{"title":"Announcements: Professor RNDr. Ján Dusza, DrSc – 70 years jubeeleum","authors":"","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49067954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
František Lofaj, Tamás Csanádi, Lenka Kvetková, Petra Hviščová, Margita Kabátová, Alexandra Kovalčíková, Marek Vojtko, Vladimir Girman
Abstract High entropy ceramic coatings, including multicomponent transition metal nitrides called also high entropy nitrides (HEN), are usually deposited using reactive arc and/or DC magnetron (co)sputtering. High Target Utilization Sputtering (HiTUS) was not applied in HEN systems up to now. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of HEN coatings prepared by HiTUS are also not known. The transition metals from the 4 th and 5 th group of the periodic table (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, and Ta) are strong nitride formers which would be the most suitable for HEN coating systems and therefore, investigation of their properties would be of significant interest. However, the nanoindentation measurements on thin coatings always produce „composite“ values involving the contribution from the substrate. The separation of the coating properties from composite values requires upgraded analytical approaches different from standard Oliver & Pharr analysis. Thus, the aim work is to investigate the structure, hardness, and elastic modulus of TiZrHfNbVTa–xN coatings with different nitrogen stoichiometry deposited by reactive HiTUS using both CSM for bulk and CSM for thin films methods and to compare the results obtained on 4 different substrates (Si wafer, sapphire, 100Cr6 steel, and Ti6Al4V alloy). The subsequent results showed systematic differences in the calculated mechanical properties depending on the substrate properties both in CSM and CSMTF modes. Stiffer substrates always resulted in the overestimations of the calculated hardness and indentation modulus compared to softer substrates with lower Young’s modulus and the differences were in the range of around 10 %. Obviously, better theoretical models for the calculations of true coating properties are required.
{"title":"Micromechanical Properties of Reactive HiTUS TiNbVTaZrHf–N Coatings on Different Substrates","authors":"František Lofaj, Tamás Csanádi, Lenka Kvetková, Petra Hviščová, Margita Kabátová, Alexandra Kovalčíková, Marek Vojtko, Vladimir Girman","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract High entropy ceramic coatings, including multicomponent transition metal nitrides called also high entropy nitrides (HEN), are usually deposited using reactive arc and/or DC magnetron (co)sputtering. High Target Utilization Sputtering (HiTUS) was not applied in HEN systems up to now. Subsequently, the mechanical properties of HEN coatings prepared by HiTUS are also not known. The transition metals from the 4 th and 5 th group of the periodic table (Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, V, and Ta) are strong nitride formers which would be the most suitable for HEN coating systems and therefore, investigation of their properties would be of significant interest. However, the nanoindentation measurements on thin coatings always produce „composite“ values involving the contribution from the substrate. The separation of the coating properties from composite values requires upgraded analytical approaches different from standard Oliver & Pharr analysis. Thus, the aim work is to investigate the structure, hardness, and elastic modulus of TiZrHfNbVTa–xN coatings with different nitrogen stoichiometry deposited by reactive HiTUS using both CSM for bulk and CSM for thin films methods and to compare the results obtained on 4 different substrates (Si wafer, sapphire, 100Cr6 steel, and Ti6Al4V alloy). The subsequent results showed systematic differences in the calculated mechanical properties depending on the substrate properties both in CSM and CSMTF modes. Stiffer substrates always resulted in the overestimations of the calculated hardness and indentation modulus compared to softer substrates with lower Young’s modulus and the differences were in the range of around 10 %. Obviously, better theoretical models for the calculations of true coating properties are required.","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135195314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Micro-scratch test was used to evaluate the fracture toughness of the main hydration products of ordinary Portland cement paste at the micro-scale. The evaluation was done with the aid of scanning electron microscopy and acoustic emission (AE) signals. Portlandite was found to be the only phase where AE detected elastic waves due to cracking during microindentation and micro-scratch test. Such behavior simplifies phase separation during the evaluation process of the micro-scratch test. The micro-scale fracture toughness results obtained from the tests were found in close agreement with other available experiments and models in the literature.
{"title":"Fracture Toughness of Cement Paste Assessed with Micro-Scratch and Acoustic Emission","authors":"J. Němeček, R. Čtvrtlík, L. Václavek","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Micro-scratch test was used to evaluate the fracture toughness of the main hydration products of ordinary Portland cement paste at the micro-scale. The evaluation was done with the aid of scanning electron microscopy and acoustic emission (AE) signals. Portlandite was found to be the only phase where AE detected elastic waves due to cracking during microindentation and micro-scratch test. Such behavior simplifies phase separation during the evaluation process of the micro-scratch test. The micro-scale fracture toughness results obtained from the tests were found in close agreement with other available experiments and models in the literature.","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42424319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper deals with the characterization of residual stresses of the railway axle made of EA4T steel using the instrumented indentation technique (IIT). Additionally, tensile properties were also evaluated by using IIT. Moreover, the hole drilling method was carried out to measure the residual stress. Multiple comparison tests between conventional methods and IIT were carried out. The obtained results were also discussed against the literature data. Results of the residual stress assessed by IIT and the hole drilling follow the same trend and are in acceptable agreement. The tensile data obtained by IIT were as follows: YS ≥ 420 MPa and UTS ∈ ❬650-800❭MPa which is in satisfactory agreement with the results of standardized tensile tests.
{"title":"Evaluation of Residual Stress and Tensile Properties of Railway Axle Using Instrumented Indentation Method","authors":"D. Bartonek, M. Négyesi, B. Strnadel","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper deals with the characterization of residual stresses of the railway axle made of EA4T steel using the instrumented indentation technique (IIT). Additionally, tensile properties were also evaluated by using IIT. Moreover, the hole drilling method was carried out to measure the residual stress. Multiple comparison tests between conventional methods and IIT were carried out. The obtained results were also discussed against the literature data. Results of the residual stress assessed by IIT and the hole drilling follow the same trend and are in acceptable agreement. The tensile data obtained by IIT were as follows: YS ≥ 420 MPa and UTS ∈ ❬650-800❭MPa which is in satisfactory agreement with the results of standardized tensile tests.","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46648632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaroslav Kovář, Vladimír Fuis, Radim Čtvrtlík, Jan Tomáštík
Abstract The main shape deviations of a Berkovich indenter are the indenter bluntness and indenter tilt. The influence of the Berkovich indenter tilt on the results of the FEM modelling of steel nanoindentation is evaluated in this paper. The indenter tilt has an impact on the indentation curves and contact area. The X5CrNiCuNb 16-4 steel nanoindentation was modelled by FEM and the indentation curves were obtained. The Berkovich indenter was blunted and the tilt of the indenter was changed to determine its influence on the indentation curves. The results showed that growing tilt shifts the indentation curves to higher values of indentation forces and makes unloading curves steeper which is in agreement with a larger contact area. The calculated indentation curves were compared with the experimental indentation curves and the impact of the indenter tilt to the indentation curves was determined.
{"title":"The Influence of Tilt on Berkovich Indentation of a Steel Sample Using FEM Analysis and Nanoindentation","authors":"Jaroslav Kovář, Vladimír Fuis, Radim Čtvrtlík, Jan Tomáštík","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The main shape deviations of a Berkovich indenter are the indenter bluntness and indenter tilt. The influence of the Berkovich indenter tilt on the results of the FEM modelling of steel nanoindentation is evaluated in this paper. The indenter tilt has an impact on the indentation curves and contact area. The X5CrNiCuNb 16-4 steel nanoindentation was modelled by FEM and the indentation curves were obtained. The Berkovich indenter was blunted and the tilt of the indenter was changed to determine its influence on the indentation curves. The results showed that growing tilt shifts the indentation curves to higher values of indentation forces and makes unloading curves steeper which is in agreement with a larger contact area. The calculated indentation curves were compared with the experimental indentation curves and the impact of the indenter tilt to the indentation curves was determined.","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135195315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hana Chmelíčková, Martina Havelková, Aneta Hrubantová, Vlastimil Jílek, Lukáš Václavek, Tomáš Ingr
Abstract Welding of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 and Ti6Al4V is complicated by hard and brittle intermetallic compound formation. In this contribution, we study a laser welding method that partially overcomes this problem using interlayer. Bronze foil (CuSn6) of thickness 100 µm and 200 µm was inserted between steel and titanium sheets and lap welds were realized on pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Representative samples were investigated by nanohardness measurement, SEM/EDS, and XRD analysis to detect the localization of the intermetallic phases. The macrostructure of the weld cross sections was displayed by optical and digital microscopy. The nano-hardness test revealed the presence of very hard intermetallic mainly around the interface between the fusion zone and bottom metal sheet. EDS mapping displayed the main elements Fe, Cr, Cu and Ti distribution in the fusion zone, EDS line scanning detected elements‘ signals in the diagonal and horizontal directions. XRD analysis revealed expected intermetallic compounds FeTi and CuTi 2 and solid solution Cu 0.8 Fe 0.2 .
奥氏体不锈钢AISI 304与Ti6Al4V的焊接过程中会形成硬脆的金属间化合物。在本文中，我们研究了一种使用中间层的激光焊接方法，部分地克服了这一问题。采用脉冲Nd:YAG激光将厚度分别为100µm和200µm的铜箔(CuSn6)插入钢和钛板之间，实现了接焊。采用纳米硬度测定、SEM/EDS、XRD分析等方法对代表性样品进行了金属间相定位分析。通过光学显微镜和数码显微镜观察了焊缝截面的宏观组织。纳米硬度测试表明，极硬金属间主要存在于熔合区与底金属板交界面周围。能谱图显示了熔合区内主要元素Fe、Cr、Cu和Ti的分布，能谱线扫描在对角线和水平方向检测到元素的信号。XRD分析表明，金属间化合物为FeTi和CuTi 2，固溶体为Cu 0.8 Fe 0.2。
{"title":"Investigation of Hybrid Lap Welds of TI6AL4V and Stainless Steel with Bronze Interlayer","authors":"Hana Chmelíčková, Martina Havelková, Aneta Hrubantová, Vlastimil Jílek, Lukáš Václavek, Tomáš Ingr","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2022-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2022-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Welding of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 304 and Ti6Al4V is complicated by hard and brittle intermetallic compound formation. In this contribution, we study a laser welding method that partially overcomes this problem using interlayer. Bronze foil (CuSn6) of thickness 100 µm and 200 µm was inserted between steel and titanium sheets and lap welds were realized on pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Representative samples were investigated by nanohardness measurement, SEM/EDS, and XRD analysis to detect the localization of the intermetallic phases. The macrostructure of the weld cross sections was displayed by optical and digital microscopy. The nano-hardness test revealed the presence of very hard intermetallic mainly around the interface between the fusion zone and bottom metal sheet. EDS mapping displayed the main elements Fe, Cr, Cu and Ti distribution in the fusion zone, EDS line scanning detected elements‘ signals in the diagonal and horizontal directions. XRD analysis revealed expected intermetallic compounds FeTi and CuTi 2 and solid solution Cu 0.8 Fe 0.2 .","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135195316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Although optical properties are essential for materials for optical purposes, their mechanical properties must also be considered as they directly govern their practical applicability as well as their machining. The machining of optical glasses is mainly carried out by mechanical removal of the material using free or bonded abrasives. The relationship between the local mechanical properties of three types of borosilicate glasses used to produce optical elements (mirrors) and the type of surface machining was investigated. The samples were machined using two approaches, namely 7-axis CNC surface machining and conventional manual machining. Advanced analysis of nano/micro-mechanical properties was performed on glass samples using quasi-static nanoindentation and microindentation and dynamic impact test complemented by the analysis of the acoustic emission signals generated during the mechanical tests. The results show a difference in mechanical properties between industrial and optical borosilicate glasses. The type of machining has a strong influence on studied mechanical properties and surface quality. Glasses manufactured by CNC have more pronounced acoustic emission signal and crack more than glasses manufactured by hand. The different behavior of hand- and CNC-machined surfaces can be linked to different subsurface damage caused by different contact conditions between the workpiece and the instrument/abrasive. As a result, a different density of surface and especially (near)-subsurface flaws are present in the glass. Simax is slightly softer than BG33 glass, which together with the less pronounced AE may indicate a lower amount of subsurface cracks/damage.
{"title":"Effect of Machining on Mechanical Properties of Borosilicate Glasses","authors":"Lukáš Václavek, Jan Tomáštík, Radim Čtvrtlík","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Although optical properties are essential for materials for optical purposes, their mechanical properties must also be considered as they directly govern their practical applicability as well as their machining. The machining of optical glasses is mainly carried out by mechanical removal of the material using free or bonded abrasives. The relationship between the local mechanical properties of three types of borosilicate glasses used to produce optical elements (mirrors) and the type of surface machining was investigated. The samples were machined using two approaches, namely 7-axis CNC surface machining and conventional manual machining. Advanced analysis of nano/micro-mechanical properties was performed on glass samples using quasi-static nanoindentation and microindentation and dynamic impact test complemented by the analysis of the acoustic emission signals generated during the mechanical tests. The results show a difference in mechanical properties between industrial and optical borosilicate glasses. The type of machining has a strong influence on studied mechanical properties and surface quality. Glasses manufactured by CNC have more pronounced acoustic emission signal and crack more than glasses manufactured by hand. The different behavior of hand- and CNC-machined surfaces can be linked to different subsurface damage caused by different contact conditions between the workpiece and the instrument/abrasive. As a result, a different density of surface and especially (near)-subsurface flaws are present in the glass. Simax is slightly softer than BG33 glass, which together with the less pronounced AE may indicate a lower amount of subsurface cracks/damage.","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135195313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lenka Ďaková, M. Hrubovčáková, R. Sedlák, A. Kovalčíková, Ľ. Medvecký, A. Naughton-Duszová, I. Vasková, J. Dusza
Abstract Advanced high-entropy (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C ceramics were successfully fabricated by the combination of ball milling and a two-step sintering process at 2100 °C for 5, 10, and 20 minutes from commercially available powders. The microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the developed systems were investigated. The high-entropy ceramics exhibit: medium grain size from 8 μm to 11 μm, high compositional uniformity, and high relative density above 99.5 %. Vickers hardness for all systems decreased with increasing applied load, with the highest value HV1 = 22.0 GPa for the system sintered for 5 minutes, while the fracture toughness changed from 2.70 MPa.m1/2 to 3.50 MPa.m1/2. The highest four-point flexural strength of 284 MPa was measured for the system with the smallest grain size.
{"title":"Effect of Sintering Time on Mechanical Properties of (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C","authors":"Lenka Ďaková, M. Hrubovčáková, R. Sedlák, A. Kovalčíková, Ľ. Medvecký, A. Naughton-Duszová, I. Vasková, J. Dusza","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2021-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2021-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Advanced high-entropy (Hf-Ta-Zr-Nb-Ti)C ceramics were successfully fabricated by the combination of ball milling and a two-step sintering process at 2100 °C for 5, 10, and 20 minutes from commercially available powders. The microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of the developed systems were investigated. The high-entropy ceramics exhibit: medium grain size from 8 μm to 11 μm, high compositional uniformity, and high relative density above 99.5 %. Vickers hardness for all systems decreased with increasing applied load, with the highest value HV1 = 22.0 GPa for the system sintered for 5 minutes, while the fracture toughness changed from 2.70 MPa.m1/2 to 3.50 MPa.m1/2. The highest four-point flexural strength of 284 MPa was measured for the system with the smallest grain size.","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44413555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Oriňaková, R. Gorejová, Martina Petráková, J. Macko, M. Kupková, M. Hrubovčáková, I. Maskalová
Abstract The use of resorbable metallic biomaterials for temporary implants has increased dramatically in the last decade. Degradable biomaterials are desirable in some specific pediatric, orthopedic, and cardiovascular applications, in which they may overcome the disadvantages of permanent devices. The three main biodegradable metals: Mg, Fe, and Zn, are intensively studied as temporary orthopedic implant materials. Among them, iron, and iron-based alloys, have received attention as promising materials for the temporary replacement of bones, especially for applications where strong mechanical support during the bone healing process is required. The addition of a low amount of phosphorus can improve the mechanical properties of such materials without the risk of retarding the corrosion rate or affecting cell proliferation. The main goal of this work was to study the combined effect of phosphating and polymer coating of open-cell iron foams on their cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility. Obtained results indicated the positive influence of the PEG coating layer and phosphorus addition on material cytocompatibility. Moreover, the combination of these procedures led to the inhibition of hemolysis, platelet adhesion, and thrombus formation.
{"title":"Combined Effect of Phosphate and Polymer Coating on Cytotoxicity and Hemocompatibility of Iron Foams","authors":"R. Oriňaková, R. Gorejová, Martina Petráková, J. Macko, M. Kupková, M. Hrubovčáková, I. Maskalová","doi":"10.2478/pmp-2021-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/pmp-2021-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The use of resorbable metallic biomaterials for temporary implants has increased dramatically in the last decade. Degradable biomaterials are desirable in some specific pediatric, orthopedic, and cardiovascular applications, in which they may overcome the disadvantages of permanent devices. The three main biodegradable metals: Mg, Fe, and Zn, are intensively studied as temporary orthopedic implant materials. Among them, iron, and iron-based alloys, have received attention as promising materials for the temporary replacement of bones, especially for applications where strong mechanical support during the bone healing process is required. The addition of a low amount of phosphorus can improve the mechanical properties of such materials without the risk of retarding the corrosion rate or affecting cell proliferation. The main goal of this work was to study the combined effect of phosphating and polymer coating of open-cell iron foams on their cytotoxicity and hemocompatibility. Obtained results indicated the positive influence of the PEG coating layer and phosphorus addition on material cytocompatibility. Moreover, the combination of these procedures led to the inhibition of hemolysis, platelet adhesion, and thrombus formation.","PeriodicalId":52175,"journal":{"name":"Powder Metallurgy Progress","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41859663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：