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What Is the Benefit of Adding Placebo Side-Effect Information to Positively Framed Patient Leaflets? 将安慰剂副作用信息添加到积极框架的患者宣传单中有什么好处?
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-05 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000125
Amina Saadi, Asra Mahmood, Jack Sweeney, R. Webster
Abstract. Background: Positively framing side-effect risk in patient information leaflets (PILs) can reduce side-effect expectations and resulting nocebo effects (nonspecific medication side effects unrelated to the drug’s pharmacological action). There is scope to educate patients about nocebo effects in PILs to minimize their occurrence further. Aims: To investigate if incorporating information on placebo-reported side effects reduces side-effect expectations compared to a positively framed-only or standard PIL. Methods: Participants ( N = 443) completed an online study and were randomized to read one of three PILs for a hypothetical antibiotic: standard PIL ( n = 140), positively framed PIL ( n = 151), or positively framed PIL with placebo side-effect information ( n = 152). Participants’ side-effect expectations, absolute risk perceptions, and intended adherence were recorded. Results: The standard PIL resulted in significantly higher side-effect expectations compared to the positively framed + placebo side-effect information PIL. Including the placebo side-effect results had no effect on side-effect expectations compared to the positive framing only PIL, however, there was a significant interaction between health literacy and PIL condition on side-effect expectations. Both positively framed PILs produced more accurate risk estimates for the more common side effects. There was no difference in intended adherence between the three PILs. Limitations: Our findings are limited by the highly educated sample and hypothetical context. Conclusions: There was no benefit of adding placebo side-effect information, however alternative ways of explaining nocebo effects in PILs should be explored utilizing clinical contexts and samples with a wider range of participant ages, and health literacy.
摘要背景:在患者信息单张(PILs)中积极描述副作用风险可以降低副作用预期和由此产生的反安慰剂效应(与药物药理作用无关的非特异性药物副作用)。对患者进行反安慰剂效应教育,以进一步减少其发生,是有余地的。目的:调查是否纳入安慰剂报告的副作用的信息减少副作用预期相比,积极框架或标准PIL。方法:参与者(N = 443)完成了一项在线研究,并被随机分配阅读一种假设抗生素的三种PIL中的一种:标准PIL (N = 140),积极框架PIL (N = 151),或积极框架PIL与安慰剂副作用信息(N = 152)。记录参与者的副作用预期、绝对风险感知和预期依从性。结果:与积极框架+安慰剂副作用信息的PIL相比,标准PIL的副作用预期显著更高。包括安慰剂的副作用结果对副作用预期没有影响,但健康素养和PIL条件对副作用预期有显著的交互作用。对于更常见的副作用,这两种积极框架的药物都产生了更准确的风险估计。三种药物的预期依从性没有差异。局限性:我们的发现受到高学历样本和假设背景的限制。结论:添加安慰剂副作用信息没有好处,然而,应该利用临床背景和更广泛的参与者年龄和健康素养的样本来探索解释pil中反安慰剂效应的替代方法。
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引用次数: 0
Distinguished Reviewers in 2022 2022年杰出评审员
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000129
H. Spaderna
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引用次数: 0
Perceived Scarcity Across Sociodemographic Backgrounds Predicts Self-Reported Health 跨社会人口背景的感知匮乏预测自我报告的健康状况
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000122
Maysa DeSousa, Kaitlyn Rego
Abstract. Background: Perceived scarcity shows promise as an indicator of physical and mental health and a possible predictor of health disparities; however, a systematic investigation of how perceived scarcity is experienced across racial and ethnic, gender, and socioeconomic groups is imperative. Moreover, it is necessary to unpack the unique predictive power of each scarcity domain. Aims: First, differences in the experience of perceived scarcity by various sociodemographic groups in overall perceived scarcity and each of its three dimensions were explored using a cross-sectional sample. Next, using self-reported health outcome data collected from participants at a second time point, the direct and mediating role of perceived scarcity in the relationship between sociodemographic indicators and self-reported health was examined. Method: Participants included a racially and socioeconomically diverse online sample. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) and t-tests were used to assess whether perceived scarcity, overall and by domain, varied by sociodemographic factors. PROCESS macro for SPSS v 3.5 was used to analyze the proposed direct effects and mediations. Results: Results indicate that sociodemographic differences do exist in perceived scarcity and in a variety of ways that may not be reflected when solely examining overall perceived scarcity. Dimensions of perceived scarcity were found to mediate the relationship between some sociodemographic factors and self-reported health. Limitations: Future research should address the limitations of the current study’s sample insofar as recruiting a wider sample of participants to include those experiencing the most extreme forms of scarcity. Conclusion: Findings support the importance of considering the unique experience of perceived scarcity by domain across sociodemographic groups when using it as a predictor or mediator of health.
摘要背景:感知匮乏有望作为身心健康的指标和健康差异的可能预测指标;然而,对不同种族、民族、性别和社会经济群体如何体验感知到的稀缺性进行系统调查是必要的。此外,有必要解开每个稀缺域的独特预测能力。目的:首先,利用横断面样本探讨了不同社会人口群体在总体感知稀缺性及其三个维度上的感知稀缺性体验差异。接下来,利用从参与者在第二个时间点收集的自我报告健康结果数据,研究了感知稀缺性在社会人口指标和自我报告健康之间关系中的直接和中介作用。方法:参与者包括一个种族和社会经济多样化的在线样本。使用单因素方差分析(ANOVAs)和t检验来评估感知稀缺性是否因社会人口因素而异。使用SPSS v 3.5的PROCESS宏分析提出的直接影响和中介。结果:结果表明,社会人口统计学差异确实存在于感知稀缺性中,并且以各种方式存在,当单独检查总体感知稀缺性时可能不会反映出来。感知稀缺的维度被发现调解一些社会人口因素和自我报告的健康之间的关系。局限性:未来的研究应该解决当前研究样本的局限性,招募更广泛的参与者样本,包括那些经历最极端形式的稀缺的人。结论:研究结果支持在将感知稀缺性作为健康的预测因子或中介因子时,考虑跨社会人口群体领域的独特体验的重要性。
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引用次数: 2
Three Pathways Into Chronic Lack of Energy as a Mental Health Complaint 作为精神健康主诉的慢性精力不足的三种途径
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-11-14 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000123
N. André, R. Baumeister
Abstract. Many disturbances of physical, social, and mental health have conditions involving lack of energy, difficulty in making decisions, and low interest or motivation. Laboratory studies of willpower depletion have produced similar states in a temporary fashion. The present review uses extant literature to develop and test three theories about how temporary states of low willpower could become chronic. The first is ongoing and repeated exposure to depleting circumstances, such as caregiver fatigue, burdensome financial debts, and high-stress jobs. The second focuses on inadequate recoveries, such as poor sleep, insufficient nutrition, or unsatisfying vacations. The third invokes dispositional vulnerabilities that predispose some people to become depleted more frequently than others. A wide-ranging search for evidence concluded that the first two theories have more support than the third, though all further merit research. Additional possible contributions to chronicity are discussed, such as the emergence of vicious circles.
摘要许多身体、社会和精神健康障碍的症状包括缺乏精力、决策困难、兴趣或动机低下。对意志力消耗的实验室研究也产生了类似的暂时状态。本综述使用现有文献来发展和检验三种理论,这些理论是关于暂时的低意志力状态是如何变成慢性的。第一种是持续不断地暴露在消耗环境中,比如照顾者疲劳、沉重的财务债务和压力很大的工作。第二种侧重于不充分的恢复,如睡眠不足、营养不足或不满意的假期。第三种是性格上的脆弱性,这种脆弱性使一些人比其他人更容易精疲力竭。一项广泛的证据研究得出结论,前两种理论比第三种理论更有说服力,尽管它们都值得进一步研究。讨论了其他可能对慢性的贡献,如恶性循环的出现。
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引用次数: 1
Correction to Madden et al., 2022 更正Madden et al., 2022
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-10-01 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000124
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引用次数: 0
Willingness to Donate Organs After Death 死后捐献器官的意愿
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000118
Stefano Ruggieri, S. Boca, S. Ingoglia
Abstract. Background: Despite the growing number of organ transplants, there is still a significant difference between the number of donated organs and the number of people waiting for them. Knowing the reason people decide to donate is the first step to increasing organ donation rates. Aims: The main aim of the present study was to develop and validate a new scale for organ donation. Method: In three studies, 3,585 participants ranging in age between 14 and 89 years were selected through systematic random sampling. In the first study, we created a scale following the organ donation model theoretical framework and submitted the scale to exploratory factor analysis. In the second study, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis to cross-validate the hypothesized factor structure. In the third study, the scale was related to some important variables involved in organ donation. Results: Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis with a good fit index and acceptable levels of validity and reliability guarantee the quality of the scale and stable factor solution. Limitations: The main limitations are connected to social desirability, the presence of systematic bias of the population that refused to take part in the study, and the use of the Caucasian population. Conclusion: The resulting scale consists of 21 items in a seven-factor model (bodily integrity, fear of death, familial beliefs, altruism, medical mistrust, trust in the health institution, and emotional support). We also observed the relationship between scale factors, religiosity, and knowledge of organ donation with the willingness to donate organs.
摘要背景:尽管器官移植数量不断增加,但捐献器官的数量与等待器官的人数之间仍然存在显著差异。了解人们决定捐献器官的原因是提高器官捐献率的第一步。目的:本研究的主要目的是开发和验证一种新的器官捐献量表。方法:采用系统随机抽样的方法,在三项研究中抽取年龄在14 ~ 89岁之间的3585名参与者。在第一个研究中,我们按照器官捐赠模型的理论框架制作了一个量表,并将量表提交给探索性因子分析。在第二项研究中,我们进行了验证性因子分析来交叉验证假设的因子结构。在第三项研究中,量表与器官捐赠中涉及的一些重要变量相关。结果:探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析具有良好的拟合指标和可接受的效度和信度水平,保证了量表的质量和稳定的因子解。局限性:主要的局限性与社会期望、拒绝参加研究的人群存在系统性偏见以及使用高加索人群有关。结论:该量表由21个项目组成,采用七因素模型(身体完整性、死亡恐惧、家庭信仰、利他主义、医疗不信任、对卫生机构的信任和情感支持)。我们还观察了量表因子、宗教信仰、器官捐赠知识与器官捐赠意愿之间的关系。
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引用次数: 1
Financial Uncertainty and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic COVID-19大流行期间的金融不确定性和焦虑
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-08-17 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000119
D. Yagil, Miri Cohen
Abstract. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic involved many uncertainties, including financial uncertainty due to the global financial crisis. Previous research indicates that financial uncertainty is negatively related to mental health and wellbeing. Aims: We tested a model suggesting that the negative impact of financial uncertainty is explained by a restriction of individuals’ view of their future possibilities. Specifically, this longitudinal study explored the relationship of financial uncertainty and anxiety, considering the mediating role of future orientation. Method: Data were collected with questionnaires administered to Israeli citizens in April, June and August 2020. Data analysis comprised 379 respondents who participated in all three times. Results: Future orientation mediated the relationship of financial uncertainty and anxiety over time. Tests of changes across time show that changes in financial uncertainty were related to changes in anxiety levels over time. Limitations: Our sample was biased toward younger ages and the measurement of future orientation referred to a general view of the future rather than specific areas. Conclusion: The results suggest that the stressor of financial uncertainty is generalized to a negative view of future possibilities, thereby increasing anxiety.
摘要背景:2019冠状病毒病大流行涉及许多不确定性,包括全球金融危机带来的金融不确定性。先前的研究表明,财务不确定性与心理健康和幸福呈负相关。目的:我们测试了一个模型,表明金融不确定性的负面影响是由个人对未来可能性的看法的限制来解释的。具体而言,本研究在考虑未来取向的中介作用下,探讨了财务不确定性与焦虑的关系。方法:于2020年4月、6月和8月对以色列公民进行问卷调查。数据分析包括379名参与了三次调查的受访者。结果:未来取向在财务不确定性与焦虑的关系中起中介作用。对时间变化的测试表明,随着时间的推移,财务不确定性的变化与焦虑水平的变化有关。局限性:我们的样本偏向于年轻人,对未来方向的测量涉及到对未来的一般看法,而不是特定的领域。结论:研究结果表明,财务不确定性的压力源被概括为对未来可能性的负面看法,从而增加焦虑。
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引用次数: 1
Identifying Determinants of Neuro-Enchancement Substance Use in Students 确定学生使用神经增强物质的决定因素
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-07-18 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000115
Federica Galli, A. Chirico, L. Mallia, Fabio Alivernini, S. Manganelli, A. Zelli, M. Hagger, F. Lucidi
Abstract. Background: Use of Neuro-Enhancement Substances (NES) such as prescription drugs, illicit drugs, or alcohol to improve cognition, prosocial behavior, and performance is increasing among students. Aims: The study applied a multi-theory, integrated theoretical model to identify motivational and social cognition determinants of NES use among students. Methods: A prospective longitudinal design was adopted with 306 high school (66.8% female; Mage = 17.31 years, SD = 0.93) and 692 university (70.5% female; Mage = 24.97 years, SD = 6.64) students. They completed measures of motivation, social cognition constructs, and planning with respect to studying behavior and NES use. Results: Well-fitting structural equation models indicated the pervasive influence of autonomous motivation, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control for studying, as well as of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control for NES use. Inclusion of past NES use increased explained variance in NES use and attenuated model effects, but the pattern of effects remained. Multi-group analyses indicated consistency in the pattern model effects across high school and university students. Limitations: The study findings might not be generalizable, as student samples were not randomly recruited. Furthermore, NES use only relied on self-report, and its assessment did not consider different NES substances. Finally, there was no assessment of implicit attitudes and habits toward studying and NES use. Conclusions: Findings extend prior literature by demonstrating the integrated guiding view that students’ motivation and beliefs about studying influence their beliefs about and use of NES. Furthermore, the findings provide starting points for interventions targeting the reduction in NES use.
摘要背景:越来越多的学生使用神经增强物质(NES),如处方药、非法药物或酒精来改善认知、亲社会行为和成绩。目的:本研究采用多理论、整合的理论模型来确定学生使用新语言的动机和社会认知决定因素。方法:采用前瞻性纵向设计对306名高中学生进行调查,其中女生占66.8%;男性= 17.31岁,SD = 0.93), 692所大学(70.5%为女性;法师= 24.97岁,SD = 6.64)。他们完成了动机、社会认知结构和计划的测量,以研究行为和新功能的使用。结果:拟合良好的结构方程模型显示自主动机、态度、主观规范和感知行为控制对学习的普遍影响,以及态度、主观规范和感知行为控制对新语言使用的普遍影响。纳入过去的NES使用增加了NES使用的可解释方差和减弱的模型效应,但效应的模式仍然存在。多组分析表明,模式模型效应在高中生和大学生中具有一致性。局限性:研究结果可能不具有普遍性,因为学生样本不是随机招募的。此外,新物质的使用仅依赖于自我报告,其评估并未考虑不同的新物质。最后,没有评估内隐态度和习惯的学习和新语言的使用。结论:研究结果扩展了先前的文献,展示了学生的学习动机和信念影响他们对新知识的信念和使用的综合指导观点。此外,研究结果为减少NES使用的干预措施提供了起点。
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引用次数: 1
Do Physicians Prefer Natural Drugs? 医生更喜欢天然药物吗?
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-06-23 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000116
Courtney M. Lappas, N. Coyne, Amanda J. Dillard, Brian P. Meier
Abstract. Background: There is a bias for natural versus synthetic drugs in general populations. Aims: We investigated whether physicians who have advanced medical and scientific training and routinely prescribe drugs exhibit this bias. Methods: Physicians and non-physicians were presented with a hypothetical medical situation in which pharmacological therapy was required. Participants were asked if they would prefer a natural or synthetic drug for treatment. Physicians were also asked which drug they would prescribe to a patient. Results: In a forced-choice paradigm, non-physicians (87.5%) and physicians (79.2%) had an equally strong bias for the natural drug, with physicians (74.3%) also preferring the natural drug for patients. When a 9-point drug choice scale was used, including a “no preference” choice (5), non-physicians ( M = 6.91) and physicians ( M = 5.41) again showed a preference for the natural drug compared to the mid-point of the scale, but the non-physicians’ bias was stronger. Physicians no longer preferred the natural drug for patients ( M = 5.15). Limitations: The participants do not represent a random sample and therefore may not represent physicians/non-physicians in general. Additionally, the responses were hypothetical and may not represent behavior in actual medical contexts. Conclusion: These data indicate that physicians and non-physicians exhibit a bias for natural drugs, with physicians also demonstrating a bias for prescribing natural drugs. However, the bias is reduced in physicians compared to non-physicians when a “no preference” option is available, suggesting that advanced medical and/or scientific training may be beneficial in minimizing this bias.
摘要背景:在一般人群中存在天然药物与合成药物的偏见。目的:我们调查了接受过先进医学和科学训练并经常开药的医生是否表现出这种偏见。方法:向医生和非医生提出一个假设的医疗情况,其中需要药物治疗。参与者被问及他们更喜欢天然药物还是合成药物进行治疗。医生们还被问及他们会给病人开哪种药。结果:在强迫选择范式中,非医生(87.5%)和医生(79.2%)对天然药物有同样强烈的偏见,医生(74.3%)也更倾向于患者使用天然药物。当使用包含“无偏好”选项(5)的9点药物选择量表时,非医生(M = 6.91)和医生(M = 5.41)与量表中点相比,再次表现出对天然药物的偏好,但非医生的偏见更强。医生不再倾向于患者使用天然药物(M = 5.15)。局限性:参与者不代表随机样本,因此可能不代表一般的医生/非医生。此外,这些反应是假设的,可能不代表实际医疗环境中的行为。结论:这些数据表明,医生和非医生都对天然药物有偏见,医生也对开天然药物有偏见。然而,与非医生相比,当有“无偏好”选项时,医生的偏见会减少,这表明先进的医疗和/或科学培训可能有助于减少这种偏见。
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引用次数: 1
Merry Christmas and a “Healthy” New Year 圣诞快乐,新年健康
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1027/2512-8442/a000114
J. Waterschoot, S. Morbée, O. Van den Bergh, M. Vansteenkiste
Abstract. Background: In November 2020, many European governments imposed severe limitations on social contacts and festive gatherings to avoid a further outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Aims: At the moment when it was still unclear whether Christmas gatherings would be allowed, the present vignette study was conducted to evaluate four hypothetical scenarios varying in restrictiveness (i.e., 1, 2, 4, or an unlimited number of visitors). Method: In total, 5,756 Belgian participants (65.7% female; Mage = 45.6, range: 18–89) evaluated each scenario in terms of the perceived strictness, probability of adherence, and expected psychological advantages (i.e., autonomy, relatedness, pleasure) and disadvantages (i.e., concerns). Results: Evidence for a curvilinear pattern was found, such that the expected psychological benefits increased with an increasing number of allowed visitors till 4, with this effect being reversed in case of an unlimited gathering. Yet, these main effects were qualified: Older adults, those living together, and those scoring high on risk perception and autonomous motivation to adhere to the corona measures expected the more restrictive scenarios to be equally beneficial compared to the more relaxed scenarios. Limitations: Limitations are self-selection of the sample, no counterbalancing of the scenario’s and the vignette-based methodology. Conclusion: The present findings suggest that people’s risk perception and autonomous motivation are key to secure and stimulate the acceptance of life-restricting measures.
摘要背景:2020年11月,许多欧洲国家政府对社交接触和节日聚会实施了严格限制,以避免COVID-19大流行进一步爆发。目的:在尚不清楚是否允许圣诞节聚会的时候,本研究进行了小插图研究,以评估四种限制不同的假设情景(即1、2、4或无限数量的访客)。方法:共有5756名比利时参与者(65.7%为女性;Mage = 45.6,范围:18-89)根据感知到的严格程度、遵守的可能性、预期的心理优势(即自主性、亲和性、愉悦性)和劣势(即担忧性)来评估每个场景。结果:发现了一个曲线模式的证据,即预期的心理效益随着允许的访客数量的增加而增加,直到4,在无限制聚集的情况下,这种效果会逆转。然而,这些主要影响是合格的:老年人、住在一起的人,以及那些在风险感知和坚持冠状病毒措施的自主动机方面得分较高的人,预计限制性更强的情景与更宽松的情景相比同样有益。限制:限制是样本的自我选择,不平衡场景和基于图像的方法。结论:人们的风险认知和自主动机是确保和激励人们接受限制生命措施的关键。
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引用次数: 1
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European Journal of Health Psychology
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