a syncretic and compact approach prevailed. While this approach captures relevant features of class inequality, its current version overshadows critical aspects of difference and misrecognition in the social space in Portugal.\u0000 From an analysis of occupational, qualifications and income data, we first propose a scheme of class fractions, which draws on the relational and multidimensional approach to class originally proposed by Bourdieu and recently taken up in European sociology. Using multiple correspondence analysis\u0000 and nationally representative datasets, we demonstrate the validity of this tool for studying class and linkages to fields and its potential for replication in further statistical and qualitative research.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42010929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabel M. Correia, P. Ferreira, Lígia M. Pinto, Marieta Valente, Paula Veiga
Research on the health status and on socio-economic inequality in the health status of Portuguese adults with 50 years of age or more is scarce, but urgent, so that policy-makers can better understand the type of burdens that this ageing process will place on social welfare policies. We use data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe Wave 6 to investigate the role of gender, income and education in self-reported health status and in morbidity amongst adults aged 50+ in Portugal by means of a multivariate analysis. Results from this exploratory study reveal a negative self-perception of health status amongst older individuals; high prevalence of chronic diseases since an earlier age; high levels of depression problems reported by women; and high disability amongst the oldest old. The results also show a prevalence of chronic diseases, mental health problems, and high disability, which will challenge the Portuguese social welfare system in terms of long-term care and pensions, and will additionally require an adequate (re)organization of the healthcare supply to older adults. Furthermore, the evidence calls for a gendered perspective of health and social policy in Portugal, particularly concerning mental health.
{"title":"Ageing (un)equally and (un)healthily: On the health status of Portuguese people aged 50+","authors":"Isabel M. Correia, P. Ferreira, Lígia M. Pinto, Marieta Valente, Paula Veiga","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00033_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00033_1","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the health status and on socio-economic inequality in the health status of Portuguese adults with 50 years of age or more is scarce, but urgent, so that policy-makers can better understand the type of burdens that this ageing process will place on social welfare policies.\u0000 We use data from the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe Wave 6 to investigate the role of gender, income and education in self-reported health status and in morbidity amongst adults aged 50+ in Portugal by means of a multivariate analysis. Results from this exploratory study\u0000 reveal a negative self-perception of health status amongst older individuals; high prevalence of chronic diseases since an earlier age; high levels of depression problems reported by women; and high disability amongst the oldest old. The results also show a prevalence of chronic diseases,\u0000 mental health problems, and high disability, which will challenge the Portuguese social welfare system in terms of long-term care and pensions, and will additionally require an adequate (re)organization of the healthcare supply to older adults. Furthermore, the evidence calls for a gendered\u0000 perspective of health and social policy in Portugal, particularly concerning mental health.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44838132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was established in November 1946. Portugal was formally admitted to UNESCO on 1 March 1965. Since its entry as a Member State, the Portuguese government has been confronted with successive resolutions of the General Assembly and the Executive Council of UNESCO, which strongly condemned its colonial policy. The establishment of diplomatic relations with the organization would only be possible after the democratization of the Portuguese regime and the effective resolution of the colonial issue. Once all necessary procedures have been adopted, Portugal returned to UNESCO in September 1974.
{"title":"Portugal in UNESCO: From leaving in 1972 to returning as a member in 1974","authors":"Raquel Valente dos Santos","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00035_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00035_1","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was established in November 1946. Portugal was formally admitted to UNESCO on 1 March 1965. Since its entry as a Member State, the Portuguese government has been confronted with successive resolutions of the\u0000 General Assembly and the Executive Council of UNESCO, which strongly condemned its colonial policy. The establishment of diplomatic relations with the organization would only be possible after the democratization of the Portuguese regime and the effective resolution of the colonial issue.\u0000 Once all necessary procedures have been adopted, Portugal returned to UNESCO in September 1974.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46955875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rosário Mauritti, Nuno Nunes, Maria do Carmo Botelho, Daniela Craveiro
This article focuses on welfare retrenchment in Portugal by analysing the evolution of public sector employment up until 2013. A multidimensional analysis of the structure of public employment in the Portuguese state was developed, theoretically guided by the ‘hands of the state’ model proposed by Bourdieu, which divides the main functions of contemporary states between its left hand (more redistributive) and its right hand (more rational economic-oriented). Bourdieu’s approach is especially useful in addressing the transformations of the Portuguese public employment between 1979 and 2013, characterized by specific economic, social and political changes. In 2013 ‐ a year in which the adjustment measures agreed by the Portuguese government, the European Central Bank, the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund during the global crisis were especially intense ‐ we observed the tendency towards the disqualification of public employment and the shrinking of the left hand of the Portuguese state. Public policy orientations in the areas of education and science were particularly troubling, considering the structural backwardness the country faces in these fields in the context of the European Union.
{"title":"The left and right hands of the Portuguese state: Welfare retrenchment of public employment","authors":"Rosário Mauritti, Nuno Nunes, Maria do Carmo Botelho, Daniela Craveiro","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00028_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00028_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on welfare retrenchment in Portugal by analysing the evolution of public sector employment up until 2013. A multidimensional analysis of the structure of public employment in the Portuguese state was developed, theoretically guided by the ‘hands of the state’\u0000 model proposed by Bourdieu, which divides the main functions of contemporary states between its left hand (more redistributive) and its right hand (more rational economic-oriented). Bourdieu’s approach is especially useful in addressing the transformations of the Portuguese public employment\u0000 between 1979 and 2013, characterized by specific economic, social and political changes. In 2013 ‐ a year in which the adjustment measures agreed by the Portuguese government, the European Central Bank, the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund during the global crisis\u0000 were especially intense ‐ we observed the tendency towards the disqualification of public employment and the shrinking of the left hand of the Portuguese state. Public policy orientations in the areas of education and science were particularly troubling, considering the structural backwardness\u0000 the country faces in these fields in the context of the European Union.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49299930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since the 2000s, the Portuguese government and higher education institutions have been making significant changes to their strategies for attracting international students. While scholars have given extensive consideration to how these changes have increased the number of international students, less attention has been paid to how the national media have represented these new arrivals. Hence, in this article, following the analysis of 103 news stories published in two leading Portuguese newspapers, we investigate the representation of international students in the Portuguese press to analyse how the media portrayed this population from 2006 to 2019. As student mobility became more visible in Portuguese migration and education policies, media focus on this phenomenon increased. Based on a critical analysis discourse framework, our results outline a positive narrative about international students that both reinforces Portugal’s image as an attractive destination for skilled youths and highlights the contribution of international students to the country’s development.
{"title":"Representation of international students in the Portuguese press: Are immigrants welcome?","authors":"Thais França","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00024_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00024_1","url":null,"abstract":"Since the 2000s, the Portuguese government and higher education institutions have been making significant changes to their strategies for attracting international students. While scholars have given extensive consideration to how these changes have increased the number of international\u0000 students, less attention has been paid to how the national media have represented these new arrivals. Hence, in this article, following the analysis of 103 news stories published in two leading Portuguese newspapers, we investigate the representation of international students in the Portuguese\u0000 press to analyse how the media portrayed this population from 2006 to 2019. As student mobility became more visible in Portuguese migration and education policies, media focus on this phenomenon increased. Based on a critical analysis discourse framework, our results outline a positive narrative\u0000 about international students that both reinforces Portugal’s image as an attractive destination for skilled youths and highlights the contribution of international students to the country’s development.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45410347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gender inequality at work is a persistent and complex phenomenon. Taking the case of a small group of young lawyers working in large legal firms in Portugal, this article intends to discuss how gender inequality manifests and evolves from internship through first years of professional activity. Based on a data set of nineteen biographical interviews ‐ ten male and nine female ‐ we discuss the centrality of gender in analysing professional organizations, combining structural and actor perspectives. Female and male lawyers are confronted with a gendered organization with (in)visible gender lines that naturalize asymmetries of treatment, position, opportunities and expectations. Both learn how to adapt and invent strategies of resistance that include flexible professional projects.
{"title":"Gendered workplaces: Resistance, adaptation and agency in large legal firms ‐ The perspectives of young lawyers1","authors":"Susana Santos","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00029_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00029_1","url":null,"abstract":"Gender inequality at work is a persistent and complex phenomenon. Taking the case of a small group of young lawyers working in large legal firms in Portugal, this article intends to discuss how gender inequality manifests and evolves from internship through first years of professional\u0000 activity. Based on a data set of nineteen biographical interviews ‐ ten male and nine female ‐ we discuss the centrality of gender in analysing professional organizations, combining structural and actor perspectives. Female and male lawyers are confronted with a gendered organization\u0000 with (in)visible gender lines that naturalize asymmetries of treatment, position, opportunities and expectations. Both learn how to adapt and invent strategies of resistance that include flexible professional projects.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45010788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the context of the internationalization of higher education, international student mobility has in recent decades become an important strategic direction for countries as well as for institutions of higher education. In our study, we analysed Slovene Erasmus student perceptions of the development of their cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal competences through their stay abroad. The analysis shows that students perceive international learning mobility as an important factor for the development of their skills, as a mode of a more profound learning process through interactions in an international environment. It supports the development of their cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal competences through a social process between individuals from different cultural, organizational, social and personal values. Our research shows that the type of mobility affects the intensity and type of skills developed, with traineeships having more substantial competence development implications.
{"title":"Do international traineeships have more impact on the development of cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal competences than study abroad? A case study of Slovene student perceptions of their competence development through their Erasmus mobility","authors":"A. Flander, Borut Korada","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00025_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00025_1","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the internationalization of higher education, international student mobility has in recent decades become an important strategic direction for countries as well as for institutions of higher education. In our study, we analysed Slovene Erasmus student perceptions of\u0000 the development of their cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal competences through their stay abroad. The analysis shows that students perceive international learning mobility as an important factor for the development of their skills, as a mode of a more profound learning process through\u0000 interactions in an international environment. It supports the development of their cognitive, interpersonal and intrapersonal competences through a social process between individuals from different cultural, organizational, social and personal values. Our research shows that the type of mobility\u0000 affects the intensity and type of skills developed, with traineeships having more substantial competence development implications.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46855500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, we examine the opinions of Greek students at the University of Patras who participated in Erasmus mobility programmes. Based on the results of previous relevant studies in the Greek context on benefits and difficulties expressed by the participating Greek students, in the current research in-depth interviews were designed to investigate the implications of this experience for university pedagogy. Interviews were addressed to students from various disciplines that participated in mobility programmes in different countries and higher education environments during the past two years. The analysis of the research findings confirms the conclusions of previous studies on the development of critical thinking and specific skills for the participants. Regarding University Pedagogy, significant points of interest arise, elements that give the opportunity for a new perspective to approach International Mobility Programmes and Higher Education, but also highlight the need for further research.
{"title":"Opinions and experiences of Greek students participating in Erasmus mobility programmes and emerging opportunities for university pedagogy","authors":"Natassa Raikou, Thanassis Karalis","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00027_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00027_1","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, we examine the opinions of Greek students at the University of Patras who participated in Erasmus mobility programmes. Based on the results of previous relevant studies in the Greek context on benefits and difficulties expressed by the participating Greek students,\u0000 in the current research in-depth interviews were designed to investigate the implications of this experience for university pedagogy. Interviews were addressed to students from various disciplines that participated in mobility programmes in different countries and higher education environments\u0000 during the past two years. The analysis of the research findings confirms the conclusions of previous studies on the development of critical thinking and specific skills for the participants. Regarding University Pedagogy, significant points of interest arise, elements that give the opportunity\u0000 for a new perspective to approach International Mobility Programmes and Higher Education, but also highlight the need for further research.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43624361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Southern Europe perspectives on international student mobility","authors":"D. Calvo, D. Cairns, Thais França","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00023_2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00023_2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42366920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article reflects about the contextual and theoretical assumptions of the project ‘Trovoada de Ideias: Linguistic and social inclusion of students from Portuguese-speaking African countries in Portuguese higher education’, an ongoing action research on Portuguese academic language teaching involving students who speak different varieties of Portuguese. By adopting a multidimensional inclusion approach (simultaneously linguistic, cultural and social), the ultimate aim is to contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors of (in)comprehension between students fluent in different norms of Portuguese and the university host community in Portugal, and consequently, building a frame for improving higher education institutions responses to multicultural challenges implied in the social dynamics of language variation.
这篇文章反映了“Trovoada de Ideias：葡萄牙语非洲国家学生在葡萄牙语高等教育中的语言和社会包容”项目的背景和理论假设，该项目是一项正在进行的葡萄牙语学术语言教学行动研究，涉及讲不同葡萄牙语的学生。通过采用多层面的包容方法（同时包括语言、文化和社会），最终目的是有助于更深入地理解精通不同葡萄牙语规范的学生与葡萄牙大学所在社区之间的理解因素，因此，建立一个框架，以改善高等教育机构对语言变异的社会动态所隐含的多元文化挑战的反应。
{"title":"Overcoming linguistic barriers in Portuguese higher education: The case of international African students","authors":"A. Matias, P. F. Pinto","doi":"10.1386/pjss_00026_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00026_1","url":null,"abstract":"This article reflects about the contextual and theoretical assumptions of the project ‘Trovoada de Ideias: Linguistic and social inclusion of students from Portuguese-speaking African countries in Portuguese higher education’, an ongoing action research on Portuguese academic\u0000 language teaching involving students who speak different varieties of Portuguese. By adopting a multidimensional inclusion approach (simultaneously linguistic, cultural and social), the ultimate aim is to contribute to a deeper understanding of the factors of (in)comprehension between students\u0000 fluent in different norms of Portuguese and the university host community in Portugal, and consequently, building a frame for improving higher education institutions responses to multicultural challenges implied in the social dynamics of language variation.","PeriodicalId":51963,"journal":{"name":"Portuguese Journal of Social Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45136160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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