Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3644832
{"title":"2025 Index IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques Vol. 10","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3644832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3644832","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"10 ","pages":"512-526"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11302050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145778290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-10DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3642617
Zheyu Luo;Yumao Wu;Ningsheng Xu;Shaozhi Deng
An improved method of moments (MoM) based on the augmented electric-field integral equation (A-EFIE) is proposed for efficient electromagnetic (EM) simulation of multilayer interconnects. The A-EFIE overcomes the low-frequency breakdown problem of the electric-field integral equation (EFIE), meeting the EM simulation requirements for interconnects from DC to sub-THz frequencies. The layered medium Green’s function (LMGF) is integrated into the A-EFIE formulation, extending the proposed method to the electromagnetic simulation of high-density multilayer interconnects embedded in dielectric substrates. This work proposes a novel integration of the LMGF into the A-EFIE formulation for lossy conductors, in which both exterior and interior problems are considered. By accurately characterizing conductor losses and skin effects, the proposed method is well-suited for broadband EM simulation of multilayer interconnects in advanced packaging. Compared with the FEM implementation in the HFSS software, the proposed LMGF-based method eliminates the need for meshing stratified dielectric structures in integrated circuits, achieving at least two orders of magnitude reduction in mesh elements. Numerical examples are conducted on different chip-level multilayer interconnects to validate the effectiveness and efficiencies of the proposed method.
{"title":"An Efficient Electromagnetic Computation Method for High-Density Multilayer Interconnects in Integrated Chips","authors":"Zheyu Luo;Yumao Wu;Ningsheng Xu;Shaozhi Deng","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3642617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3642617","url":null,"abstract":"An improved method of moments (MoM) based on the augmented electric-field integral equation (A-EFIE) is proposed for efficient electromagnetic (EM) simulation of multilayer interconnects. The A-EFIE overcomes the low-frequency breakdown problem of the electric-field integral equation (EFIE), meeting the EM simulation requirements for interconnects from DC to sub-THz frequencies. The layered medium Green’s function (LMGF) is integrated into the A-EFIE formulation, extending the proposed method to the electromagnetic simulation of high-density multilayer interconnects embedded in dielectric substrates. This work proposes a novel integration of the LMGF into the A-EFIE formulation for lossy conductors, in which both exterior and interior problems are considered. By accurately characterizing conductor losses and skin effects, the proposed method is well-suited for broadband EM simulation of multilayer interconnects in advanced packaging. Compared with the FEM implementation in the HFSS software, the proposed LMGF-based method eliminates the need for meshing stratified dielectric structures in integrated circuits, achieving at least two orders of magnitude reduction in mesh elements. Numerical examples are conducted on different chip-level multilayer interconnects to validate the effectiveness and efficiencies of the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"11 ","pages":"55-67"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-09DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3641976
Yijia Cheng;Yujie Hua;Baiyun Wang;Kang Wang;Wenxuan Tang;Gang Shao;Wei E. I. Sha
Monitoring temperature and pressure in harsh environments is vital for industrial applications. This study presents a comprehensive multiphysics analysis and simulation of wireless passive temperature and pressure sensors, providing a feasible research framework for accurate simulation model development tailored to these devices and applications. The analysis focuses on evaluating the electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical coupling effects and improving the accuracy of sensor modeling under extreme environments. In particular, multiphysics simulations are performed on a pressure sensor that incorporates structural deformations induced by thermal expansion and external pressure. Comparison with available experimental data demonstrates significantly enhanced accuracy compared with conventional simple models, yielding a resonance frequency deviation of 0.32% (vs. 2.65%) and an error in the $S_{11}$ parameter estimation of 13.15% (vs. 101.92%) relative to measurements. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for multiphysics coupling in sensor design and provide insights for performance optimization in harsh environments.
{"title":"Multiphysics Analysis and Simulation of Wireless Passive Temperature and Pressure Sensors for Harsh-Environment Applications","authors":"Yijia Cheng;Yujie Hua;Baiyun Wang;Kang Wang;Wenxuan Tang;Gang Shao;Wei E. I. Sha","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3641976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3641976","url":null,"abstract":"Monitoring temperature and pressure in harsh environments is vital for industrial applications. This study presents a comprehensive multiphysics analysis and simulation of wireless passive temperature and pressure sensors, providing a feasible research framework for accurate simulation model development tailored to these devices and applications. The analysis focuses on evaluating the electromagnetic-thermal-mechanical coupling effects and improving the accuracy of sensor modeling under extreme environments. In particular, multiphysics simulations are performed on a pressure sensor that incorporates structural deformations induced by thermal expansion and external pressure. Comparison with available experimental data demonstrates significantly enhanced accuracy compared with conventional simple models, yielding a resonance frequency deviation of 0.32% (vs. 2.65%) and an error in the <inline-formula><tex-math>$S_{11}$</tex-math></inline-formula> parameter estimation of 13.15% (vs. 101.92%) relative to measurements. These findings underscore the importance of accounting for multiphysics coupling in sensor design and provide insights for performance optimization in harsh environments.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"11 ","pages":"9-21"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145830783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-24DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3636443
Hongliang Li;Julius Koskela;Balam A. Willemsen;Jackson W. Massey
A hierarchical cascading technique with subpitch finite element decomposition is presented for 2-D modeling of acoustic wave resonators. This technique scans the structure and partitions it into thin slices. Unique unit blocks are identified and computed with the finite element method. The entire geometry is then translated into a sequence of unit blocks, and a hierarchical tree of cascading operations is built. Full solutions are obtained by combining smaller blocks into larger blocks. For the blocks that repeat in the cascading process, the matrix is computed only once and can be reused later. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method with over 70% time cost reduction and decreased memory usage than conventional HCT. Compared with FEM, over 100 times speedup can be achieved.
{"title":"A Hierarchical Cascading Technique With Subpitch Finite Element Decomposition for 2-D Modeling of Acoustic Wave Resonators","authors":"Hongliang Li;Julius Koskela;Balam A. Willemsen;Jackson W. Massey","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3636443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3636443","url":null,"abstract":"A hierarchical cascading technique with subpitch finite element decomposition is presented for 2-D modeling of acoustic wave resonators. This technique scans the structure and partitions it into thin slices. Unique unit blocks are identified and computed with the finite element method. The entire geometry is then translated into a sequence of unit blocks, and a hierarchical tree of cascading operations is built. Full solutions are obtained by combining smaller blocks into larger blocks. For the blocks that repeat in the cascading process, the matrix is computed only once and can be reused later. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method with over 70% time cost reduction and decreased memory usage than conventional HCT. Compared with FEM, over 100 times speedup can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"11 ","pages":"47-54"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-17DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3634286
Zhichao Lin;Marco Salucci;Maokun Li;Baozhu Li;Andrea Massa
A new methodology for imaging two-dimensional (2-D) free-space targets jointly processing multi-physics (MP) data collected with microwave and ultrasound sensors is presented. The proposed strategy combines reciprocal regularization constraints, which enforce structural similarity between the two underlying physics, with an iterative multi-scale (MS) meta-level inversion scheme to effectively tackle both the non-linearity and the ill-posedness of the MP inverse scattering problem (ISP) at hand. A set of representative numerical results is reported to assess, also in a comparative fashion, the imaging capabilities of the proposed MS-MP technique.
{"title":"Multi-Scale Multi-Physics Imaging of Free-Space Targets With Electromagnetic and Acoustic Data","authors":"Zhichao Lin;Marco Salucci;Maokun Li;Baozhu Li;Andrea Massa","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3634286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3634286","url":null,"abstract":"A new methodology for imaging two-dimensional (<italic>2-D</i>) free-space targets <italic>jointly</i> processing multi-physics (<italic>MP</i>) data collected with microwave and ultrasound sensors is presented. The proposed strategy combines reciprocal regularization constraints, which enforce structural similarity between the two underlying physics, with an iterative multi-scale (<italic>MS</i>) meta-level inversion scheme to effectively tackle both the non-linearity and the ill-posedness of the <italic>MP</i> inverse scattering problem (<italic>ISP</i>) at hand. A set of representative numerical results is reported to assess, also in a comparative fashion, the imaging capabilities of the proposed <italic>MS-MP</i> technique.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"11 ","pages":"22-36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145886632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work proposes the inverse design of bandstop Frequency Selective Surface using a Graph based Conditional Variational Autoencoder (G-CVAE) integrated with a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). This inverse design involves the prediction of FSS geometry that exhibits ultra-wide stopband characteristics. Initially, the graph convolutional network precisely extracts the topological and spatial relationships within the FSS geometrical design. The features of the graph and simulation results of the FSS dataset are used to train the CVAE, which maps the FSS physical structure and its electromagnetic behavior. The trained CVAE predicts the FSS geometries with desired frequency responses, while the PINN is incorporated to ensure physical feasibility. By monitoring the average relative error values, the simulated and predicted transmission coefficients are brought closer to each other. Also, similar approach is followed to enhance the angular stability and to achieve polarization independence in both TE and TM modes. A G-CVAE-PINN is constructed and trained using various random combinations of graph attributes and simulation outcomes, achieving an average inaccuracy of 3%. Further, one of the best designs from the predicted FSS designs is chosen for experimental validation. This predicted and experimentally validated bandstop FSS exhibits wide band rejection of 20 GHz ranging from 8 GHz to 28 GHz. The fabricated design exhibits polarization independence up to 75$^{circ }$ in both normal and oblique angles. Thus, the predicted FSS designs are ideal for radome, EMI shielding, and satellite communications, providing efficient frequency filtering for 5G and beyond 5G networks.
{"title":"Inverse Design of Ultra-Wideband Frequency Selective Surface Using a Graph Based Conditional Variational Autoencoder Integrated With a Physics Informed Neural Network","authors":"Bharathi V;Krishnamurthy Ramanujam;Parthasarathy Ramanujam","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3629980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3629980","url":null,"abstract":"This work proposes the inverse design of bandstop Frequency Selective Surface using a Graph based Conditional Variational Autoencoder (G-CVAE) integrated with a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). This inverse design involves the prediction of FSS geometry that exhibits ultra-wide stopband characteristics. Initially, the graph convolutional network precisely extracts the topological and spatial relationships within the FSS geometrical design. The features of the graph and simulation results of the FSS dataset are used to train the CVAE, which maps the FSS physical structure and its electromagnetic behavior. The trained CVAE predicts the FSS geometries with desired frequency responses, while the PINN is incorporated to ensure physical feasibility. By monitoring the average relative error values, the simulated and predicted transmission coefficients are brought closer to each other. Also, similar approach is followed to enhance the angular stability and to achieve polarization independence in both TE and TM modes. A G-CVAE-PINN is constructed and trained using various random combinations of graph attributes and simulation outcomes, achieving an average inaccuracy of 3%. Further, one of the best designs from the predicted FSS designs is chosen for experimental validation. This predicted and experimentally validated bandstop FSS exhibits wide band rejection of 20 GHz ranging from 8 GHz to 28 GHz. The fabricated design exhibits polarization independence up to 75<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{circ }$</tex-math></inline-formula> in both normal and oblique angles. Thus, the predicted FSS designs are ideal for radome, EMI shielding, and satellite communications, providing efficient frequency filtering for 5G and beyond 5G networks.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"11 ","pages":"37-46"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145982171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-24DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3625423
Asha K. Jakhar;Rohit Sharma;Avirup Dasgupta;Sourajeet Roy
In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) guided approach is developed for the repeater optimization in multilayer graphene on-chip interconnect networks. The key attribute of the proposed approach is the use of two distinct ANNs to generalize the target objective functions of interconnect networks in terms of (i) the geometrical parameters of the vertical through silicon vias (TSVs) present in the network, and (ii) the design parameters of the fin-shaped field effect transistors (FinFETs) making up the repeaters. The first ANN (ANN1) ensures that for any change in the TSV geometry, the objective functions of the network can be accurately approximated by analytical expressions without the need for laborious SPICE simulations. The second ANN (ANN2) identifies additional tuning parameters of the repeaters besides simply the number and size of the repeaters, leading to better optimization results of the network performance. This enables performing efficient repeater optimizations in the presence of design variability of the TSVs. The generalized target objective functions of the network are then maximized/minimized using a particle swarm optimizer. Multiple numerical examples are presented in the paper to test and validate the proposed ANN guided approach.
{"title":"A Neural Network Guided Approach for Repeater Optimization in Multilayer Graphene On-Chip Interconnect Networks Including TSVs","authors":"Asha K. Jakhar;Rohit Sharma;Avirup Dasgupta;Sourajeet Roy","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3625423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3625423","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) guided approach is developed for the repeater optimization in multilayer graphene on-chip interconnect networks. The key attribute of the proposed approach is the use of two distinct ANNs to generalize the target objective functions of interconnect networks in terms of (i) the geometrical parameters of the vertical through silicon vias (TSVs) present in the network, and (ii) the design parameters of the fin-shaped field effect transistors (FinFETs) making up the repeaters. The first ANN (ANN<sub>1</sub>) ensures that for any change in the TSV geometry, the objective functions of the network can be accurately approximated by analytical expressions without the need for laborious SPICE simulations. The second ANN (ANN<sub>2</sub>) identifies additional tuning parameters of the repeaters besides simply the number and size of the repeaters, leading to better optimization results of the network performance. This enables performing efficient repeater optimizations in the presence of design variability of the TSVs. The generalized target objective functions of the network are then maximized/minimized using a particle swarm optimizer. Multiple numerical examples are presented in the paper to test and validate the proposed ANN guided approach.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"10 ","pages":"483-495"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Spacetime crystals offer unique control over electromagnetic waves, which enables dynamic bandgap engineering dependent on modulation velocity. This article introduces a modified Bragg condition method for rapidly determining bandgap positions in subluminal spacetime crystals. Unlike conventional analytical (e.g., transfer matrix method, Floquet-Bloch theory) and numerical (e.g., FDTD, plane wave expansion) approaches, which demand significant computational resources or complex dispersion analysis, the proposed method leverages constructive interference principles adapted for spatiotemporal periodicity. We derive governing equations that directly relate bandgap frequencies to crystal parameters such as spatial periodicity, refractive indices, and modulation velocity, bypassing exhaustive simulations. Validation by ray-tracing dispersion diagrams and FDTD simulations confirms predictions of the modified Bragg condition method. This Bragg-based approach offers a computationally efficient and physically insightful alternative for rapid bandgap estimation, particularly beneficial for designing dynamic photonic and microwave devices requiring real-time parameter tuning.
{"title":"Determination of Bandgap Position in Subluminal Spacetime Crystal Using Modified Bragg Method","authors":"Seyed Alireza Hosseini;Mohsen Maddahali;Ahmad Bakhtafrouz","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3624048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3624048","url":null,"abstract":"Spacetime crystals offer unique control over electromagnetic waves, which enables dynamic bandgap engineering dependent on modulation velocity. This article introduces a modified Bragg condition method for rapidly determining bandgap positions in subluminal spacetime crystals. Unlike conventional analytical (e.g., transfer matrix method, Floquet-Bloch theory) and numerical (e.g., FDTD, plane wave expansion) approaches, which demand significant computational resources or complex dispersion analysis, the proposed method leverages constructive interference principles adapted for spatiotemporal periodicity. We derive governing equations that directly relate bandgap frequencies to crystal parameters such as spatial periodicity, refractive indices, and modulation velocity, bypassing exhaustive simulations. Validation by ray-tracing dispersion diagrams and FDTD simulations confirms predictions of the modified Bragg condition method. This Bragg-based approach offers a computationally efficient and physically insightful alternative for rapid bandgap estimation, particularly beneficial for designing dynamic photonic and microwave devices requiring real-time parameter tuning.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"10 ","pages":"466-472"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The accurate computation of electromagnetic scattering from electrically large dielectric layered media with rough surfaces remains a complex challenge, demanding highly efficient computational electromagnetics (CEM) algorithms. This paper presents a novel general local iterative physical optics (gLIPO) algorithm, tailored for the simulation of electromagnetic scattering in dielectric layered media characterized by relatively smooth surface irregularities. The gLIPO algorithm iteratively refines the equivalent local surface currents in accordance with the physical optics (PO) principle at dielectric interfaces, effectively mitigating electromagnetic field discontinuities across the media. Rigorous update equations are derived for both equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents. A series of comprehensive numerical simulations are conducted for four representative scenarios: 1) a single-layer ocean medium at 300 MHz; 2) a single-layer soil medium at 800 MHz; 3) a double-layer ice/ocean medium at 300 MHz; and 4) a tunnel communication scenario at 30 GHz. The results consistently demonstrate that the gLIPO algorithm converges in fewer than five iterations, reducing the maximum relative error in the equivalent surface currents to below $10^{-5}$, benefiting from its linear computational complexity and memory footprint of $O(N)$ . In contrast, the method of moments (MoM) typically requires several dozen iterations, rendering gLIPO approximately an order of magnitude faster, even outperforming the multi-level fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). Furthermore, gLIPO circumvents the need to compute and store the impedance matrix, as required by MoM, leading to substantial savings in both computational time and memory resources. The gLIPO algorithm offers significant advantages for applications such as large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel state information (CSI) simulations in 5G and future wireless communication systems, making it a valuable tool for advancing electromagnetic simulation capabilities.
{"title":"General Local Iterative Physical Optics CEM for Layered Dielectrics With Moderately Smooth Rough Surfaces","authors":"Shaolin Liao;Jiong Liang;Chuangfeng Zhang;Qun Li;Jinxin Li;Henry Soekmadji","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3620470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3620470","url":null,"abstract":"The accurate computation of electromagnetic scattering from electrically large dielectric layered media with rough surfaces remains a complex challenge, demanding highly efficient computational electromagnetics (CEM) algorithms. This paper presents a novel general local iterative physical optics (gLIPO) algorithm, tailored for the simulation of electromagnetic scattering in dielectric layered media characterized by relatively smooth surface irregularities. The gLIPO algorithm iteratively refines the equivalent local surface currents in accordance with the physical optics (PO) principle at dielectric interfaces, effectively mitigating electromagnetic field discontinuities across the media. Rigorous update equations are derived for both equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents. A series of comprehensive numerical simulations are conducted for four representative scenarios: 1) a single-layer ocean medium at 300 MHz; 2) a single-layer soil medium at 800 MHz; 3) a double-layer ice/ocean medium at 300 MHz; and 4) a tunnel communication scenario at 30 GHz. The results consistently demonstrate that the gLIPO algorithm converges in fewer than five iterations, reducing the maximum relative error in the equivalent surface currents to below <inline-formula><tex-math>$10^{-5}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, benefiting from its linear computational complexity and memory footprint of <inline-formula><tex-math>$O(N)$</tex-math></inline-formula> . In contrast, the method of moments (MoM) typically requires several dozen iterations, rendering gLIPO approximately an order of magnitude faster, even outperforming the multi-level fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). Furthermore, gLIPO circumvents the need to compute and store the impedance matrix, as required by MoM, leading to substantial savings in both computational time and memory resources. The gLIPO algorithm offers significant advantages for applications such as large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel state information (CSI) simulations in 5G and future wireless communication systems, making it a valuable tool for advancing electromagnetic simulation capabilities.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"10 ","pages":"496-511"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145560691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3620570
Raul O. Ribeiro;Guilherme S. Rosa;Rafael A. Penchel;Fernando L. Teixeira
This paper compares the performance of two spectral element method mapping strategies for modeling electromagnetic fields in eccentric coaxial waveguides filled with uniaxially anisotropic media. A well-known cylindrical-based SEM (CSEM) mapping is compared with a novel conformal mapping that transforms the problem into an auxiliary rectangular domain, resulting in a rectangular SEM (RSEM) approach. Numerical results show that while both methods converge similarly for problems with large internal radii, the introduced RSEM offers faster convergence for small internal radii and offsets. Benchmarking against semi-analytical and finite element solutions demonstrates RSEM's superior efficiency and accuracy in solving problems in eccentric cylindrical domains with fewer degrees of freedom.
{"title":"Convergence Analysis of the Spectral Element Method: A Comparative Study of Conformal Mappings for Eccentric Waveguide Modeling","authors":"Raul O. Ribeiro;Guilherme S. Rosa;Rafael A. Penchel;Fernando L. Teixeira","doi":"10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3620570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMMCT.2025.3620570","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares the performance of two spectral element method mapping strategies for modeling electromagnetic fields in eccentric coaxial waveguides filled with uniaxially anisotropic media. A well-known cylindrical-based SEM (CSEM) mapping is compared with a novel conformal mapping that transforms the problem into an auxiliary rectangular domain, resulting in a rectangular SEM (RSEM) approach. Numerical results show that while both methods converge similarly for problems with large internal radii, the introduced RSEM offers faster convergence for small internal radii and offsets. Benchmarking against semi-analytical and finite element solutions demonstrates RSEM's superior efficiency and accuracy in solving problems in eccentric cylindrical domains with fewer degrees of freedom.","PeriodicalId":52176,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques","volume":"10 ","pages":"459-465"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145405267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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