Pub Date : 2022-03-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.735
A. Schram, Kees Doevendans
The Amsterdam architect Arnold Ingwersen (1882-1959) left behind a substantial body of work, yet it is still largely undocumented and has left very few traces in Dutch architectural history. One reason for this was Ingwersen's lack of affinity with the architectural world of his day; in the 1920s and 1930s he did not belong to any of the movements now regarded as of historical importance. His orthodox Protestant views were incompatible with those of his modernist confreres. As an introduction to the work of Arnold Ingwersen, this article first sketches his background: his Protestant youth and his long apprenticeship in the profession of architect. This is followed by a brief account of his architectural oeuvre, which is characterized by a craftsmanlike and sober style that, combined with a certain purism, was contemporary but not modernist. Compositions of brick volumes with alternating horizontal and vertical elements were accentuated by means of different roof forms and a rhythmic disposition of windows, bays and dormers, supplemented by recurring archetypical motifs like arches, chimneys and pointed gables. A meticulous detailing of ‘pure’ forms was also typical of his work. Ingwersen’s commissions emanated from his own Protestant community. Initially, the Patrimonium housing association provided the bulk of those commissions, but later on other contacts within the Protestant network and organizations became his main clients. Public housing projects in Amsterdam – in collaboration with Tjeerd Kuipers – constitute an important component of his oeuvre. In the mid-1920s Ingwersen ventured outside this field as an independent architect, designing schools, churches, homes for the aged and private houses. Relatively little is known about his private housing commissions. In a class apart are the hostels he built in Limburg and Brabant (in particular Eindhoven) for Protestant workers from the north. In the mid-1930s Ingwersen turned to renovations of which the Valeriuskliniek in Amsterdam was a major commission. Ingwersen in addition wrote articles and books, chiefly serving his ‘own circle’, such as the Protestant newspaper De Standaard. In 1935, when his career as architect was at an end, he addressed the much wider readership of De Telegraaf in a series of articles critical of modernist colleagues. The ensuing fierce debate whereby Ingwersen became an object of scorn and alienated himself still further from his profession is discussed, along with In Holland stond een huis (1950), the book in which Ingwersen expounded his ideas about the importance of Calvinist culture for Dutch architecture and town planning. Notwithstanding the moralizing tone of his publications, Ingwersen’s architectural work is not without its own special merits, witness the fact that several have been heritage listed. A considerable number of his buildings have been demolished, while others have yet to be tracked down. Nevertheless, greater attention to the architecture and
{"title":"Contemporary but not modern","authors":"A. Schram, Kees Doevendans","doi":"10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.735","url":null,"abstract":"The Amsterdam architect Arnold Ingwersen (1882-1959) left behind a substantial body of work, yet it is still largely undocumented and has left very few traces in Dutch architectural history. One reason for this was Ingwersen's lack of affinity with the architectural world of his day; in the 1920s and 1930s he did not belong to any of the movements now regarded as of historical importance. His orthodox Protestant views were incompatible with those of his modernist confreres.\u0000As an introduction to the work of Arnold Ingwersen, this article first sketches his background: his Protestant youth and his long apprenticeship in the profession of architect. This is followed by a brief account of his architectural oeuvre, which is characterized by a craftsmanlike and sober style that, combined with a certain purism, was contemporary but not modernist. Compositions of brick volumes with alternating horizontal and vertical elements were accentuated by means of different roof forms and a rhythmic disposition of windows, bays and dormers, supplemented by recurring archetypical motifs like arches, chimneys and pointed gables. A meticulous detailing of ‘pure’ forms was also typical of his work.\u0000Ingwersen’s commissions emanated from his own Protestant community. Initially, the Patrimonium housing association provided the bulk of those commissions, but later on other contacts within the Protestant network and organizations became his main clients. Public housing projects in Amsterdam – in collaboration with Tjeerd Kuipers – constitute an important component of his oeuvre. In the mid-1920s Ingwersen ventured outside this field as an independent architect, designing schools, churches, homes for the aged and private houses. Relatively little is known about his private housing commissions. In a class apart are the hostels he built in Limburg and Brabant (in particular Eindhoven) for Protestant workers from the north. In the mid-1930s Ingwersen turned to renovations of which the Valeriuskliniek in Amsterdam was a major commission.\u0000Ingwersen in addition wrote articles and books, chiefly serving his ‘own circle’, such as the Protestant newspaper De Standaard. In 1935, when his career as architect was at an end, he addressed the much wider readership of De Telegraaf in a series of articles critical of modernist colleagues. The ensuing fierce debate whereby Ingwersen became an object of scorn and alienated himself still further from his profession is discussed, along with In Holland stond een huis (1950), the book in which Ingwersen expounded his ideas about the importance of Calvinist culture for Dutch architecture and town planning.\u0000Notwithstanding the moralizing tone of his publications, Ingwersen’s architectural work is not without its own special merits, witness the fact that several have been heritage listed. A considerable number of his buildings have been demolished, while others have yet to be tracked down. Nevertheless, greater attention to the architecture and","PeriodicalId":52053,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin KNOB","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45713760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.739
Bart Zwegers
Review of a book written by Hein van der Bruggen, Erik Caris and Luc Wolters (eds.)
Hein van der Bruggen、Erik Caris和Luc Wolters合著的一本书评论（编辑）
{"title":"De Munsterabdij van Roermond","authors":"Bart Zwegers","doi":"10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.739","url":null,"abstract":"Review of a book written by Hein van der Bruggen, Erik Caris and Luc Wolters (eds.) \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":52053,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin KNOB","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48214972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.738
M. Walda
Review of a book written by Heidi Denweth
Heidi Denweth的书评
{"title":"Goede muren maken goede buren","authors":"M. Walda","doi":"10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48003/knob.121.2022.1.738","url":null,"abstract":"Review of a book written by Heidi Denweth \u0000 \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":52053,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin KNOB","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2022-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44113150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.731
P. Thissen
The Province of Gelderland has long boasted a large number of country houses and landed estates, which over time coalesced into estate landscapes around the historical capitals of the Duchy of Guelders quarters of Nijmegen, Arnhem and Zutphen. Rapidly increasing urbanization from the end of the nineteenth century onwards threatened the coherence and accessibility of these landscapes. Gelderland’s largest cities, Arnhem and Nijmegen, watched in dismay as many country houses and landed estates fell victim to subdivision and development. In response they started to buy up portions of that estate landscape to ensure that they would remain available to city dwellers. In addition, the ‘safety net’ provided by newly established nature and landscape organizations, in particular Natuurmonumenten and Geldersch Landschap & Kasteelen, also contributed to preservation and permanent accessibility by offering landed families the opportunity to keep their estate intact, albeit no longer under their ownership. Similar motives – the need to preserve attractive, accessible walking areas for the increasingly urbanized society – underpinned the government’s introduction of the Nature Conservation Act in 1928. The Act was invoked more frequently in Gelderland than in any other province. It promoted the opening up of private properties as well as the preservation of the cultural value of the kind of ‘natural beauty’ to be found on landed estates. After the Second World War, in addition to resorting to the Nature Conservation Act, the owners of country houses and landed estates could avail themselves of an increasing variety of grants aimed at preserving (publicly accessible) nature, landscape and heritage, although the emphasis was firmly on nature. Estate landscapes like the Veluwezoom and the County of Zutphen were eventually safeguarded by a patchwork of different government regulations. In the twenty-first century, government policy shifted towards providing financial support for both public and private contributions to nature, landscape and heritage by country houses and landed estates. This in turn has stimulated interest in estate landscapes. Instead of individual heritage-listed estates, the focus is now on areas with multiple country house and landed estates where there are spatial tasks waiting to be fulfilled: not just the preservation of natural beauty for outdoor recreation, but also spatial articulation, climate change adaptation, increased biodiversity and sustainable agriculture. Interest in design, both past and present, has burgeoned thanks to this development.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.730
Elyze Storms-Smeets
For many centuries, the landscape and cultural history of the Netherlands have been influenced by the rural estates of large landowners. Their country houses with gardens, parks and farmland formed an important combination of practical aspects of economic management and aesthetic landscaping. Many castles or country houses were linked to large landholdings of several hundred, sometimes even thousands of hectares, as in the case of the Veluwezoom in the Province of Gelderland. Since the late Middle Ages this area, now known as Gelders Arcadia, has been popular with the landed elite, whose ranks have included noble families, stadtholders, city regents and bankers. The undulating landscape, the rivers and brooks and the fertile land was ideally suited to the creation of the desired combination of productive and aesthetic landscapes. One of the special aspects of the Gelders Arcadia estate zone is that it represents nearly every stage in the development of the Dutch country estate, from the emergence of castles and lordships (c. 500-1600), to the foundation of small country retreats by town regents (c. 1600-1800), and the creation of villa-like country estates for a new elite of bankers, industrialists and lawyers (c. 1800-1940). The historic country houses and landed estates are manifestations of their time and therefore very diverse, ranging from transformed noble castles with large landholdings to the rural retreats of town regents to villa-like country houses for the newly wealthy. Not only the architecture of the house and park, but also the use, the anchoring in the cultural landscape and the social significance underwent development. A historical-geographical approach was used to analyse location and distribution patterns and to investigate the size, character and functions of country estates in each period from an economic, political, societal and social perspective. It appears that the majority of new country houses and estates were created by a new elite of the newly rich, whereas the old elite continued to invest in their ancestral properties. The motivation to invest in the establishment of a country seat differed per period. The landed and country estates featured both economic and aesthetic landscapes, although the former were less prominent in later periods. This socio-historical-geographical approach has given us a better understanding of the various processes of estate creation, transformation and adaptation through time – knowledge that can also be used to reach well-founded decisions in the 21st century. The geographical approach for Gelders Arcadia has resulted in improved spatial policies through: 1. Attention to the entirety of country estates (rather than only those with listed status); 2. A focus on the country estate as a cohesive heritage ensemble, including an understanding of the social, economic, landscape and political factors that contributed to its development and design; 3. Recognition that the estates, thanks to
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Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.728
H. Renes
In the past, country house research was mainly concerned with individual houses and gardens. Yet, as early as the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, so many country houses were being built around the major cities that they came to define the landscape. Genuine estate landscapes took shape along several rivers (Amstel, Vecht), along the inner edge of coastal dunes, and on newly reclaimed land. In the middle of the seventeenth century, the rivers were augmented with a network of barge canals and soon they too were lined by a belt of country houses. The greatest density of country houses was to be found around Amsterdam, but other big cities in the provinces of Holland and Zeeland had their fair share as well. Access was mostly by water, but in some areas, especially in Zeeland, country roads performed this role. The majority of country houses were built on or next to a farm, which generally continued to exist and, in many cases, survived the country house. In a few areas, the evolving density of country houses has been traced in a detailed chronological record. In most cases it reveals progressive growth towards a high point in the first half of the eighteenth century, after which a gradual decline sets in. However, in a number of areas growth was much more rapid, in particular along the River Vecht. Sustained growth was followed by decline. In the final decade of the eighteenth century and the first decade of the nineteenth, large numbers of country houses were demolished and in many instances the land reverted to agriculture production. It appears that the decline set in earlier in Zeeland than in Holland, but regional differences in decline are not yet entirely clear. The second quarter of the nineteenth century saw the construction of a new generation of country houses, especially in the undulating sandy areas of the Utrechtse Heuvelrug and the southern part of the Veluwezoom, where railway lines provided access. The owners of this new crop of country houses laid out their gardens in the English landscape style. They also bought up vast, neighbouring heathlands from local councils or farmers and planted them with trees. As a result, these country houses are quite different in character from those of the earlier period. In the past the concentrations of country houses dominated the landscape and even today, wherever they have survived to a substantial degree they continue to represent an important landscape quality. As such, protection and management should not be confined to individual country houses but should extend to groups of country houses and their interrelationships (in the form of visual axes, for example). In recent years, a number of provinces have already set a good example by formulating policies for country house biotopes and linear estate landscapes.
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Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.733
C. Bertram
Book review of a book written by Rita Radetzky
Rita Radetzky的书评
{"title":"Tuinarchitect Lucas Pieters Roodbaard (1782-1851) en de landschapsstijl","authors":"C. Bertram","doi":"10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.733","url":null,"abstract":"Book review of a book written by Rita Radetzky","PeriodicalId":52053,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin KNOB","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44403672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.732
S. Nijhuis
Climate change and urbanization have substantial ramifications for the management and protection of cultural-historical landscapes. This is especially true for historical estate landscapes – landscapes whose character is defined by several historical castles, country houses (along with their gardens and parks), and landed estates – where climate change adaptation constitutes a major task. Issues of concern include an excess or shortage of water and changes to vegetation as a result of rising temperatures. That pressure is compounded by increasing urbanization and the associated recreational needs. These landscapes are also susceptible to spatial fragmentation due to urbanization, changes in ownership, changes in function, and so on. Combatting these pressures calls for a future-oriented design approach that deals sensitively with historically valuable landscape characteristics. It involves safeguarding the spatial quality of estate landscapes by striking a new balance between utility value (economic exploitation), amenity value (identity and familiarity), and future value (ecological sustainability). Such is the complexity of the task that a regional perspective is required in order to fully comprehend the cohesion and systemic relations between individual country estates and to develop a common basis for collaboration. This article proposes a landscape-based regional design approach aimed at understanding and designing future-proof estate landscapes. It details a preservation-through-development strategy based on spatial development in sympathy with historical landscapes structures in a process of meaningful stakeholder involvement. Key to this process is collaboration and co-creation with owners, experts, policy advisers and others. Design-based research is employed as a method for addressing the complex spatial tasks facing estate landscapes in an integrated and creative manner. Spatial design, at every level of scale, becomes a instrument for working out development strategies and principles for context-specific landscape formation. But also for highlighting possible solutions that can contribute to the protection and development of historical estate landscapes. In other words, this is not about opposing change or locking up the existing landscape, but about creating new landscape qualities through well-designed new developments. This coincides with a collaborative process in which stakeholders jointly weigh the pros and cons, learn and come up with solutions. The combination of substance, involvement and process makes the landscape-based regional design approach a powerful method for increasing the resilience and adaptability of the estate landscape and in so doing making this landscape future-proof.
{"title":"Future-proofing estate landscapes","authors":"S. Nijhuis","doi":"10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.732","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change and urbanization have substantial ramifications for the management and protection of cultural-historical landscapes. This is especially true for historical estate landscapes – landscapes whose character is defined by several historical castles, country houses (along with their gardens and parks), and landed estates – where climate change adaptation constitutes a major task. Issues of concern include an excess or shortage of water and changes to vegetation as a result of rising temperatures. That pressure is compounded by increasing urbanization and the associated recreational needs. These landscapes are also susceptible to spatial fragmentation due to urbanization, changes in ownership, changes in function, and so on. Combatting these pressures calls for a future-oriented design approach that deals sensitively with historically valuable landscape characteristics. It involves safeguarding the spatial quality of estate landscapes by striking a new balance between utility value (economic exploitation), amenity value (identity and familiarity), and future value (ecological sustainability). Such is the complexity of the task that a regional perspective is required in order to fully comprehend the cohesion and systemic relations between individual country estates and to develop a common basis for collaboration. \u0000This article proposes a landscape-based regional design approach aimed at understanding and designing future-proof estate landscapes. It details a preservation-through-development strategy based on spatial development in sympathy with historical landscapes structures in a process of meaningful stakeholder involvement. Key to this process is collaboration and co-creation with owners, experts, policy advisers and others. Design-based research is employed as a method for addressing the complex spatial tasks facing estate landscapes in an integrated and creative manner. Spatial design, at every level of scale, becomes a instrument for working out development strategies and principles for context-specific landscape formation. But also for highlighting possible solutions that can contribute to the protection and development of historical estate landscapes. In other words, this is not about opposing change or locking up the existing landscape, but about creating new landscape qualities through well-designed new developments. This coincides with a collaborative process in which stakeholders jointly weigh the pros and cons, learn and come up with solutions. The combination of substance, involvement and process makes the landscape-based regional design approach a powerful method for increasing the resilience and adaptability of the estate landscape and in so doing making this landscape future-proof.","PeriodicalId":52053,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin KNOB","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47629455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-19DOI: 10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.729
H. Ronnes
One of the unmistakable trends in current country house research is the growing interest in the landscape context of country houses. The unquestioned emphasis on the main house and the garden is increasingly giving way to an approach that includes or focuses on the wider setting: village, nature, town, infrastructure, farms, churches, and other country houses. This article sketches the rise of this approach and offers an overview of the various perspectives. Among the aspects covered by landscape studies are country house regions, choice of location, the productive landscape, infrastructure, the political landscape and the mental landscape. Although this growing interest in the landscape setting is one of the most important recent developments in country house research, most of these studies are predominantly descriptive. This article calls for the establishment of a firmer methodological and theoretical underpinning – a task to which it is to be hoped that future researchers will devote themselves.
{"title":"Dutch research into the country house and its landscape","authors":"H. Ronnes","doi":"10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.48003/knob.120.2021.4.729","url":null,"abstract":"One of the unmistakable trends in current country house research is the growing interest in the landscape context of country houses. The unquestioned emphasis on the main house and the garden is increasingly giving way to an approach that includes or focuses on the wider setting: village, nature, town, infrastructure, farms, churches, and other country houses. This article sketches the rise of this approach and offers an overview of the various perspectives. Among the aspects covered by landscape studies are country house regions, choice of location, the productive landscape, infrastructure, the political landscape and the mental landscape. Although this growing interest in the landscape setting is one of the most important recent developments in country house research, most of these studies are predominantly descriptive. This article calls for the establishment of a firmer methodological and theoretical underpinning – a task to which it is to be hoped that future researchers will devote themselves.","PeriodicalId":52053,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin KNOB","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49349359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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